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The Industrial Revolution. French Economic Disadvantages. Years of war Supported the American Revolution. French Revolution. Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Heavy debts. High unemployment soldiers returning from the battlefronts. French businessmen were afraid to take risks. Why Did - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American
Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars
V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid
to take risks.to take risks.
That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure Movement
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”
Factory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
The Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s Loom
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam Tractor
Steam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wagesunder 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of Polution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddites
The Neo-Luddites Today
BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish
Workers:Workers:
Let us die Let us die like men, like men,
and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
The Chartists
KeyKey
ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements
Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism
Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.
Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.
Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.
The Chartists
A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.
A female ChartistA female Chartist
Thomas Malthus Population growth willPopulation growth will
outpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.
War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.
The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.
Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the
coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].
k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions
Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.
k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.
Poor houses.Poor houses.
k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.
British Reform Bills
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Bibliographic Sources
) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwahttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlrt/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htmeight/primary.htm