The Industrial Revolution

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Late 18c: French Economic Advantages

Late 18c: French Economic AdvantagesV Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.

) Free contracts) Open markets) Uniform & clear commercial

regulationsV Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.V The government encouraged &

honored inventors & inventions.V Bank of France European

modelproviding a reliable currency.

French Economic Disadvantages

French Economic Disadvantages

V Years of war) Supported the American

Revolution.) French Revolution.) Early 19c Napoleonic Wars

V Heavy debts.V High unemployment soldiers

returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid to

take risks.

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement



The Enclosure MovementEnd of 3-field and fallow systemEnd of 3-field and fallow system

New crops introduced: wheat, turnips, New crops introduced: wheat, turnips, barley, cloverbarley, clover

1760: Enclosure acts passed in 1760: Enclosure acts passed in ParliamentParliament

Enclosure hurt small farmers and Enclosure hurt small farmers and landownerslandowners

Did not harm landless laborersDid not harm landless laborers

Gave them opportunities to earn Gave them opportunities to earn wages/increase in tenant farmerswages/increase in tenant farmers


The Enclosure Movement• Effects: smaller proportion of Effects: smaller proportion of

population engaged in agriculture in population engaged in agriculture in WestWest

• Frees laborers to engage in industrial Frees laborers to engage in industrial workwork

• 1700-1760: bountiful crops allowed 1700-1760: bountiful crops allowed English to spend income on more English to spend income on more than just survivalthan just survival

• Lived better than other poor people in Lived better than other poor people in EuropeEurope

• Most people were wage-earners in UKMost people were wage-earners in UK

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Supply of CapitalSupply of CapitalBritain had an effective central Britain had an effective central

bankbank

Well-developed, flexible credit Well-developed, flexible credit facilitiesfacilities

Use of paper money instrumental Use of paper money instrumental to facilitating capital to facilitating capital transactionstransactions

Factory owners were merchants Factory owners were merchants and entrepreneurs who profited and entrepreneurs who profited from the cottage industryfrom the cottage industry

Early Industrial EntrepreneursEarly Industrial Entrepreneurs

• British were interested in British were interested in wealth and profitwealth and profit

• Fortunes were quickly made Fortunes were quickly made and lostand lost

• Early structure of firms fluidEarly structure of firms fluid

• Family proprietorship and Family proprietorship and friends helped to facilitate friends helped to facilitate operationsoperations

Mineral ResourcesMineral ResourcesAmple supplies of coal, iron oreAmple supplies of coal, iron ore

Britain was small; transportation Britain was small; transportation easyeasy

Abundant waterways and riversAbundant waterways and rivers

New roads, bridges, canals built New roads, bridges, canals built with private and public fundingwith private and public funding

By 1789, major industrial centers By 1789, major industrial centers linked togetherlinked together

No customs barriers like on the No customs barriers like on the ContinentContinent

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]ù More powerful than water is

coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

1914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child “hurriers”

Child “hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

Role of GovernmentRole of Government• Parliament contributed to Parliament contributed to stable economy by providing stable economy by providing a stable governmenta stable government

• Passed favorable laws that Passed favorable laws that protected private propertyprotected private property

• Freedom for private Freedom for private enterpriseenterprise

MarketsMarkets• 1660-1760, Exports quadrupled1660-1760, Exports quadrupled

• Vast colonial empireVast colonial empire

• Well-developed merchant Well-developed merchant marine to transport goods marine to transport goods world-wideworld-wide

• Produce goods demanded Produce goods demanded abroad cheaplyabroad cheaply

• Markets for durable goods in Markets for durable goods in Americas, Africa, and EastAmericas, Africa, and East

Technological Changes

Technological Changes• Cottage industryCottage industry

• Hargreaves: Spinning Hargreaves: Spinning JennyJenny

• Arkwright: Water frameArkwright: Water frame

• Crompton: Spinning muleCrompton: Spinning mule

• Kay: Flying ShuttleKay: Flying Shuttle

• Cartwright: Power loomCartwright: Power loom

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

Textile FactoryWorkers in England


1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850224, 000 looms

>1 million workers

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in

oneplace [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power

[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

Steam EngineSteam Engine• Revolutionized production industryRevolutionized production industry

• Newcomen created pump to remove Newcomen created pump to remove water from mines; burned coal to water from mines; burned coal to produce steamproduce steam

• Watt improved highly inefficient Watt improved highly inefficient machine by adding a separate machine by adding a separate condenser condenser

• Needed precision tools; teamed up Needed precision tools; teamed up with toy maker Matthew Boultonwith toy maker Matthew Boulton

• Absolutely fundamental to increased Absolutely fundamental to increased productionproduction

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

The Factory SystemThe Factory System New discipline for workers

Workers not accustomed to regular hours

Owners had to create a system of time-work discipline, working regular hours with set tasks over and over again

