The Industrial Revolution The Rise of Smokestack America
1860-1900 USA, INC. Slide 2 Post-war industrial expansion Factors
contributing to rise of American industry Growth of a National
Railway System Abundant natural resources Cheap, plentiful, docile
labor force Technological Innovations Favorable Government Policies
(laissez-faire) (laissez-faire) Managerial Revolution Slide 3
Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Railroad Tycoons: Railroad
Tycoons: Jay Gould, Daniel Drew, Tom Scott, Cornelius and William
Vanderbilt Cornelius and William Vanderbilt Industrial Monopolists:
Industrial Monopolists: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie,
Gustavus Swift, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus
Swift, James B. Duke James B. Duke Finance Capitalist: J. Pierpoint
Morgan Finance Capitalist: J. Pierpoint Morgan Slide 4 New Business
Organizations Company-Privately owned by Individual, Family,
Partners Company-Privately owned by Individual, Family, Partners
Corporation-Publicly owned by stock holders; run by elected Board
Corporation-Publicly owned by stock holders; run by elected Board
Trust-Numerous Corporations stocks controlled by a Board of
Trustees Trust-Numerous Corporations stocks controlled by a Board
of Trustees Holding Company-Numerous trusts stocks controlled by a
Board of Directors Holding Company-Numerous trusts stocks
controlled by a Board of Directors Slide 5 Thomas Alva Edison
Wizard of Menlo Park Slide 6 The Light Bulb Slide 7 The Phonograph
(1877) Slide 8 The Ediphone or Dictaphone Slide 9 The Motion
Picture Camera Slide 10 Alternating Current George Westinghouse
Nikola Tesla Slide 11 Alternating Current Westinghouse Lamp ad
Slide 12 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876) Slide 13 The
Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Orville Wright
Kitty Hawk, NC December 7, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC December 7, 1903
Slide 14 Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so
that they can afford my product! [$5 a day!] Henry Ford I want to
pay my workers so that they can afford my product! [$5 a day!]
Slide 15 Model T Prices & Sales Slide 16 U. S. Patents Granted
1790s 276 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued. Slide 17
Impact of the RR on the Nation New Trans-continental Lines emerge
New Trans-continental Lines emerge Railroads as business Railroads
as business National Market National Market Impact on Impact on
National unity & economics Industrialization Mining &
agriculture Grown of cities & urban areas Immigration
Environment Time Zones Wealth Slide 18 Corruption in the Railroad
Industry Scams in the RR industry Scams in the RR industry Stock
watering Bribery The pool Rebates & kickbacks Price gouging
Government regulation of RRs Government regulation of RRs State
regulations and Supreme Court Federal regulation (ICC) Slide 19 Jay
Gould & Daniel Drew Slide 20 Tom Scott Slide 21 Rockefeller
& Standard Oil Company Development of the American Oil Refinery
Industry Development of the American Oil Refinery Industry 1 st
well Kerosene Gasoline John D. Wreck-a- feller John D. Wreck-a-
feller Slide 22 Horizontal integration Horizontal integration John
D. Rockefeller in oil industry Control more & more of a given
niche (one stage of production) of an industry Efforts to curb
competition, curb costs, set prices Slide 23 Steel Industry Factors
contributing to growth of steel Factors contributing to growth of
steel Bessemer Process Access to coal & iron ore Ready labor
Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie Slide 24 Vertical Integration
Controls up & down the hierarchy Andrew Carnegie in steel
industry Owned ore & coal mines, Owned ore & coal mines,
Railroads and barges, Railroads and barges, Processing Plants, Made
Finished Iron & Steel products Slide 25 Mesabi Range Slide 26
Carnegie Homestead Steel Plant Slide 27 Henry Clay Frick : Coke
King Slide 28 Slide 29 Carnegie and Labor Low Wages Low Wages Long
Hours Long Hours Dangerous Working Conditions Dangerous Working
Conditions Anti-Union Anti-Union Strike Breaker (Homestead, 1892)
Strike Breaker (Homestead, 1892) Pinkertons & Scabs Pinkertons
& Scabs Slide 30 U. S. Corporate Mergers Slide 31 Wealth
Concentration Held by Top 1% of Households Slide 32 % of
Billionaires in 1900 Slide 33 % of Billionaires in 1918 Slide 34
New Financial Businessman The Broker: J. Pierpont Morgan
Combination Consolidation Concentration The Broker: J. Pierpont
Morgan Combination Consolidation Concentration Slide 35 J.
