5
Vol. 4 4 T he Influence o f t h e Pituitary on Phosphorus Metabolism o f Brain B y M . REISS, F . E. BADRICK AND JEAN H . HALKERSTON Biochemical a nd Endocrinological Research Department, Bristol Mental Hospital8, Fishponds, Bristol (Received 7 July 1948) A previous investigation (Reiss & Rees, 1947) dealt with t h e carbohydrate metabolism o f r a t brain under different endocrine conditions. The hexokinase acti- vity of grey matter w a s found to b e increased after hypophysectomy, a s w a s also t h e anaerobic glyco- lysis; t h e latter function w a s restored t o normal b y treatment o f t h e animals with preparations o f corticotrophic hormone. O n account o f t h e important part played b y phosphate i n carbohydrate metabolism, i t w a s con- sidered of interest t o follow these experiments with investigations of the phosphorus metabolism, a n d t h e present paper describes some investigations wvhich have been made i n this field by radioactive ,racer methods. Previous observations ofthe uptake o f radioactive phosphorus b y brain after injection have been reported. Borell & Orstr6m (1947) demonstrated b y this means that t h e phosphate turnover i n t h e pineal body i s considerably higher than, f o r a n y other part o f the brain. Similar experiments, carried ou t i n animals of different ages, were recorded b y Friess & Chaikoff (1941) a n d b y Schachner, Friess & Chaikoff (1942), w ho also examined t h e distribution o f absorbed phosphorus o f fractions o f different solubility, especially t h e lipid fraction. The experiments described i n this communication were designed mainly to reveal differences i n be - haviour between t h e brains o f normal a n d hypo- physectomized animals. METHODS Measurement8. Measurements o f radioactivity o n d r y samples were made with G.M. 4 Geiger counter tubes (General Electric Co . Ltd.). A l l samples were placed i n t h e lead castle a t t h e same distance from t h e counter. Liquid samples were dealt with b y t h e use ofthe Alltools M.R.C. 1 liquid counter. Animals. Rats (both hooded and Wistar types) were used throughout t h e investigations, a n d were killed b y decapitation. Generally pairs o f rats, a s nearly a s possible equal in weight, were used, o n e serving a s control t o t he treated animal. Where bigger groups o f animals were used, o n e third to on e half o f t h e total number were controls. Hypophysectomy wa s performed b y t h e paratracheal route, an d rats were used at varying intervals after operation. Biochem. 1949, 44 Preparation o f material for measurements. Small amounts o f tissue were best dealt with b y mounting on filter papers o f 2-5 c m. diam. which h a d been previously weighed o n a torsion balance. After spreading the tissue on t h e paper, t h e combined weight w a s read a n d t h e material dried in a n oven a t 1000. Very thin layers were thereby obtained, an d t h e weights o f samples thus used could b e a s l o w a s 1 0 - 2 - 5 m g . for a whole pineal. F o r other organs, such a s brain, liver, o r spleen, the weights were within t h e range o f 2 0 - 6 0 mg. Blood (20-40mg.) w as soaked into t h e paper, and, after first drying i n air, w a s dried i n t h e oven a s before. When ready t he papers were laid flat on a sample tray in t h e lead castle containing the G.M. 4 counter. Repeat counts f o r t h e same sample varied by 1 - 5 % . I some experiments t h e ,8-radiation o f t h e brain surface only w a s measured. Th e brain (without olfactory lobes) o f the decapitated animal w a s prepared, and, after removal o f traces o f blood, w a s placed on a microscope slide i n t he centre of the lead castle. Th e counts/min. f o r upper a n d lower surface ar e combined i n t h e tables. F o r liquid counts the whole brain (excluding olfactory lobes) w s first homogenized i n t h e presence o f a f e w m l. 2 5 % trichloroacetic acid withan Elvehjem homo- genizer (Potter & Elvehjem, 1936). After centrifuging, t h e supernatant fluid w a s made u p t o 10 m l . with water, and t h e solution wa s thoroughly mixed a n d immediately poured into t h e liquid counter f o r measurement. Lipid material wa s then extracted from t he precipitate b y suspending i n Bloor's mixture. Th e mixture w a s placed i n a h o t water bath until t h e solvent wa s brought t o t h e boil, then cooled, t h e volume made u p t o 5 0 m l. with fresh Bloor's solvent, and t h e mixture centrifuged. Samples o f 10 m l . were taken f o r measurements. T h e residue finally remaining from t h e acid a nd lipid extractions w a s ashed b y heating i n a hard glass tube over a microburner with 2 m l. 6 0% HC104, until t h e charred material had clarified a nd t h e mixture become homo- geneous. After cooling, this wa s made u p t o 1 0 m l . with water a n d transferred t o t h e liquid counter. RESULTS Representative results of a series of twenty o n e experiments i n which t h e animals were sacrificed 4 0 min. after intravenous injection with 32p, an d t h e 3 2 p uptake b y the various organs measured, a r e indicated i n Table 1 . I t will b e seen that 'the phosphorus uptake o f grey matter i n t he normal animal i s very low, being only about o n e eighth o f that o f t h e liver. T h e rate o f uptake b y t he pineal i s considerably higher than f o r other organs investi- gated; the pineal accumulates (per 1 0 0 m g . fresh 1 7 25 7

