THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 9

THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

CHAPTER 9 SECTION 1

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS IN BRITAIN

The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s.• The Agricultural Rev-Paves the Way

• Enclosure movement allows farmers to try new methods and large farm owners make small farm owners into tenant farming, meaning what?

• Jethro Tull and the seed drill, significance?• Rotating Crops

• Moving crops, restoring nutrients• Selective breeding• Population grows and a need for what also grows?

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS IN ENGLAND

• Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England• Large population• Natural resources that were required

for industrialization• Water power, iron ore, rivers, and

harbors• Economy and banking system• Political stability

Britain had all of the _________ of __________ including land, labor, and

capital.

INVENTIONS SPUR INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Changes in the Textile Industry• Invention of the flying shuttle for

weavers leads to the invention of the spinning jenny for spinners

• Water power (water frame) used to drive spinning wheels

• Spinning mule makes stronger, finer thread

• Power loom speeds up weaving• Why did production move to

factories?• Eli Whitney invents the cotton

gin, purpose?

It’s important to know that….

“Spinning” is the process of creating yarn from various raw fiber materials like cotton.

“Weaving” is a way to make fabric in which two sets of yarn or thread are brought together to form fabric or cloth.

Invented by John Kay in 1733. In previous looms, the shuttle wasthrown, or passed through the threads by hand, and wide fabrics required two weavers seated side by side passing the shuttle between them. Kay mounted his shuttle on wheels in a track and used paddles to shoot the shuttle from side to side when the weaver jerked a cord. Using the flying shuttle, one weaver could weave fabrics of any width more quickly than two could before.

(weaving)

Hand powered spinning jenny.(spinning)

The water frame was an improvement on the spinning jenny, produces strongerthread more efficiently.

(spinning)

The spinning mule makes high quality thread. A single person could work 1,000 spindles simultaneously. (spinning)

The power loom.

(weaving)

IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION• Watt’s Steam Engine

• Need for cheap, convenient power source

• James Watt and Matthew Boulton combine to produce the steam engine…entreprenuer?

• Water Transportation• Robert Fulton uses steam to

propel boats• Significance of canals?

• Road Transportation• Network of roads and “turnpikes”

by John McAdam

THE RAILWAY AGE BEGINS• Steam-Driven Locomotives

• Trevithick and the steam driven locomotive

• George Stephenson and the first RR line in 1825

• The Liverpool-Manchester RR• RR built to connect the cities of

Liverpool and Manchester, significance?

THE RAILWAY AGE BEGINS

• RR Revolutionize Life in GB1. Gave manufacturers a cheap

way to transport goods2. New _____ on the RR and in

mines (iron and coal for?)3. Transport crops and fish

across countries4. Easier transporting of people

9.1 DAILY QUESTIONS1. Explain how population increase is connected to

improved food supplies and living conditions.2. How were England’s cotton industry and America’s

cotton growers linked?

Honors Only3. Was the revolution in textiles or in transportation more significant to England? Why?

CHAPTER 9 SECTION 2

IndustrializationCase Study: Manchester

INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGES LIFE• How does industrialization change the way the British live?• Industrial Cities Rise

• Growth of the factory system results in migration from rural to urban areas, why?

• Urbanization city building and the movement of people to cities• Factories were built close to sources of energy like?• London and other urban centers began to grow because of the

increased labor force and industry• Living Conditions

• Cities had no plans as to how to deal with the rapid increase in population

• Sanitation, housing, education, protection were all issues• How did factory owners live?

INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGES LIFE

• Working Conditions• 14 hours a day, 6 days

a week working year round

• Unclean, poorly lit, and dangerous conditions

• Life of a coal miner?• Who were the

cheapest laborers during the Industrial Revolution?

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Pollution

The Silent Highwayman - 1858

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

CLASS TENSIONS GROW• Middle class-a social class made up of

skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

• The Middle Class• What groups become wealthier than the

landowners and aristocrats?• The middle class emerges, not rich or

poor…had a “comfortable” standard of living

• The Working Class• Upset that machines were putting them out

of work• The Luddites and the attacking of machines• Rioted because of poor working/living

conditions

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Created job for workers, increased wealth, contributed to progress in ___________, improved the standard of living, and what else?

• Also expanded education and overall livelihood

• Middle and upper classes had immediate gains, for laborers it took much longer (what improvements?)

• Long-Term Effects

• People in industrialized countries are able to afford manufactured goods

• Working conditions improved over the long term

THE MILLS OF MANCHESTER• Readily available waterpower

and labor• Unhealthy vs. wealthy• High risk=high reward• Highly dangerous, why? And for

who?• Industrialization would continue

without a government act until 1819

• Ecological effects?

9.2 DAILY QUESTIONS1. How did the Industrial Revolution provide hope for

improvement for England’s poor?2. How would joining together in groups help workers win better

conditions and higher pay?

Honors Only3. Why do you think young children continued to do heavy work in Manchester factories even after the Factory Act? What does this suggest about the relative power of industry compared to government?

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

CHAPTER 9 SECTION 3

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

• The United States had the same ________ resources as Britain (resulted in the ability to industrialize)

• The blockade during the War of 1812 allowed Americans to do what?