Pierpoint Morgan Finance Capitalist Slide 36 U.S. Steel: 1 st
Corporation Capitalized at over $1 Billion Slide 37 J.P. Morgan and
Company (Holding Company) A Trust of Trusts) Banking Banking
Insurance Insurance Steam Shipping Steam Shipping Railroads (UP,
SP, NP, Penn, B&O, C&O, L&N, AT&SF, Erie, Atlantic
Coast, Reading, & many more) Railroads (UP, SP, NP, Penn,
B&O, C&O, L&N, AT&SF, Erie, Atlantic Coast,
Reading, & many more) Communications (AT&T, Western Union)
Communications (AT&T, Western Union) Public Utilities (Edison,
NY, NJ, Chicago) Public Utilities (Edison, NY, NJ, Chicago) Real
Estate Real Estate U.S. Steel U.S. Steel Amalgamated Copper
Amalgamated Copper General Electric General Electric Westinghouse
Westinghouse International Harvester International Harvester
National Biscuit Co National Biscuit Co American Sugar trust
American Sugar trust Pullman Company Pullman Company Armour &
Company Armour & Company U.S. Rubber Co. U.S. Rubber Co.
American Ag. Chemical American Ag. Chemical Slide 38 Pro-Business
Government Policies Land Grants to Railroads Land Grants to
Railroads Protective Tariff (1862- 1913) Protective Tariff (1862-
1913) No Income or Corporate Taxes No Income or Corporate Taxes
Laissez-Faire ? Laissez-Faire ? (Little or no regulation?) Slide 39
Wall Street 1867 & 1900 Slide 40 Government & Industry
Constitutional safeguards for industry Constitutional safeguards
for industry Interstate commerce clause 14 th Amendment Government
attempts to control business Government attempts to control
business Sherman Anti-Trust Act Enforcing the Sherman Anti0Trust
Act Significance of Act Slide 41 The Protectors of Our Industries
Slide 42 The Bosses of the Senate Slide 43 The Robber Barons of the
Past Slide 44 Justifications of Divisions between Rich & Poor
Rising upper class Rising upper class Falling working class Falling
working class Defending class distinctions Defending class
distinctions Gospel of Wealth Social Darwinism Rugged individualism
& contempt for poor Popular aspirations: self made man self
made man Slide 45 Carnegies Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth The
Gospel of Wealth God-given God-given Stewardship Stewardship Wise
Benevolence Wise Benevolence Slide 46 Carnegies Philanthropies Over
$350,000,000 Over $350,000,000 Music Halls Music Halls Carnegie
Institute Carnegie Institute Carnegie-Mellon University
Carnegie-Mellon University Endowment for International Peace
Endowment for International Peace 1679 Libraries 1679 Libraries
Slide 47 1679 Carnegie Libraries Slide 48 Social Darwinism Social
Darwinism British economist. Advocate of laissez-faire. Adapted
Darwins ideas from the Origin of Species to humans. Notion of
Survival of the Fittest. British economist. Advocate of
laissez-faire. Adapted Darwins ideas from the Origin of Species to
humans. Notion of Survival of the Fittest. Herbert Spencer Slide 49
Social Darwinism in America Social Darwinism in America William
Graham Sumner Folkways (1906) $ Individuals must have absolute
freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. $ Therefore, state
intervention to reward society and the economy is futile! $
Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or
fail. $ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the
economy is futile! Slide 50 Horatio Alger Novels Luck and Pluck
Luck and Pluck Rags to Riches Rags to Riches Slide 51 The American
Dream? Protestant (Puritan) Work Ethic Horatio Alger [100+ novels]
Protestant (Puritan) Work Ethic Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Is the
idea of the self-made man a MYTH?? Fiction? Is the idea of the