The Influence of the Pituitary on Phosphorus Metabolism of Brain

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V o l . 4 4

The I n f l u e n c e o f t h e P i t u i t a r y on Phosphorus Metabolism o f Brain

B y M. REISS, F . E . BADRICK AND JEAN H. HALKERSTONB i o c h e m i c a l and E n d o c r i n o l o g i c a l R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t , B r i s t o l Mental H o s p i t a l 8 , F i s h p o n d s , B r i s t o l

( R e c e i v e d 7 J u l y 1 9 4 8 )

A p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n ( R e i s s & R e e s , 1 9 4 7 ) d e a l t

w i t h t h e c a r b o h y d r a t e m e t a b o l i s m o f r a t b r a i n u n d e r

d i f f e r e n t e n d o c r i n e c o n d i t i o n s . The h e x o k i n a s e a c t i -v i t y o f g r e y m a t t e r was f o u n d t o b e i n c r e a s e d a f t e r

h y p o p h y s e c t o m y , a s was a l s o t h e a n a e r o b i c g l y c o -

l y s i s ; t h e l a t t e r f u n c t i o n was r e s t o r e d t o n o r m a lby t r e a t m e n t o f t h e a n i m a l s w i t h p r e p a r a t i o n s o f

c o r t i c o t r o p h i c h o r m o n e .On a c c o u n t o f t h e i m p o r t a n t p a r t p l a y e d by

p h o s p h a t e i n c a r b o h y d r a t e m e t a b o l i s m , i t was c o n -

s i d e r e d o f i n t e r e s t t o f o l l o w t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s w i t hi n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e p h o s p h o r u s m e t a b o l i s m , andt h e p r e s e n t p a p e r d e s c r i b e s some i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

w v h i c h h a v e b e e n made i n t h i s f i e l d by r a d i o a c t i v e

, r a c e r m e t h o d s .

P r e v i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e u p t a k e o f r a d i o a c t i v e

p h o s p h o r u s by b r a i n a f t e r i n j e c t i o n h a v e b e e nr e p o r t e d . B o r e l l & O r s t r 6 m ( 1 9 4 7 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d byt h i s means t h a t t h e p h o s p h a t e t u r n o v e r i n t h e

p i n e a lbody i s c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n , f o r anyo t h e r p a r t o f t h e b r a i n . S i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s ,

c a r r i e d o u t i n a n i m a l s o f d i f f e r e n t a g e s , w e r er e c o r d e d by F r i e s s & C h a i k o f f ( 1 9 4 1 ) and byS c h a c h n e r , F r i e s s & C h a i k o f f ( 1 9 4 2 ) , w ho a l s oe x a m i n e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a b s o r b e d p h o s p h o r u so f f r a c t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t s o l u b i l i t y , e s p e c i a l l y t h el i p i d f r a c t i o n .

The e x p e r i m e n t s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c o m m u n i c a t i o nw e r e d e s i g n e d m a i n l y t o r e v e a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n b e -

h a v i o u r b e t w e e n t h e b r a i n s o f n o r m a l and h y p o -p h y s e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l s .