• Industrialization in the United States• Britain attempts to keep the secrets of the

revolution• Samuel Slater and Moses Brown open the

first factory in RI • Lowell, Massachusetts becomes a booming

manufacturing center• Why did young girls flock to “mill towns”?• Textilesclothingshoes• Skilled laborers and farmers moved to

towns

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

• Late Expansion of U.S. Industry• Agricultural until the end of the Civil

War• RR plays a significant role in

expansion• The Rise of Corporations

• Large businesses began selling _____ or rights of ownerships to their companies…these buyers became part owners in their corporations

• Stockholders share in the profits but are not responsible for any debt (also do not deal with day to day operations)

• Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel=big profits

CONTINENTAL EUROPE INDUSTRIALIZES

• Europe watched Britain industrialize with great envy…what was the issue?

• Beginnings in Belgium

• Belgium was the first after Britain to industrialize, why?

• Illegal transfer of ideas helps Belgium flourish• Germany Industrializes

• 1835 Germany begins copying the British model

• RR play an important role, how?• Industrial power=_________ power

• Expansion Elsewhere in Europe

• “pockets” of industrialization• How did France avoid the issues of

industrialization?• Social structure, geography, and transportation

issues all limited industrialization

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION• Shifts world power, increases

competition

• Rise of Global Inequality• “widening the gap”• How did industrialized countries view

non-industrialized countries?• Imperialism was born out of

industrialization, what does this mean?

• Transformation of Society• Industrialization=economic power• Hardships at the outset turned into

greater opportunities through education and democratic participation (and in turn social reform)

9.3 DAILY QUESTIONS1. What was the purpose of Britain keeping industrialization a

secret?2. Why might railroads be even more important to U.S.

industrialization than to that of Britain?

Honors Only3. Explain the relationship between industrialization and the shift of world power.

REFORMING THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD

CHAPTER 9 SECTION 4

THE PHILOSOPHERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Laissez-faire-letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference; free market, unregulated by ____________

• Laissez-Faire Economics• Gov’t interference with the production of

wealth, favored free trade• Adam Smith writes The Wealth of Nations

supporting the idea of a free market economy• 3 natural laws of economics

• Self interest• Competition• Supply and demand

• The Economics of Capitalism• Along with Malthus and Ricardo, _______ is

born, where the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

• Malthus’s view on population? Ricardo?

• Opposed efforts to help the poor, minimum wage laws, and better working conditions…why?

THE RISE OF SOCIALISM• Utilitarianism

• Jeremy Bentham develops the idea that ideas, institutions, and actions should be based on their _____________

• The greatest good for the greatest amount of people, individuals should pursue their goals without interference

• John Stuart Mill promoted an equal division of profits, equality of women’s rights, and reforms in the legal and education systems

THE RISE OF SOCIALISM• Utopian Ideas

• Robert Owen improves working conditions in his factory and even provided _________ to children

• Owen’s “utopia” New Harmony in Indiana was short lived but influenced others that followed

• Socialism• The factors of production are

owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

• Government should plan the economy rather than rely on what?

• Gov’t control would result in the promotion of equality and end of poverty

MARXISM: RADICAL SOCIALISM• Marx and Engels introduce a radical form

of socialism in The Communist Manifesto

• The Communist Manifesto• The “haves” (the bourgeoisie) and the “have-

nots” (workers/proletariat)…haves control __________ and the poor_________

• Call for an overthrow of the owners by the proletariat

• The Future According to Marx• How did Marx see the future of the capitalist

system?• Communism would be a complete form of

socialism where the _______ of _________ are owned by the people, ________ property would cease to exist, goods/services are equally shared

• Where did Marx inspire revolutions? What was wrong with Marx’s ideas?

LABOR UNIONS AND REFORM LAWS

• Labor Unions and Reform Laws• Unions-workers joining together in voluntary

labor associations• Union workers worked together to gain rights

and did what if their demands weren’t met?• Unions help the middle class before the

poorest groups because of the demand for skilled labor

• How did gov’t see unions at first?• By 1875 about _________ people were in a

union• Reform Laws

• Factory Act of 1833 made it illegal for children under 9 to work, children 9-12 8 hours, 13-17 12 hours

• Mines Act, The Ten Hours Act (1847)• Legislation in the U.S.states’ rights

THE REFORM MOVEMENT SPREADS• The Abolition of Slavery

• William Wilberforce leads the crusade against slavery…slave trade abolished in 1807, slavery abolished in 1833 in Britain

• Anti-slavery movements occur throughout the world including the U.S. and Brazil but finally ended by the end of the 19th century

• The Fight for Women’s Right• The Industrial Revolution provided higher

paying jobs for women, however, they were still paid less than men

• Women led movements to address social issues Jane Addams and Hull House

• The International Council for Women begins to question a woman’s inferior status

THE REFORM MOVEMENT SPREADS• Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life

• What areas were reformers seeking to change at first?

• Horace Mann in Massachusetts tackles public education, making free public education the norm in the United States and in Britain by the late 1800s

• Alexis de Tocqueville addresses the harsh conditions of __________ and focuses on rehabilitation

9.4 DAILY QUESTIONS1. Explain how the “haves” and the “have-nots” are

interdependent or in other words, how they rely on one another.2. How do you think joining a union or supporting a reform law

made workers feel?

Honors Only3. How can slavery be perceived as an economic threat?