The Industrial Revolution

Before 1750• Life was primarily

rural • Short life

expectancy– Men 31 years– Women 33 years

• Feast and famine• Availability of food

depended on success of crops every year

• Limited trade (because of transportation)

Agricultural Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution made the Industrial Revolution possible

• Agricultural Revolution:– Drastically improved farming– Made it possible for fewer people to produce food

for many more people

Agricultural Revolution

• Made possible by:

1. Enclosures: Large farms with better seeding and harvesting methods

2. Crop Rotation: Changing crops every year to improve the land

3. Livestock Breeding Improvements: Only breeding best animals

And all of that =

POPULATION GROWTH!

Beginnings of Industrial Revolution

• Began in England mid 1700’s• Why Europe?• Why England?

Goldilocks Conditions & Geographic Luck!

EUROPE

• Small and highly competitive states– Need for revenue– Freedom to innovate– Cross-cultural exchanges

ENGLAND

• England had all the factors of production:– Land

• Natural resources & transportation

– Labor• Displaced farmers, growing population

– Capital• Wealth – money to invest in industry

Land

• Natural resources such as iron ore

• Water power and coal to fuel machines

• Rivers/Canals for transportation

Coal Mining in Britain

1800 1 ton of coal 50,000 miners

1850 30 tons 200,000 miners

1880 300 million tons 500,000 miners

1914 250 million tons 1,200,000 miners

Labor

• The Agricultural Revolution had increased England’s population– Greater food supply = population increase– Enclosure movement = people in cities

Capital

• Money to invest in labor, machines and raw materials.

• Entrepreneurs – brought together labor, capital and raw materials – took risks

Partner Quiz!

• Partner 1 has Partner 2 cover their notes and asks them Question 1. Then, Partner 2 has Partner 1 cover their notes and asks them Question 2– What 3 factors made the Agricultural Rev

possible?

– What 3 factors of production did England have that made it the birthplace of IR?

Inventions

• New inventions drive Industrial Revolution – Textile Industry – Flying shuttle and spinning jenny

• Steam Engine– Made more efficient by James Watt– Why important?

• Power for industry• Power for trains and boats

Impact of Railroad System

4 major impacts1. Spurred growth of industry

2. Created jobs

3. Boosted farming/fishing industries

4. New way for people to get around

Exit Slip Questions

• How did rising population help the Industrial Revolution?

• What effect did entrepreneurs have on the Industrial Revolution?

• Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the steam engine was the greatest invention of the Industrial Revolution? Why?

• How did the railroad change Britain?

SOCIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Rise of cities

• Industrial Revolution gave rise to urbanization– Rapid growth of cities

• Number of European cities with populations 100,000+ more than doubled between 1800-1850

Factories and growth of cities

• Most factories were built close to energy sources– Water– Coal

• Industrial centers emerge

Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor].

• Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].

• Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.

• Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

Textile Factory Workers in England

Factory System

• Rigid schedule.

• 12-14 hour day.

• Dangerous conditions.

• Mind-numbing monotony.

Life in the big city

• Overcrowded• Lack of sanitation• Lack of education• Lower life expectancy

in the slums

Working conditions• 14 hours/day• 6 days a week• Dangerous working

conditions• No laws to protect workers

Spread of Industrial Revolution

• The Napoleonic Wars hampered development of industry in Europe during the early 1800’s

• Eventually, the Industrial Revolution does reach continental Europe

Spreading the wealth

• England was very protective of industry patents

• Eventually designs are smuggled out or copied and find their way to other European countries

Who’s on board

• Germany, Italy, France, Belgium are among European nations that industrialize

• Other countries such as Spain, Austria-Hungary and others did not– Geography - mountain ranges – Lack of natural resources– Transportation issues

An uneven playing field

• European (and American) industrialization leads to Global Inequality

• What does it mean?– Industrialized countries rich; others poor– People - Rich get richer; poor stay poor

Imperialism

• Industrialized countries needed raw materials

• They also needed markets for manufactured goods

• Stronger, industrialized countries extend their rule over poorer nations

• Rich get richer

Reforming the Industrial World

• Industrial Revolution had created a huge gap between rich and poor in Europe

This leads to…

• Capitalism• Socialism• Communism• And other effects…