METHODS

M e a s u r e m e n t 8 . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y o n d r ys a m p l e s w e r e made w i t h G . M . 4 G e i g e r c o u n t e r t u b e s

( G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c C o . L t d . ) . A l l s a m p l e s w e r e p l a c e d i n t h e

l e a d c a s t l e a t t h e s a m e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e c o u n t e r . L i q u i d

s a m p l e s w e r e d e a l t w i t h b y t h e u se o f t h e A l l t o o l s M . R . C . 1l i q u i d c o u n t e r .

A n i m a l s . R a t s ( b o t h h o o d e d a n d W i s t a r t y p e s ) w e r e

u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , a n d w e r e k i l l e d b yd e c a p i t a t i o n . G e n e r a l l y p a i r s o f r a t s , a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l ee q u a l i n w e i g h t , w e r e u s e d , o n e s e r v i n g a s c o n t r o l t o t h e

t r e a t e d a n i m a l . Where b i g g e r g r o u p s o f a n i m a l s w e r e u s e d ,

o n e t h i r d t o o n e h a l f o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r w e r e c o n t r o l s .H y p o p h y s e c t o m y w a s p e r f o r m e d b y t h e p a r a t r a c h e a l r o u t e ,a n d r a t s w e r e u s e d a t v a r y i n g i n t e r v a l s a f t e r o p e r a t i o n .

B i o c h e m . 1 9 4 9 , 4 4

P r e p a r a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l f o r m e a s u r e m e n t s . S m a l l a m o u n t so f t i s s u e w e r e b e s t d e a l t w i t h b y m o u n t i n g o n f i l t e r p a p e r so f 2 - 5 c m . d i a m . w h i c h h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y w e i g h e d o n a

t o r s i o n b a l a n c e . A f t e r s pr e a d i n g t h e t i s s u e o n t h e p a p e r ,t h e c o m b i n e d w e i g h t w a s r e a d a n d t h e m a t e r i a l d r i e d i n a no v e n a t 1 0 0 0 . V e r y t h i n l a y e r s w e r e t h e r e b y o b t a i n e d , a n dt h e w e i g h t s o f s a m p l e s t h u s u s e d c o u l d b e a s l o w a s 1 0 -2 - 5 m g . f o r a w h o l e p i n e a l . F o r o t h e r o r g a n s , s u c h a s b r a i n ,

l i v e r , o r s p l e e n , t h e w e i g h t s w e r e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f 2 0 -6 0 m g . B l o o d ( 2 0- 4 0 m g . ) w a s s o a k e d i n t o t h e p a p e r , a n d ,a f t e r f i r s t d r y i n g i n a i r , w a s d r i e d i n t h e o v e n a s b e f o r e .When r e a d y t h e p a p e r s w e r e l a i d f l a t o n a s a m p l e t r a y i n t h el e a d c a s t l e c o n t a i n i n g t h e G . M . 4 c o u n t e r . R e p e a t c o u n t sf o r t h e s a m e s a m p l e v a r i e d b y 1 - 5 %. I n s o m e e x p e r i m e n t st h e , 8 - r a d i a t i o n o f t h e b r a i n s u r f a c e o n l y w a s m e a s u r e d . T h eb r a i n ( w i t h o u t o l f a c t o r y l o b e s ) o f t h e d e c a pi t a t e d a n i m a lw a s p r e p a r e d , a n d , a f t e r r e m o v a l o f t r a c e s o f b l o o d , w a sp l a c e d o n a m i c r o s c o p e s l i d e i n t h e c e n t r e o f t he l e a d c a s t l e .T h e c o u n t s / m i n . f o r u p p e r a n d l o w e r s u r f a c e a r e c o m b i n e di n t h e t a b l e s . F o r l i q u i d c o u n t s t h e w h o l e b r a i n ( e x c l u d i n go l f a c t o r y l o b e s ) w a s f i r s t h o m o g e n i z e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

f e w m l . 2 5 % t r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d w i t h a n E l v e h j e m h o m o -g e n i z e r ( P o t t e r & E l v e h j e m , 1 9 3 6 ) . A f t e r c e n t r i f u g i n g , t h es u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d w a s made u p t o 1 0 m l . w i t h w a t e r , a n dt h e s o l u t i o n w a s t h o r o u g h l y m i x e d a n d i m m e d i a t e l y p o u r e di n t o t h e l i q u i d c o u n t e r f o r m e a s u r e m e n t . L i p i d m a t e r i a l