Regulations were tough and detailed

Fines for minor infractions: late for work, (half-hour fine)

Dismissal for drunkenness

The Factory SystemThe Factory System Values re-enforced by

Methodism: reborn in Jesus

People must forgo immoderation and follow disciplined path

Laziness and wasteful habits were sinful

Acceptance of hardship in this life paved the way for the joys of he next

Middle-class values of hard work, discipline and thrift underscored



Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Steel ProductionSteel Production• 1740: 17,000 tons produced1740: 17,000 tons produced

• 1840: 3,000,000 tons produced1840: 3,000,000 tons produced

• Henry Cort: Puddling process refined Henry Cort: Puddling process refined pig iron with cokepig iron with coke

• Steel production centered in Sheffield: Steel production centered in Sheffield: coal field+ iron ore+ cooling water= coal field+ iron ore+ cooling water= high production of steelhigh production of steel

• Needed for machines, railways, ships, Needed for machines, railways, ships, iron buildingsiron buildings

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

RailroadsRailroads• Railways began in Germany in 1500, Railways began in Germany in 1500,

GB in 1600 in coal mines: handcarts GB in 1600 in coal mines: handcarts filled with coal pushed along parallel filled with coal pushed along parallel wooden rails, reducing frictionwooden rails, reducing friction

• 1700: wooden rails replaced with cast- 1700: wooden rails replaced with cast- iron railsiron rails

• 1804: Richard Trevithick pioneered 1804: Richard Trevithick pioneered first steam-powered locomotive in first steam-powered locomotive in Wales: pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 Wales: pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles an hourpeople at 5 miles an hour

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives• George Stephenson and his son: George Stephenson and his son:

better engines in their shop in better engines in their shop in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Newcastle-upon-Tyne: RocketRocket

• 1830: 11830: 1stst public railroad: 32 miles long public railroad: 32 miles long from Manchester to Liverpool: 16 miles from Manchester to Liverpool: 16 miles per hourper hour

• By 1850, Locomotives reached 50 mphBy 1850, Locomotives reached 50 mph

• 1840, GB had 2,000 miles of railroads; 1840, GB had 2,000 miles of railroads; by 1850, 6,000 miles had been laidby 1850, 6,000 miles had been laid

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Impact of RailroadsImpact of Railroads• Huge capital demands for railroads Huge capital demands for railroads

encouraged middle-class investors to encouraged middle-class investors to create more joint-stock companiescreate more joint-stock companies

• New job opportunities for farm laborers New job opportunities for farm laborers and peasantsand peasants

• Cheaper and faster transportation Cheaper and faster transportation reduced price of goods, created larger reduced price of goods, created larger markets, re-enforced idea of self-markets, re-enforced idea of self-sustaining industrysustaining industry

• Entrepreneurs re-invested profit, Entrepreneurs re-invested profit, expanding productivityexpanding productivity

Steam ShipSteam Ship

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace

Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie19c Bourgeoisie• Families that constructed factoriesFamilies that constructed factories

• Purchased machines, determined Purchased machines, determined marketsmarkets

• Raised capital, set company Raised capital, set company objectives, organized factory and its objectives, organized factory and its labor; labor;

• Trained supervisorsTrained supervisors

• Tremendous risks as well as profitTremendous risks as well as profit

• 1840: only 10% employed more than 1840: only 10% employed more than 5000 workers5000 workers

19c Bourgeoisie19c Bourgeoisie• Most successful entrepreneurs were Most successful entrepreneurs were

from a mercantile backgroundfrom a mercantile background

• Domestic industries interdependentDomestic industries interdependent

• Bankers and owners of factories and Bankers and owners of factories and mines played an important role mines played an important role alongside traditional landed elitesalongside traditional landed elites

• Bought great estates and acquired Bought great estates and acquired social respectabilitysocial respectability

• Sought political power and sent kids Sought political power and sent kids to private schoolsto private schools

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Workiing ClassWorkiing Class• 1919thth century: Dramatic population increase century: Dramatic population increase

due to decline in death ratesdue to decline in death rates• 1750: Europe’s Population: 140 million1750: Europe’s Population: 140 million• 1850: 266 million1850: 266 million• 1790-1850: Germany’s birthrate declined 1790-1850: Germany’s birthrate declined

from 40/1000 to 36.1/1000from 40/1000 to 36.1/1000• Great Britain: 35.4/1000 to 32.6/1000Great Britain: 35.4/1000 to 32.6/1000• France: 32.5/1000 to 26.7/1000France: 32.5/1000 to 26.7/1000• Death from disease, famine, and war downDeath from disease, famine, and war down• Increase in food supply spread to most Increase in food supply spread to most

areasareas

Workiing ClassWorkiing Class• By 1850, cities were locales for By 1850, cities were locales for

manufacturing and industrymanufacturing and industry

• Dramatic growth produced miserable Dramatic growth produced miserable living conditionsliving conditions

