The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Diffusion

How do industrial regionalization, uneven development, and core-periphery

patterns come to exist?

The Industrial Revolution

A. Pre-Industrialization: How were goods produced BEFORE IR?1. People had made goods

for thousands of years before IRa. things made slowly

(low productivity), all by hand

b. workmen handled all facets of production > different quality goods

c. guilds created production standards, but prices were high

The Industrial Revolution (Cont)

A. Pre-Industrialization: what did the Revolution change?2. Spatial distribution

a. work done at home (cottage industry) • goods sold

locally• workers paid

by the “piece”b. industry was

dispersed in all locales

The Industrial Revolution (Cont)

B. What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution?1. Once the IR occurred

a. things made quickly (high productivity), mostly by machine

b. workmen handled one discrete task > same quality of mass-produced items

c. Factories made similar goods with same production standards; prices came down

The Industrial Revolution (Cont)

B. What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution?2. Spatial Distribution

a. Work done at factories– Goods sold

near and far– Workers paid

by the hourb. Industry was

clustered in a few places

The Industrial Revolution (Cont)

C. Why did it begin in the Great Britain?1. capitalist system

a. guilds had created a middle class of workmen

b. people free to form businesses

c. education d. patent system encouraged

development

2. labor: a. Jethro Tull’s seed drill

(1701) and other developments > improved productivity in farming > people can leave farms and work elsewhere

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

C. Why did it begin in the Great Britain? (CONT)3. raw materials (iron ore,

coal)4. rivers, canals, harbors

(ease in trade)5. small, compact size

(iron and coal near rivers and harbors)

6. existing banking system (borrow $ to buy machinery)

7. stable political system8. colonies (guaranteed

markets, additional raw materials)

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

D. Key developments1. James Watt patents the

steam engine (1769)a. wood replaces

running water as source of energy

b. changes location of machinery– was located by

running water (streams, rivers)

– now can be located wherever wood exists (more flexibility)

The Industrial Revolution (cont)D. Key developments (cont)

2. steam engine adapts to iron industry (iron deposits in Midlands, So. Scotland, So. Wales)a. steam engine provides steady supply of hot air for

blast furnaceb. ease in smelting iron and shaping it into “pig iron”

[common size]

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

D. Key developments (cont)3. steam engine adapts to textile industry

a. cotton fiber spun into thread (inefficient by hand; efficient by machine)

b. thread woven into cloth with power looms in large factories

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

c. other industries arise from iron industry• wood becomes

scarce > coal > coke (factories move to coal fields)

• > integrated factories where iron is smelted and processed into steel

• need to transport coal and iron > railroad

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

E. Effects1. economic: more

goods at lower prices2. social: available labor

leaves farms and clusters in cities a. urban blight,

pollutionb. canned food

(encourages new industry)

3. political: surplus labor > mistreated workers > liberalism and communism

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

E. Effects4. technological: >

railroad, steamship 5. agricultural: > 2d

Agricultural Revolution a. increased

productivityb. use of machinery

> larger farms > enclosures

6. demographic: caused move from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of DTM

The Industrial Revolution (cont)

F. Early Diffusion1. eastward to Belgium, France, and

Germany (early 1800s; delay due to Napoleonic Wars)

2. further diffusion to Italy, Netherlands, Russia and Sweden by late 1800s

3. U.S. not affected by political instability in Europe: diffusion by early 1800sa. 8,000 spindles of textiles in 1808 > 80,000

spindles by 1811b. by Civil War, U.S. was world’s 2d largest

industrial power

End of Part I

Industrial Regions

How can the theme of culture regions be applied to industrial activity?

Types of industrial activity

A. Primary = extracting resources. Ex.?B. Secondary = processing stage. Ex?C. Tertiary = services

1. Transportation/Communication2. Producer Services3. Consumer Services

D. Each type of industrial activity displays unique spatial patterns, or “industrial regions.”

Primary Industry

A. Extract resources1. Renewable

can be used without being permanently depleted. Risk of overexploitation

2. Nonrenewable are depleted when used.

Secondary Industry

A. A.K.A. “manufacturing”1. Traditionally clustered

together in several regions

2. Each region is specialized because each activity has certain requirements; locations are chosen based on how advantageous they are. Ex.?

3. Regional specialization core-periphery dynamic (UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT)

Secondary Industry (cont)

A. Global trends since 1950’s1. Secondary industry declining in core countries

a. Factories closing down; people out of workb. Core countries retain industries that require

highly skilled or artisanal work. Ex. technopolesc. Service industry boomd. This is called deindustrializatione. Core countries entering post-industrial phase

2. Periphery countries becoming industrialized3. Transnational corporations manage a complex

business system with multiple specialized locations. Effect of globalization.

Service Industries

A. U.S., Canada, Europe and Japan = postindustrial

B. Transportation/communication services1. Services that facilitate the

distribution of goods, services and information to meet the requirements of modern industry.

2. Regional differences in the relative importance of various modes of transportation. EX Russia = rails; US=highway

3. Ex.?

Service Industries (cont)

A. Producer services1. Required by those who produce

goods; necessary for business growth and developmenta. Generally located in the coreb. Require more educated labor

force2. Ex.?3. Leads to more uneven

development; industrialization of LDCs makes them more dependent upon industrial powers.

4. Information technology – growing fielda. Requires skilled, creative

labor force, and little land– High-tech corridors

developing. Ex. “Silicon Valley”

Service Industries (cont)

A. Consumer Services1. Services aimed

at keeping people healthy, educated, safe and happy.

2. Ex.?

The End