w a s t h e n e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r e c i p i t a t e b y s u s p e n d i n g i nB l o o r ' s m i x t u r e . T h e m i x t u r e w a s p l a c e d i n a h o t w a t e rb a t h u n t i l t h e s o l v e n t w a s b r o u g h t t o t h e b o i l , t h e n c o o l e d ,t h e v o l u m e made u p t o 5 0 m l . w i t h f r e s h B l o o r ' s s o l v e n t ,a n d t h e m i x t u r e c e n t r i f u g e d . S a m p l e s o f 1 0 m l . w e r e t a k e nf o r m e a s u r e m e n t s .

T h e r e s i d u e f i n a l l y r e m a i n i n g f r o m t h e a c i d a n d l i p i de x t r a c t i o n s w a s a s h e d b y h e a t i n g i n a h a r d g l a s s t u b e o v e ra m i c r o b u r n e r w i t h 2 m l . 60% H C 1 0 4 , u n t i l t h e c h a r r e d

m a t e r i a l h a d c l a r i f i e d a n d t h e m i x t u r e b e c o m e h o m o -g e n e o u s . A f t e r c o o l i n g , t h i s w a s made u p t o 1 0 m l . w i t hw a t e r a n d t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e l i q u i d c o u n t e r .

RESULTS

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e r e s u l t s o f a s e r i e s o f t w e n t y one

e x p e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h t h e a n i m a l s wer e s a c r i f i c e d

4 0 m i n . a f t e r i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n w i t h 3 2 p , and

t h e 3 2 p u p t a k e by t h e v a r i o u s o r g a n s m e a s u r e d , a r e

i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e 1 . I t w i l l b e seen t h a t ' t h e

p h o s p h o r u s u p t a k e o f g r e y matter i n t h e normal

a n i m a l i s v e r y l o w , b e i n g o n l y a b o u t o ne e i g h t h o f

t h a t o f t h e l i v e r . The r a t e o f u p t a k e by t h e p i n e a l i sc o n s i d e ra b l y h i g h e r t h a n f o r o t h e r o r g a n s i n v e s t i -

g a t e d ; t h e p i n e a l a c c u m u l a t e s ( p e r 1 0 0 mg. f r e s h

1 7

2 5 7

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M . R E I S S , F . E . BADRICK AND J . H . H ALKE R S TON

T a b l e 1 . C o m p a r i 8 o n b e t w e e n 3 2 p } u p t a k e o f n o r m a l and h y p o p h y 8 e c t o m i z e d a n i m a d la n d h y p o p h y 8 e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l s i n j e c t e d w i t h c o r t i c o t r o p h i c h o r m o n e

( I n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f 2Pc.p 4 0 m i n . b e f o r e d i s s e c t i o n . )

C o u n t s / m i n . / 1 0 0 m g . t i s s u e

O r g a n

B r a i n , g r e y m a t t e rO l f a c t o r y l o b eP i n e a lL i v e rA d r e n a lThymusT e s t i sB l o o d

N o r m a l a n i m a l s

3 5 , 4 8 , 6 01 1 8 , 9 3 , 8 83 8 1 , 3 3 3 , 2 8 0 , 2 1 62 2 8 , 1 9 66 4 , 7 81 0 9 , 1 4 58 9 , 9 4 , 8 22 1 , 5 1 , 2 3 , 2 8 , 4 2

H y p o p h y s e c t o m i z e da n i m a l s

1 2 3 , 1 6 2 , 1 4 03 3 , 6 4 , 7 61 02 8 , 5 3 2 , 6 4 4 , 7 2 82 5 9 , 3 2 08 5 , 9 65 0 , 7 64 9 , 5 6 , 6 22 4 , 4 2 , 1 7 , 3 8 , 4 8