• Small row houses; small rooms, Small row houses; small rooms, overcrowdedovercrowded

• Poor sanitation, sewers were open Poor sanitation, sewers were open drainsdrains

• Everything poured into guttersEverything poured into gutters

• Horrible smellHorrible smell

Workiing ClassWorkiing Class• tampering: alum added to make tampering: alum added to make

bread look white; raised costbread look white; raised cost

• Beer and milk dilutedBeer and milk diluted

• Red lead substituted for pepperRed lead substituted for pepper

• No government intervention; belief in No government intervention; belief in free competition that would correct free competition that would correct the problemsthe problems

• (1875—effective food and drug act (1875—effective food and drug act passed in Great Britain)passed in Great Britain)

Workiing ClassWorkiing Class• Whole families needed to work/ child Whole families needed to work/ child

labor necessary to bring in enough labor necessary to bring in enough income for family to surviveincome for family to survive

• Unmarried women and children Unmarried women and children worked in factories; unskilled labor worked in factories; unskilled labor commanded lower wagescommanded lower wages

• Parents had no discipline over Parents had no discipline over childrenchildren

• Skilled labor (men) had higher wagesSkilled labor (men) had higher wages

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages

under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.

11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.

17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.

22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.

27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.

32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.

37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.

42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.

47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.

52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.

57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:

The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Trade Union Movement

The Trade Union Movement• Workers looked to forming labor unions Workers looked to forming labor unions

to improve conditionsto improve conditions

• 1799 and 1800 Combination Acts 1799 and 1800 Combination Acts outlawed associations of workersoutlawed associations of workers

• 1810: Northumberland and Durham 1810: Northumberland and Durham miners’ strikeminers’ strike

• 1813: Glasgow Hand-loom weaver 1813: Glasgow Hand-loom weaver strikestrike

• 1818: Manchester cotton-spinners’ 1818: Manchester cotton-spinners’ strikestrike

• 1824: Combination Acts repealed1824: Combination Acts repealed

The Trade Union Movement

The Trade Union Movement• 1820s and 1830s: national union 1820s and 1830s: national union

movement begunmovement begun

• Robert Owen: Grand National Robert Owen: Grand National Consolidated Trade Union, formed 1834Consolidated Trade Union, formed 1834

• Primary purpose: coordinate general Primary purpose: coordinate general strike for 8-hour work daystrike for 8-hour work day

• Lack of working-class support caused Lack of working-class support caused movement to collapsemovement to collapse

• Trade unions formed for individual Trade unions formed for individual crafts: most successful: Amalgamated crafts: most successful: Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 1850 Society of Engineers, 1850

The Luddites: 1811-1816


Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].



• Luddites: skilled craftspeople of the Luddites: skilled craftspeople of the Midlands and northern EnglandMidlands and northern England

• Attacked machines that they believed Attacked machines that they believed threatened their livelihoodthreatened their livelihood

• Failed to stop the industrialization of Failed to stop the industrialization of BritainBritain

• Some viewed this as naïveSome viewed this as naïve

• Others saw it as an intense eruption of Others saw it as an intense eruption of feeling against unrestrained industrial feeling against unrestrained industrial capitalismcapitalism

• 12,000 troops could not find culprits12,000 troops could not find culprits

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

BritishSoldiers Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men, and not be sold

like slaves!

BritishSoldiers Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men, and not be sold

like slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The Chartists

The Chartists

KeyKey

Chartistsettlements

Centres of Chartism

Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.

V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement

that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.

Payment for Members of Parliament.

Annual general elections. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—Chartists arming for

the fight.

A female Chartist

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Two national petitions

incorporating these demands were presented in 1839 and 1842

V Organized general strike, to no avail

V Parliament rejected both petitionsV GB not ready for universal

suffrage: it would be “fatal to all the purposes for which the government exists”

V Although a political failure, it did arouse and organize millions of working-class women and men

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Give manufactures more outlets for their products.

Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition. Promote international peace

through trade contact.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willoutpace the food supply.

War, disease, or faminecould control population.

The poor should have

less children.

Food supply will then keep up with population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

“Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,workers have morechildren.

More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

Therefore, keep wages low; fewer children

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government

intervention to provide some social safetynet.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Government Response

Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the

coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].

k Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.

k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.

k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continentù Northeast France.ù Belgium.ù The Netherlands.ù Western German states.ù Northern Italyù East Germany Saxony

Industrialization By 1850Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

European Industrial Production

European Industrial Production

Shares in World Trade:

Leading European Nations

Shares in World Trade:

Leading European Nations

The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of

Industrializationù State ownership of some industries.

) RRs Belgium & most of Germany.

ù Tariffs British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly

on issuing bank notes.) Bank of England.) Bank of France.

ù Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.

ù New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of

corporations.ù Postal system.ù Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein

Bibliographic Sources

Bibliographic Sources

) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html

) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm

Documents

The Industrial Revolution