THE INFLUENCE OF PREDISPOSING FACTORS AND EQUIPMENT

GSJ: Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2021, Online: ISSN 2320-9186

www.globalscientificjournal.com THE INFLUENCE OF PREDISPOSING FACTORS AND EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT ON UNSAFE BEHAVIORS WITH THE MODERATION OF REINFORCING FACTORS AND TECHNICAL COMPETENCE AT THE FIRE AND RESCUE DEPARTMENT OF CENTRAL JAKARTA: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL Wahyu Setyo Saputra1, Dwi Sunu Kanto2

1.2 Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Trilogi University, Jakarta, Indonesia ABSTRACT The high number of work accidents due to unsafe behavior indicates that firefighters are not following the given Standard Operating Proce-dure adequately. This problem needs to be solved by the Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta. This paper aims to form a concep-tual model to examine the influence of predisposing factors and equipment management on unsafe behaviors with reinforcing factors and technical competence as moderating variables. The literature review, conceptual model, hypotheses development, and research methodol-ogy are discussed. Practicing this paper would instantly provide information about the relationship of predisposing factors, equipment man-agement, reinforcing factors, technical competence, and unsafe behaviors at the Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta. KeyWords Predisposing Factor, Equipment Management, Unsafe Behavior, Reinforcing Factor, Technical Competence, Conceptual Model

INTRODUCTION The Indonesian government has issued Government Regulation Number 50 of 2012 on the Implementation of Occupational

Safety and Health Management System. This regulation supersedes the previous regulation, which was the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower Number 5 of 1996 concerning the Labor Safety and Health Management System, as the Indonesian government’s aim of this regulation is to enhance the effectiveness in implementing the Indonesian Labor Safety and Health Management System. The Occupational Safety and Health Management System is a part of the company's comprehensive management system to control risks associated with work activities to create a safe, efficient, and productive workplace.

Firefighters have one of the highest-risk jobs. Based on the Governor's Regulation Number 264 of 2016 concerning the Or-ganization and Work Procedure of the Jakarta Province Fire and Rescue Service, Chapter II Article 3 Paragraph 1, firefighters have the task of carrying out fire prevention, management, and rescue. Firefighters work in an environment that is constantly changing, often unstable, and highly dangerous.

The Fire and Rescue Service has made efforts to pay attention to matters related to occupational safety and health. Some of its attention was by creating the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) that has an indirect impact on the personnel's safety and health, provide task-appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and provide training that could add competence and agility when on duty. In carrying out their duty, firefighters must use PPE based on the needs in the area of events to avoid risk or health disorders. The accuracy of the type of PPE in the Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta is vital due to the type and potential

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hazards encountered as the type and design of PPE will be highly influential on the level of job risk. Firefighters work in a constantly changing and unstable environment, in addition with the heavy workload tends to be risky

as it may lead to unsafe behavior means in order to complete the given task without thinking about the following impact that would occur. Some forms of impact by the unsafe behavior that happened in the Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta are burned, pinched, scratched, nicked, dropped, crushed, electrocuted, hearing loss, breathing disorder, and death. Direct causes of accidents are caused by unsafe behaviors and unsafe conditions, causing disturbance and delay of operational tasks. Unsafe behavior carried out by firefighters provides a great opportunity for work accidents. Unsafe behavior is also often referred to as an unsafe act as this term comes from the word unsafe action. Unsafe action is an action taken by someone which has an increased possibility of some-thing unwanted or accident happening (Reason, 1997: 75). An unsafe act is grouped into human error and violations in the form of neglecting instructions or rules. The Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta often has implemented occupational safety and health but the firefighters (personnel) are not following the appeal.

According to the data obtained from the annual report of the Jakarta Province Fire and Rescue Service of the Year 2015 to 2018, the number of unsafe behavior impact (work accident) is recorded in Table 1:

Table 1 Data of Work Accidents Year 2015-2018

No Year Number of Work Accidents

Mortality Injured

1 2015 32

2 2016 18

3 2017 19

4 2018 1 11

Total 82

Source: The Jakarta Province Fire and Rescue Service Report

Based on the above table, it can be concluded that a high number of work accidents due to unsafe behavior from 2015 to 2018 indicates a procedure or SOP that is not conducted well by the firefighters.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Occupational Safety Occupational safety is a series of efforts to create a safe and peaceful work atmosphere for employees who work in the

company involved (Suma'mur, 1981). Occupational safety is an effort that can encourage the creation of safe and healthy conditions in the workplace, both the workforce and the work environment itself (Rivai, 2004).

The objective of occupational safety is based on Law Number 1 of 1970 on Occupational Safety with three main objectives, namely:

1. Protect and ensure the safety of every labor and others in the workplace 2. Ensure that every source of production can be used safely and efficiently 3. Improve national welfare and productivity

Causes of Work Accidents Accident as an unplanned and unexpected event is not just a coincidence, but there are causes. HaSPA (2012) classified the

causal factors of accidents into two, unsafe conditions and unsafe behavior/action. In general, 80-85% of accidents are caused by unsafe actions.

Unsafe Behavior Unsafe behavior/action is the action that could endanger the worker him/herself as well as others that may cause the occur-

rence of accidents. Dangerous or unsafe behavior is an unsafe action at work that is highly potential to cause work accidents due to failure to follow work procedures that have been determined, along with the inability to recognize and decide to avoid the dangers appropriately.

An unsafe condition is a condition in work tools, materials, or environment that is not safe and harmful. Su'mamur (1981) stated that unsafe condition is a condition of a hazardous physical workplace that has the potential to cause accidents. Budiono (2003) explained that unsafe conditions or conditions that are not according to standards are an action that will cause accidents.