H y p o p h y s e c t o m i z e da n i m a l s i n j e c t e d w i t h

c o r t i c o t r o p h i c h o r m o n e1 h r . b e f o r e 8 2 P

3 4 , 7 24 9 , 5 32 9 3 , 2 7 22 9 6 , 2 8 09 2 , 9 69 0 , 6 3

- 6 6 , 5 5 , 4 81 8 , 1 2 , 1 6

T a b l e 2 . C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n 1 3 1 I u p t a k e o f n o r m a l and h y p o p h y s e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l s

( I n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f 2 f t c . L 3 L I 1 h r . b e f o r e d i s s e c t i o n . )

C o u n t s / m i n . / 1 0 0 m g . t i s s u e

O r g a n

B r a i n , g r e y m a t t e rO l f a c t o r y l o b eP i n e a lL i v e rA d r e n a lThymusT e s t i sT h y r o i dB l o o d

N o r m a l a n i m a l s

1 2 9 , 1 7 2 , 1 4 5 , 1 1 0 , 1 6 01 8 5 , 2 7 5 , 2 9 8 , 2 4 2 , 1 5 24 8 0 , 6 0 6 , 8 2 0 , 7 0 4 , 6 3 43 2 8 , 3 8 2 , 4 2 22 6 4 , 3 2 5 , 3 6 4 , 4 1 1 , 3 2 13 4 4 , 3 4 3 , 4 8 03 4 2 , 5 5 6 , 1 9 3 , 6 6 4

4 8 5 0 , 6 1 4 8 , 7 2 6 1 , 5 2 2 4 , 5 3 6 88 9 2 , 6 8 0 , 6 3 0 , 7 2 1 , 8 6 6

H y p o p h y s e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l s

1 3 8 , 1 2 3 , 1 7 0 , 1 6 5 , 1 4 2

2 3 6 , 2 7 0 , 2 1 0 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 69 4 6 , 1 2 6 0 , 1 2 8 5 , 1 1 2 2 , 1 4 2 03 4 9 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 84 5 0 , 4 4 3 , 3 6 0 , 5 2 0 , 2 8 84 8 3 , 3 5 4 , 5 1 23 3 6 , 3 2 1 , 2 8 2 , 3 1 2

6 2 0 , 6 7 8 , 1 5 0 0 , 9 9 6 , 3 5 2 , 8 2 65 3 1 , 8 4 2 , 1 2 4 0 , 1 2 6 0 , 4 8 2 , 6 3 6

t i s s u e ) a b o u t t e n t i m e s a s much p h o s p h o r u s a s

b r a i n , s ix t i m e s a s much a s t h e a d r e n a l and 5 0%more t h a n t h e l i v e r .

Hypophysectomy a p p e a r s t o b r i n g a b o u t a g e n e r a l

i n c r e a s e i n t h e a b s o r p t i o n . I n d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t s

t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e c a s e o f b r a i n amounted t o

50-500%. The p i n e a l s h o w s an i n c r e a s e i n u p t a k e o f

70-900%, w h i l e t h e l i v e r showed i n c r e a s e s o f

0-100%.The e f f e c t o f c o r t i c o t r o p h i c hormone i s c l e a r l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d . A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o t h e h y p o p h y -

s e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l o f a b o u t 3 s u d a n o p h o b i c u n i t s

1 h r . b e f o r e i n j e c t i o n o f 3 2 p r e d u c e d t h e p h o s p h o r u s

u p t a k e o f t h e b r a i n and o f t h e p i n e a l t o a normal

l e v e l .That t h e h i g h a c t i v i t y o f t h e p i n e a l i s not

r e s t r i c t e d t o p h o s p h o r u s o n l y i s shown i n T a b l e 2 ,

w h i c h g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s o f p a r a l l e l e x p e r i m e n t s

c a r r i e d o u t w i t h 1 3 1 I ( t h e o n l y o t h e r r a d i o a c t i v e

i n d i c a t o r a v a il a b l e a t t h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s ) . A f t e r

i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n , more 1 3 1 1 i s t a k e n up by t h e

p i n e a l t h a n by any o t h e r ' t i s s u e w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n

o f t h e t h y r o i d . The i o d i n e u p t a k e by t h e p i n e a l

a f t e r hypophysectomy i s i n c r e a s e d i n t h e same

m a n n e r a s t h e p h o s p h o r u s u p t a k e , b u t n o c o r r e -

s p o n d i n g b e h a v i o u r was shown by b r a i n .

