The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Living from the LandLiving from the Land

In the 18th and 19th centuries, many In the 18th and 19th centuries, many new innovations in industry and farming new innovations in industry and farming were madewere made

these innovations increased the these innovations increased the economies many European nations and economies many European nations and the young U. S.the young U. S.

this time period became known as the this time period became known as the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution this was a time period when powered this was a time period when powered

machinery in factories replaced the work machinery in factories replaced the work done by individuals at homedone by individuals at home

more goods could be made quicker by more goods could be made quicker by using the machineryusing the machinery

These machines and growing These machines and growing

factories also had an impact on factories also had an impact on societysociety

workers were crammed into workers were crammed into factoriesfactories

people starting leaving the people starting leaving the countryside and move to the city countryside and move to the city to find factory jobsto find factory jobs

Harsh Way of LifeHarsh Way of Life Before the Industrial Before the Industrial

Revolution, most people Revolution, most people lived in rural villageslived in rural villages

time was kept by following time was kept by following the seasonsthe seasons

most people farmedmost people farmed a high infant mortality rate a high infant mortality rate

kept families smallkept families small 1 out of 3 babies died in 1 out of 3 babies died in

the 1st year of lifethe 1st year of life 1 in 2 people lived to be 1 in 2 people lived to be

2121 life expectancy: 40life expectancy: 40

During the 18th During the 18th century (1700’s), century (1700’s), only 25%only 25% of people of people lived in citieslived in cities

London was the London was the largest city: largest city: 700,000 people700,000 people

many villages never many villages never left their village and left their village and knew little of what knew little of what was around themwas around them

Village LifeVillage Life Nearly all villagers were Nearly all villagers were

farmersfarmers the wealthy owned most the wealthy owned most

of the land and rented it of the land and rented it out to the farmersout to the farmers

many different families many different families would cooperate in would cooperate in working in the fieldsworking in the fields

very little land was very little land was fenced off--no separation fenced off--no separation of private and public of private and public landslands

Public Public lands=commonslands=commons

the village’s economy the village’s economy was localized; very was localized; very little long distance little long distance trade occurredtrade occurred

villagers were self-villagers were self-sufficient--they grew sufficient--they grew their own food, made their own food, made their own tools and their own tools and clothes, etc.clothes, etc.

The rich landowners The rich landowners lived in estateslived in estates they had large they had large

houseshouses many barns and many barns and

cottagescottages lots of landlots of land servants pampered servants pampered

the familythe family

The poor farmers The poor farmers rented the landrented the land lived in small lived in small

cottagescottages houses had dirt houses had dirt

floorsfloors many times their many times their

shared their house shared their house with the farm with the farm animalsanimals

All people in the farming family All people in the farming family

worked hard to ensure the worked hard to ensure the family’s survivalfamily’s survival

boys helped their fathers in the boys helped their fathers in the fieldfield

girls helped the mothers milk girls helped the mothers milk cows and creating food for the cows and creating food for the familyfamily

Early IndustryEarly Industry Not all people farmed; a Not all people farmed; a

very small amount also very small amount also worked in small worked in small industries or coal minesindustries or coal mines

these industries created these industries created glassglass ironiron clothcloth

most industry workers most industry workers were also farmers; they were also farmers; they had to work in the had to work in the industry when not industry when not farmingfarming

Industry workers Industry workers would help farmers would help farmers during the harvestduring the harvest

during the winter the during the winter the farmers would help in farmers would help in the mines and the mines and workshopsworkshops

industry and industry and agriculture began agriculture began building a close building a close relationship to each relationship to each otherother

Making WoolMaking Wool Wool production was Wool production was

very important in very important in BritainBritain

lots of people were lots of people were employed in the wool employed in the wool industry in Britainindustry in Britain

by the 1700’s, the by the 1700’s, the demand for wool demand for wool caused merchants to caused merchants to hire people to create hire people to create wool in their homeswool in their homes

This system became This system became known as the known as the domestic systemdomestic system

the domestic system the domestic system spread to other spread to other industriesindustries

in order for the in order for the domestic system to domestic system to work, a network of work, a network of workers was neededworkers was needed

1.) Merchants would by 1.) Merchants would by the raw wool and give it the raw wool and give it to several familiesto several families

2.) Women and children 2.) Women and children would clean, sort, and would clean, sort, and spin the wool into threadspin the wool into thread

3.) Men would weave 3.) Men would weave the thread into cloththe thread into cloth

4.) Many times the 4.) Many times the merchant would pick up merchant would pick up the thread and send it to the thread and send it to a weavera weaver

5.) After the weaving 5.) After the weaving process, the cloth process, the cloth would be taken to a would be taken to a fuller who would fuller who would shape the materialshape the material

6.) A dyer would then 6.) A dyer would then color the clothcolor the cloth

7.) The finished 7.) The finished product would be product would be taken to market for taken to market for salesale

Benefits of the Domestic Benefits of the Domestic SystemSystem

1.) Workers could set their own hours1.) Workers could set their own hours this allowed the workers to tend to other this allowed the workers to tend to other

dutiesduties people could still farm and help produce people could still farm and help produce

woolen clothwoolen cloth 2.) Children were allowed to work and 2.) Children were allowed to work and

learn a skilllearn a skill 3.) Provided families with income 3.) Provided families with income

during hard times--drought, flood, etc.during hard times--drought, flood, etc.