Factors That Cause Unsafe Behaviors Green (1980) says that healthy individuals/communities are affected by two principal factors, namely behavioral factors and

non-behavioral factors. Behavioral factors are determined by three groups of factors: 1. Predisposing factors, which are factors that facilitate the occurrence of a person's behavior. These factors include

attitudes, beliefs, habits, traditions, social norms, and other elements contained in individuals and society. Exam-ples of predisposing factors are age, level of education, knowledge, attitudes, values, motivations, beliefs, and per-ceptions

2. Supporting/enabling factors, which are the availability of service facilities and the ease of achieving them. Exam-ples of supporting/enabling factors are the availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training

3. Driving/reinforcing factors, which are the attitude and behavior of health workers. Examples of driving/reinforcing factors are supervision, penalties, and rewards

Competence Factor Competence is an ability to carry out a job or task that is based on skills and knowledge and supported by the appropriate

work attitude (Wibowo, 2011). Competence is a characteristic of a person that can be demonstrated, which includes knowledge, skills, and behavior that will result in performance and achievement (Dessler, 2006). Burtch dalam Rifma (2016) argues that compe-tence is basic knowledge and skill that is required to progress in various professions/jobs, programs, or positions, including in the field of education.

Competence is not an ability that can not be influenced since a person’s competence can be fostered through a process against some factors that can influence it. Zwell (2000: 56-68) as quoted on Wibowo (2011: 340-344) and Sudarmanto (2009: 54-57), suggested that several factors can affect the competence of a person, including skills or technical competence (Darmadi, 2018).

Spencer & Spencer (1993:11) expressed some kind of characteristics that would form competence, one of which is a specific skill competence (Noor & Gofur, 2009). A skill is the ability to do a certain physical or mental task.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Based on the introduction and literature review that has been done, the conceptual model that can be produced in this study is as in the following figure.

Figure 1 The Conceptual Model



HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT Based on the conceptual model in Figure 1, the six hypotheses that is proposed in this study are:

1. The Effect of Predisposing Factors on Unsafe Behavior 2. The Effect of Equipment Management (Enabling Factor) on Unsafe Behavior 3. The Effect of Reinforcing Factors in moderating the Effect of Predisposing Factors on Unsafe Behavior 4. The Effect of Technical Competency in moderating the Effect of Equipment Management (Enabling Factor) on Un-

safe Behavior 5. The Effect of Reinforcing Factor in moderating the Effect of Equipment Management (Enabling Factor) on Unsafe

Behavior 6. The Effect of Technical Competence in moderating the Effect of Equipment Management (Enabling Factor) on Un-

safe Behavior METHODOLOGY

The method of research is quantitative of a cross-sectional study design. The data collection method is through the deploy-ment of questionnaires with variables of Predisposing Factors (X1), Equipment Management (Enabling Factor) (X2), Unsafe Behavior (Y), Reinforcing Factors (M1), and Technical Competence (M2). The population in this study is the firefighters of the Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta with a total of 426 personnel.

A sample is a representative of a population as it is a part or an amount and characteristics possessed by a population (Su-giyono, 2011). To find out the number (n) of the firefighters of the Fire and Rescue Department of Central Jakarta as samples, calcula-tion of the Slovin formula for an error rate of 10% gives us the result of 81 people.

The method of data collection is done through questionnaires using the Likert scale. The results of data collection will be measured using the validity and reliability test of the data. The analysis would be testing the effects of the moderating variable with the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis method. The SEM method of research is conducted with the help of Partial Least Square (PLS) software.

CONCLUSION

This paper has discussed the background of the influence of predisposing factors and equipment management (enabling factor) on unsafe behaviors with reinforcing factors and technical competence as moderating variables at the Fire and Rescue De-partment of Central Jakarta; Literature Review on occupational safety, causes of work accidents, unsafe behavior, factors that cause unsafe behaviors, and competence factor; conceptual model; hypotheses; and methodology. The relationships between all variables in the conceptual model would be identified by practicing this paper.

REFERENCES

[1] Budiono, A.M.S. (2003). Bunga Rampai Hiperkes dan KK Higiene Perusahaan Ergonomi Kesehatan Kerja Keselamatan Kerja, Sema-rang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

[2] Darmadi (2018). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Kepala Sekolahan, page 72. Sleman: Deepublish. [3] Dessler, G. (2006). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, page 70. Klaten: PT. Intan Sejati. [4] Green, L., 1980. Health Education: A Diagnosis Approach, The John Hopkins University, Mayfield Publishing Co. [5] HaSPA (Health and Safety Professionals Alliance). (2012). The Core Body of Knowledge for Generalist OHS Professionals. Tullma-

rine, VIC. Safety Institute of Australia. [6] Noor, F. dan Gofur, A. (2009). Integrated Human Resources Development, page 24. Jakarta: PT Grasindo. [7] Noorkasiani (2009). Sosiologi Keperawatan, page 28. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC. [8] Pratiwi, A. D. (2011). Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tindakan Tidak Aman (Unsafe Act) Pada Pekerja di PT X Tahun

2011, page 13. Depok: UI. [9] Reason, J. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 1840141042 . [10] Rifma (2016). Optimalisasi Pembinaan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru, page 55. Jakarta: KENCANA. [11] Spencer, L. &. Spencer, S.M. (1993.) Competence at Work, Models For Superior Performance. Canada : John Wiley & Sons, Inc [12] Sudarmanto (2009). Kinerja dan Pengembangan Kompetensi SDM,. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, [13] Wibowo (2011). Manajemen Kinerja. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pusaka Utama. [14] Yuliani, H.R. (2014). E-Learning Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3), page 4. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. [15] Zwell, M. 2000. Creating a Culture of Competence. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.



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THE INFLUENCE OF PREDISPOSING FACTORS AND EQUIPMENT