T a b l e 3 i l l u s t r a t e s e x p e r i m e n t s w h e r e r a d i a t i o n o f

t h e b r a i n s u r f ac e was m e a s u r e d a t d i f f e r e n t i n t e r v a l s

a f t e r i n j e c t i o n o f v a r i o u s d o s e s o f 3 2 p . T h e r e i s ,

w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e i n

p h o s p h o r u s u p t a k e r a n g i n g b e t w e e n 5 3 a n d 5 8 8 % ,and t h i s i n c r e a s e i s b o r n e o u t by t h e r e s u l t s o f

m e a s u r e m e n t s o n t h e t r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d e x t r a c t

o f t h e w h o l e b r a i n . At t h e same t i m e , t h e c o n t e n t o f

3 2 p i n t h e l i p i d p h o s p h o r u s f r a c t i o n showed l i t t l ec h a n g e when m e a s u r e d 1 h r . a f t e r i n j e c t i o u o f t h e

p h o s p h o r u s . T h e r e w a s , h o w e v e r , a c o n s i d e r a b l e

i n c r e a s e , c o m p a r e d w i t h n o r m a l c o n t r o l a n i m a l s ,

1 7 - 5 h r . a f t e r i n j e c t i o n .

DISCUSSION

The i n c r e a s e o f p h o s p h o r u s u p t a k e o f t h e b r a i n a f t e r

h y p o p h y s e c t o m y s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n c o m b i n a -

t i o n w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g o f R e i s s & R e e s

( 1 9 4 7 ) t h a t h y p o p h y s e c t o m y r e s u l t s i n i n c r e a s e dh e x o k i n a s e a c t i v i t y a n d a n a e r o b i c g l y c o l y s i s .

The i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y o f t h e b r a i n w i t h r e g a r d t o

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p h o s p h o r u s m a y p o s s i b l y b e d u e t o i n c r e a s e d c a r b o -

h y d r a t e u t i l i z a t i o n , and t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n w o u l da p p e a r t o b e j u s t i f i e d by t h e l a r g e i n c r e a s e o f

p h o s p h o r u s i n t h e a c i d - s o l u b l e f r a c t i o n , w h i c h c o n -

t a i n s t h e v a r i o u s c a r b o h y d r a t e p h o s p h o r i c e s t e r s .T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e i n t e r e s t i n g i n t h e l i g h t o f

c e r t a i n l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r a p e u t i c a p p l i c a t i o n so f p h o s p h a t e s : t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f s o d i u m d i -h y d r o g e n p h o s p h a t e o r p h o s p h o r u s - c o n t a i n i n g

s y r u p s i n c a s e s o f f a t i g u e m a y b e j u s t i f i e d o n t h e

b a s i s t h a t f r e s h l y a d m i n i s t e r e d i n o r g a n i c p h o s p h a t ec a n b e r a p i d l y m o b i l i z e d f o r p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n p r o -

c e s s e s i n t h e b r a i n , t h u s p r o v i d i n g a s t i m u l u s t o

c a r b o h y d r a t e m e t a b o l i s m .

I n t h i s c o n n e x i o n t h e r e m a y b e some g r o u n d s f o r

t h e b e l i e f t h a t a more s e n s i t i v e # - c o u n t e r c o u l d

f u r n i s h i n f o r m a t i o n o f d i a g n o s t i c i m p o r t a n c e , byr e v e a l i n g s o m e t h i n g o f t h e s t a t e o f c a r b o h y d r a t e

m e t a b o l i s mi n t h e

humanb r a i n , t h r o u g h o b s e r v a -

t i o n s o f r a t e s o f r a d i o a c t i v e p h o s p h o r u s u p t a k e . I t

w o u l d b e w i s e , h o w e v e r , t o s u s p e n d j u d g e m e n t on

t h i s p o i n t , u n t i l much more wo r k o f a f u n d a m e n t a lc h a r a c t e r i s a c c o m p l i s h e d .