Mining CoalMining Coal Coal mining also Coal mining also

used the domestic used the domestic systemsystem

many times, the coal many times, the coal mines were under mines were under the farm landsthe farm lands

many coal miners many coal miners were also farmerswere also farmers

even women and even women and children worked in children worked in the coal minesthe coal mines

Coal mining gave Coal mining gave income to some income to some familiesfamilies

the family would the family would used the extra used the extra income to buy income to buy goods it normally goods it normally could notcould not furniturefurniture clothingclothing

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of ChangeChange

British farmers had, for British farmers had, for centuries, planted crops centuries, planted crops and raised animalsand raised animals

18th century (1700’s): 18th century (1700’s): things began to changethings began to change the rich landowners the rich landowners

ended the open field ended the open field systemsystem

these landowners believed these landowners believed that larger fields with that larger fields with fenced lands would yield fenced lands would yield more productionmore production

Parliament agreed to Parliament agreed to this idea and endorsed this idea and endorsed the the enclosure enclosure movementmovement

laws were created laws were created allowing landowners to allowing landowners to fence private and public fence private and public lands--increasing the lands--increasing the landowners’ own estateslandowners’ own estates

the enclosure movement the enclosure movement changed Great Britainchanged Great Britain

Small farmers now had no landSmall farmers now had no land they moved to towns and cities to find they moved to towns and cities to find

workwork rich landowners were developing new rich landowners were developing new

and improved farming methodsand improved farming methods breedingbreeding tools (seed drill)tools (seed drill)

Agriculture soon became a profit making Agriculture soon became a profit making business for these landownersbusiness for these landowners

Great Britain Leads the Great Britain Leads the WayWay

Great Britain’s agricultural revolution Great Britain’s agricultural revolution helped the nation become the leader in the helped the nation become the leader in the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

the landowners’ success in farming allowed the landowners’ success in farming allowed them to invest their $ into industrythem to invest their $ into industry

farmers driven off of the land went to work farmers driven off of the land went to work in industryin industry

Britain had the capital, natural resources, Britain had the capital, natural resources, and labor force to become very successful in and labor force to become very successful in industryindustry

Money & IndustryMoney & Industry In order for industry to In order for industry to

grow, industry must have grow, industry must have capital--$ to invest in capital--$ to invest in labor, machines, and labor, machines, and materialsmaterials

1700’s: many British 1700’s: many British were wealthy from were wealthy from farming and overseas farming and overseas trade (slave trade)trade (slave trade)

with the rise of industry, with the rise of industry, the wealthy now had new the wealthy now had new areas to invest their $areas to invest their $

These wealthy These wealthy persons were hoping persons were hoping to make a large to make a large profit on their profit on their investmentinvestment

Parliament even Parliament even encouraged encouraged investing by passing investing by passing new laws that new laws that helped the growing helped the growing businessesbusinesses

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Great Britain had lots of natural resourcesGreat Britain had lots of natural resources

harborsharbors lots of riverslots of rivers

to provide transportation and water for powerto provide transportation and water for power iron and coaliron and coal

these were the two main materials of the these were the two main materials of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

iron and steel were perfect materials for building iron and steel were perfect materials for building machinerymachinery

coal was the fuel used by industrycoal was the fuel used by industry

Large Labor SupplyLarge Labor Supply Britain had a large Britain had a large

growing population of growing population of workersworkers

better farming meant better farming meant more and better foodmore and better food people lived longerpeople lived longer people were healthierpeople were healthier

1700: 3 mil. People1700: 3 mil. People 1800: 9 mil. People1800: 9 mil. People changes in British changes in British

farming also increased farming also increased the # of industrial the # of industrial workersworkers

New farm equipment New farm equipment (steel plow) allowed for (steel plow) allowed for fewer people needed on fewer people needed on the farmthe farm

farmers not needed went farmers not needed went to the cities to find workto the cities to find work

the British upper class the British upper class and middle class and middle class managed the industriesmanaged the industries

the domestic system was the domestic system was on the way out as on the way out as industry began to growindustry began to grow

Growing Textile IndustryGrowing Textile Industry

1700’s: people all over the world 1700’s: people all over the world were anxious to buy cotton clothwere anxious to buy cotton cloth

the domestic system did not the domestic system did not produce enough cotton clothproduce enough cotton cloth

new ways of increasing production new ways of increasing production to meet the rising demands were to meet the rising demands were neededneeded

Advances in MachineryAdvances in Machinery The old ways of making The old ways of making

cloth were difficult and cloth were difficult and time-consumingtime-consuming

news & faster ways of news & faster ways of producing cloth had to producing cloth had to be developed in order to be developed in order to meet the high demandsmeet the high demands