self-made man a MYTH?? Fiction? Slide 52 Edward Bellamys Looking
Backward (1887) Slide 53 Henry George and the Single Tax Movement
Slide 54 The Reorganization of Work Frederick W. Taylor The
Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Frederick W. Taylor The
Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Slide 55 The
Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line Unskilled Labor The
Assembly Line Unskilled Labor Slide 56 The Labor Movement Life of
Workers Life of Workers Corporate resistance to unions Corporate
resistance to unions Use wealth to undermine Appeal to federal
courts Used troops to break strikes lockouts yellow dog contracts
& ironclad oaths blacklists Company towns Slide 57 Rise of
Unions Early unions Early unions National Labor Union (1866) The
Knights of Labor (1869) The American Federation of Labor (1886)
Strikes Strikes Popularity Popularity Grow in strength but 3% of
workforce in 1900 Collective labor=Radicalism Slide 58 National
Labor Union 8 hr. Day William Sylvis (1866-1873 ) Slide 59 The
Great RR Strike of 1877 I asked a man in prison once how he
happened to be there and he said he had stolen a pair of shoes. I
told him if he had stolen a railroad he would be a United States
Senator. I asked a man in prison once how he happened to be there
and he said he had stolen a pair of shoes. I told him if he had
stolen a railroad he would be a United States Senator. Pray for the
dead and fight like hell for the living. Slide 60 Cincinnati
Railroad Station Slide 61 Strikers vs. Troops Who Wins? (1877)
Slide 62 Molly Maguires Pennsylvania Coal Miners Slide 63 Damn
Pinks- James McParland Slide 64 Knights of Labor One Big Union One
Big Union NO Strikes NO Strikes Terrence V. Powderly Terrence V.
Powderly 700,000 members 700,000 members 1873-1886(?) 1873-1886(?)
Slide 65 McCormick Chicago Factory Strike Slide 66 Haymarket
Incident-1886 Slide 67 Jolly Coppers and Anarchist Bombers? Slide
68 Anarchist Bastards Slide 69 John Peter Altgelds Pardon Slide 70
Emma Goldman- Russian Immigrant Slide 71 Red Emma-Anarchist Slide
72 Emma and Alexander Berkman Slide 73 Henry Clay Frick and Andrew
Carnegie Slide 74 Slide 75 George Pullmans Dream Slide 76 Slide 77
Pullman Palace Car Factory Slide 78 Workers Apartments Slide 79
Pullmans Home Slide 80 Pullman Strike and Boycott Slide 81 Eugene
V. Debs and the American Railway Union Slide 82 5X Presidential
Candidate until 1920 Slide 83 Samuel Gompers: AFof L Leader
1886-1924 Slide 84 P.J. McGuire Slide 85 Pure and Simple Unionism=
MORE! Slide 86 Samuel Gompers Credo We want more school houses and
less jails; We want more school houses and less jails; more books
and less arsenals; more books and less arsenals; more learning and
less vice; more learning and less vice; more constant work and less
crime; more constant work and less crime; more leisure and less
greed; more leisure and less greed; more justice and less revenge;
in fact, more justice and less revenge; in fact, more of the
opportunities to cultivate our better natures, more of the
opportunities to cultivate our better natures, to make manhood more
noble, womanhood more beautiful and childhood more happy and
bright. These in brief are the primary demands made by the Trade
Unions in the name of labor. These in brief are the primary demands
made by the Trade Unions in the name of labor. These are the
demands made by labor upon modern society and in their
consideration is involved the fate of civilization. These are the
demands made by labor upon modern society and in their
consideration is involved the fate of civilization. Slide 87 Sam in
San Antonio