The f i n d i n g o f B o r e l l & O r s t r o m ( 1 9 4 7 ) t h a t t h e

p i n e a l h a s t h e l a r g e s t p h o s p h o r u s u p t a k e / 1 0 0 mg. i sc o n f i r m e d . I t m ay b e d o u b t e d , h o w e v e r , w h e t h e rt h e i r d e d u c t i o n t h a t t h e p i n e a l p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t

r o l e i n p h o s p h o r u s m e t a b o l i s m i s j u s t i f i e d , i n v i e w

o f t h e e q u a l l y h i g h a c t i v i t y o f t h i s g l a n d w i t h

r e g a r d t o 1 3 1 I , d e m o n s t r a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h .

No e x p l a n a t i o n c a n a t t h i s s t a g e b e o f f e r e d f o r t h i sb e h a v i o u r , b u t i t m a y b e p e r m i s s i b l e t o o f f e r t h e

s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e p i t u i t a r y g l a n d c a n e x e r t some

i n h i b i t o r y f u n ct i o n , c o n t r ol l i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e

p i n e a l .

SUMMARY

1 . P r e v i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s by o t h e r w o r k e r s on

t h e u p t a k e o f r a d i o a c t i v e p h o s p h o r u s b y t h e b r a i n

a f t e r i n j e c t i o n i n t o n o r m a l r a t s a r e c o n f i r m e d ; com-

p a r a t i v e meas uremen ts o n o t h e r o r g a n s h a v e b e e n

m a d e .2 . The e f f e c t o f h y p o p h y s e c t o m y i s t o b r i n g

a b o u t a g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f

p h o s p h o r u s , p a r t i c u l a r l y b y t h e b r a i n a n d t h e

p i n e a l .3 . A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f c o r t i c o t r o p h i c hormone t o

t h e h y p o p h y s e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l s , b e f o r e i n j e c t i o no f p h o s p h o r u s , r e s t o r e s t h e a b s o r p t i o n t o a n o r m a l

l e v e l .4 . I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d r a t e o f 3 2 p

u p t a k e o f t h e b r a i n i n t h e h y p o p h y s e c t o m i z e da n i m a l s i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d c a r b o h y d r a t eu t i l i z a t i o n .

T h e a u t h o r s w i s h t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e i r i n d e b t e d n e s s t o

t h e M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l f o r s u p p l i e s o f r a d i o a c t i v e

m a t e r i a l .

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REFERENCES

B o r e l l , U . & O r s t r o m , A . ( 1 9 4 7 ) . B i o c h e m . J . 4 1 , 3 9 8 .F r i e s e , B . A . & C h a i k o f f , I . L . ( 1 9 4 1 ) . J . b i o l . C h e m . 1 4 1 , 4 7 9 .

P o t t e r , V . R . & E l v e h j e m , C . A . ( 1 9 3 6 ) . J . b i o l . C h e m . 1 1 4 ,

4 9 5 .

R e i s s , M . & R e e s , D . S . ( 1 9 4 7 ) . E n d o c r i n o l o g y , 4 1 ,

4 3 7 .

S c h a c h n e r , H . , F r i e s s , B . A . & C h a i k o f f , I . L . ( 1 9 4 2 ) . J . b i o l .

C h e m . 1 4 6 , 9 5 .

S t u d i e s on C h o l i n e s t e r a s e

6 . THE SELECTIVE INHIBIT ION OF TRUE CHOLINESTE RA S E I N VIVO

B Y ROSEMARY D . HAWKINS AND B . MENDELB a n t i n g and B e a t D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c a l R e 8 e a r c h , B a n t i n g I n 8 t i t u t e ,

U n i v e r 8 i t y o f T o r o n t o , T o r o n t o , C a n a d a

( R e c e i v e d 2 7 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 4 8 )

W h e n t h e d i s t i n c t i o n was made b e t w e e n two t y p e s

o f c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ( C h E ) i n t h e a n i m a l b o d y , t h e s e

e n z y m e s w e r e c a l l e d t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e and p s e u d o -

c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ( M e n d e l & R u d n e y , 1 9 4 3 a ) . The namep s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e was c h o s e n b e c a u s e i t w as

deemed u n l i k e l y t h a t t h i s enzyme c o u l d d e a l

e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h a c e ty l c ho l i n e i n v i v o i n v i e w o f i t s

r e l a t i v e i n a c t i v i t y t o w a r d s l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