1773: 1773: John KayJohn Kay improved the old loom improved the old loom by creating his “flying by creating his “flying shuttle”shuttle” he was a British clock he was a British clock

makermaker

The “flying shuttle” The “flying shuttle” made weaving a lot made weaving a lot quicker and allowed for quicker and allowed for wider fabrics to be wider fabrics to be createdcreated the new invention allowed the new invention allowed

weavers to produce 2 to 3 weavers to produce 2 to 3 times more clothtimes more cloth

1760: 1760: James James HargreavesHargreaves creates the creates the “spinning jenny”“spinning jenny” more thread could be spun more thread could be spun

at a faster rate at a faster rate

John Kay

James Hargreaves

The spinning jenny allowed for up to 7 The spinning jenny allowed for up to 7 threads to be spun at one timethreads to be spun at one time

1768: 1768: Richard ArkwrightRichard Arkwright develops the develops the water framewater frame the water frame was a large spinning machine run the water frame was a large spinning machine run

from water powerfrom water power 1779: 1779: Samuel CromptonSamuel Crompton combined the combined the

spinning jenny and water frame into a spinning jenny and water frame into a machine called the “cotton mule”machine called the “cotton mule” this machine could produce a high quality thread this machine could produce a high quality thread

used in high quality clothused in high quality cloth

Water Frame

Cotton Mule

Producing More ClothProducing More Cloth The new spinning The new spinning

machines produced a lot machines produced a lot more thread, but caused more thread, but caused a need for more weaversa need for more weavers

1787: 1787: Edmund Edmund CartwrightCartwright invented invented the powerloomthe powerloom this invention helped deal this invention helped deal

with the shortage of with the shortage of weaversweavers

the power loom ran an the power loom ran an either horse, water, or either horse, water, or steam powersteam power

This new mechanical This new mechanical loom allowed weavers loom allowed weavers to keep up with thread to keep up with thread productionproduction

however, the however, the increasing production increasing production caused a need for more caused a need for more raw cotton; however, raw cotton; however, raw cotton was very raw cotton was very expensive because of expensive because of the difficulties the difficulties removing the seedsremoving the seeds

1793: 1793: Eli WhitneyEli Whitney , an American, , an American,

invents the cotton gininvents the cotton gin this machine could clean and de-seed this machine could clean and de-seed

cotton 50 times faster than a humancotton 50 times faster than a human the cotton gin made the price of raw the cotton gin made the price of raw

cotton decrease--allowing for more cotton decrease--allowing for more raw cotton to be used in the raw cotton to be used in the developing textile factoriesdeveloping textile factories

Eli Whitney

The Factory SystemThe Factory System The newly developed textile machines The newly developed textile machines

were too large & costly to fit in people’s were too large & costly to fit in people’s homeshomes

slowly, the cloth making trade--and slowly, the cloth making trade--and machines--were moved to large buildings machines--were moved to large buildings built on rivers--the beginnings of the built on rivers--the beginnings of the factory systemfactory system

the rivers were used as power for the the rivers were used as power for the large machines and as a way of large machines and as a way of transporting goods to and from the factorytransporting goods to and from the factory

As factories began to progress, they As factories began to progress, they

began needing more power than the began needing more power than the rivers could providerivers could provide

steam power would be the new power steam power would be the new power supplysupply

1781: 1781: James WattJames Watt designed and designed and create a steam enginecreate a steam engine

with this invention factories could be with this invention factories could be built anywhere, not just along riversbuilt anywhere, not just along rivers

James Watt

Industrial DevelopmentsIndustrial Developments As more factory As more factory

machinery was created, machinery was created, a greater demand was a greater demand was placed on the need for placed on the need for iron and steeliron and steel

1783: 1783: Henry CortHenry Cort began using coal to began using coal to produce a better produce a better quality ironquality iron

iron factories began iron factories began moving from woodyards moving from woodyards to coal fieldsto coal fields

1850’s: 1850’s: William KellyWilliam Kelly, , an American, and an American, and Sir Sir Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer, a , a British man, created a British man, created a way to inexpensively way to inexpensively create steel from ironcreate steel from iron

steel was a good metal steel was a good metal for industry because of for industry because of its strengthits strength

steel allowed for the steel allowed for the construction of large construction of large building, bridges, etc.building, bridges, etc.

People during this time also looked to People during this time also looked to improving transportationimproving transportation

private industries began building and private industries began building and paving roadspaving roads

more advancements in water more advancements in water transportation were also donetransportation were also done

canals were built connecting factories canals were built connecting factories to coal mines and major waterways to to coal mines and major waterways to one anotherone another

Steam power would be used to revolutionize Steam power would be used to revolutionize water and land travelwater and land travel

1807: 1807: Robert FultonRobert Fulton, an American, designed , an American, designed and created the 1st steamboat--and created the 1st steamboat--ClermontClermont

eventually, steamboats would be traveling the eventually, steamboats would be traveling the world’s oceansworld’s oceans

1801: 1801: Richard TrevithickRichard Trevithick developed a developed a steam powered carriage to travel across land steam powered carriage to travel across land

1804: Trevithick designed a steam locomotive 1804: Trevithick designed a steam locomotive that ran across railsthat ran across rails

Clermont