t h a t s u b s t r a t e . To d e t e r m i n e t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h i sa s s u m p t i o n E a w k i n s & G u n t e r ( 1 9 4 6 ) e m p l o y e da s e l e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r o f p s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e , t h e

p r o s t i g m i n e a n a l o g u e N u - 6 8 3 . In v i v o e x p e r i m e n t sw i t h t h i s compound s h o w e d t h a t a p r o l o n g e d anda l m o s t c o m p l e t e i n h i b i t i o n o f p s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e

i n p l a s m a and t i s s u e s d o e s n o t e v o k e any r e a c t i o n

i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e .Thus i t a p p e a r e d t h a t i n c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e

a c t i v i t y o f t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e i s r e l a t i v e l y u n i i m -

p a i r e d p s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e p l a y s no e s s e n t i a l

r o l e i n t h e r e m o v a l o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e i n v i v o .The p o s s i b i l i t y r e m a i n e d , h o w e v e r , a s t h e s e

w o r k e r s p o i n t e d o u t , t h a t an a u x i l i a r y r o l e m i g h tb e a s s u m e d by p s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e , n a m e l y , t h a t

o f s e r v i n g a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e

w h e n e v e r t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e l a t t e r enzyme i si m p a i r e d . P r o o f o f t h i s h y po t h e s i s h a s h i t h e r t o n o tb e e n p u t f o r w a r d . I t h a s a w a i t e d t h e f i n d i n g o f acompound w h i c h n o t o n l y p o s s e s s e s t h e p r o p e r t y o f

a c t i n g a s a s e l e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r o f t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ,b u t w h i c h c a n a l s o b e a d m i n i s t e r e d i n v i v o w i t h o u t

e l i c i t i n g any e f f e c t s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e a t t r i b u t a bl e t o

i t s c h o l i n e s t e r a s e - i n h i b i t i n g a c t i o n .S e i e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r s o f t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e h a v eb e e n d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . Z e l l e r & B i s s e g g e r ( 1 9 4 3 )

h a v e shown t h a t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c a f f e i n e

i n h i b i t t h e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e s o f e r y t h r o c y t e s and

b r a i n , two e x a m p l e s o f t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ( M e n d e l

& R u d n e y , 1 9 4 3 a , b ) , w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t -i n g t h e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e a c t i v i t y o f hu ma n p l a s m aw h i c h c o n t a i n s m a i n l y p s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e

( M e n d e l , M u n d e l l & Rudney, 1 9 4 3 ) . R e c e n t l y ,

Adams & Thompson ( 1 9 4 8 ) h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e dt h a t c e r t a i n ' n i t r o g e n m u s t a r d s ' , p a r t i c u l a r l y d i -( 2 - c h l o r o e t h y l ) m e t h y l a m i n e (DDM), a c t a s s e l e c -t i v e i n h i b i t o r s o f t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e .

The p r e s e n t c o m m u n i c a t i o n d e a l s w i t h a c h o l i n -e s t e r a s e i n h i b i t o r w h i c h , a p a r t f r o m p o s s e s s i n g a

s e l e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r y a c t i o n o n t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ,

p r o d u c e s n o e f f e c t s i n v i v o t h a t c o u l d n o t b e

a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e .T h i s c o m p o u n d , a p r o s t i g m i n e a n a l o g u e , t h e

N - p - c h l o r o p h e n y l - N - m e t h y l c a r b a m a t e o f m - h y -d r o x y p h e n y l t r i m e t h y l a m m o n i u m b r o m i d e ( N u -

1 2 5 0 ; A e s c h l i m a n n & S t e m p e l , 1 9 4 6 ) , h a s t h ef o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a : O H

C 3

O . C o . NIT01

B r - ( C H 3 ) 3 N + N u - 1 2 5 0

The a f o r e m e n t i o n e d p r o p e r t i e s o f N u - 1 2 5 0 s u g -

g e s t e d i t s u s e a s a t o o l i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r

p s e u d o - c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ca n assume an a u x i l i a r yr o l e i n t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e when t h e

a c t i v i t y o f t r u e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e i s i m p a i r e d . Ther e s u l t s o f e x p e r i m e n t s d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s q u e s t i o na r e r e p o r t e d h e r e .