Upload
yvonne
View
32
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Industrial Revolution. 1750-1900. Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY. Mercantilism. “Bullionism” the economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metal [gold or silver] which it possessed. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
1750-19001750-19001750-19001750-1900
Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
MercantilismMercantilismMercantilismMercantilism
Characteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of Mercantilism1.1. ““Bullionism”Bullionism” the economic health of a nation the economic health of a nation
could be measured by the amount of precious could be measured by the amount of precious metal [gold or silver] which it possessed.metal [gold or silver] which it possessed.
– ‘‘Hard’ money was the source of prosperity, prestige, Hard’ money was the source of prosperity, prestige, and strength for a nation.and strength for a nation.
– Bullionism dictated a Bullionism dictated a “favorable balance of trade.”“favorable balance of trade.” • Export more than you import [a trade surplus].Export more than you import [a trade surplus].
High tariffs on imported manufactured good.High tariffs on imported manufactured good. Low tariffs on imported raw materials.Low tariffs on imported raw materials.
2.2. Each nation must try to achieve economic Each nation must try to achieve economic self-sufficiency.self-sufficiency.
– Those founding new industries should be rewarded by Those founding new industries should be rewarded by the state.the state.
Characteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of Mercantilism
3.3. Thriving agriculture should be carefully Thriving agriculture should be carefully encouraged.encouraged.
– Less of need to import foods.Less of need to import foods.– Prosperous farmers could provide a base for Prosperous farmers could provide a base for
taxation.taxation.
4.4. Sea power was necessary to control Sea power was necessary to control foreign markets.foreign markets.
– Less need to use the ships of other nations Less need to use the ships of other nations to carry your trade goods.to carry your trade goods.
– Your own fleet adds to the power and Your own fleet adds to the power and prestige of the nation.prestige of the nation.
5.5. Impose internal taxes of all kinds.Impose internal taxes of all kinds.
Characteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of Mercantilism6.6. Colonies would provide captive Colonies would provide captive
markets for manufactured goods & markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials.sources of raw materials.
7.7. Trade is a Trade is a “zero-sum” game.“zero-sum” game.– A nation can gain in international trade A nation can gain in international trade
only at the expense of other nations.only at the expense of other nations.
Manufactured goods
Raw materials
Mother
Country
Mother
Country
Colony
Colony
Cheap labor
Characteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of Mercantilism
8.8. A large population was needed to provide a A large population was needed to provide a domestic labor force to people the colonies.domestic labor force to people the colonies.
9.9. Luxury items should be avoided*Luxury items should be avoided*– They took money out of the economy They took money out of the economy
unnecessarily.unnecessarily.
10.10. State action was needed to regulate and State action was needed to regulate and enforce all of these economic policies.enforce all of these economic policies.
– State-sponsored trade monopolies.State-sponsored trade monopolies.
Jean Baptiste Colbert [(1619-1683)Jean Baptiste Colbert [(1619-1683)
• Architect of French Architect of French mercantilism or mercantilism or “Colbertism.”“Colbertism.”
• He was a bullionist.He was a bullionist.• There are four professions There are four professions
of importance to the of importance to the nation:nation:
– AgricultureAgriculture– TradeTrade– ArmyArmy– NavyNavy
• Uniform weights & Uniform weights & measures.measures.
• Opposed tolls on internal Opposed tolls on internal trade.trade.
Jean Baptiste ColbertJean Baptiste Colbert• Supported mandatory labor on national Supported mandatory labor on national
roads.roads.• Favored a large population.Favored a large population.
– Father of 10 or more children would be exempt Father of 10 or more children would be exempt from taxes.from taxes.
• Favored low wages and child labor.Favored low wages and child labor.
Colbert & Louis XIVColbert & Louis XIV
Who Benefited Most From Who Benefited Most From Mercantilism?Mercantilism?
• Monarchs.Monarchs.
• Merchant capitalists.Merchant capitalists.
• Joint-stock companies.Joint-stock companies.
• Government officials.Government officials.
TheThePhysiocratsPhysiocrats
(The “Government of Nature”)(The “Government of Nature”)
TheThePhysiocratsPhysiocrats
(The “Government of Nature”)(The “Government of Nature”)
Francois Quesnay (1694-1774)Francois Quesnay (1694-1774)
• A surgeon who turned to A surgeon who turned to medicine because of medicine because of failing eyesight.failing eyesight.
• He began publishing He began publishing economics treatises at economics treatises at the age of 62.the age of 62.
• No single document or No single document or book summarizes his book summarizes his economic system.economic system.
• He was concerned about He was concerned about the state of the French the state of the French economy, especially of economy, especially of French agriculture.French agriculture.
Quesnay’s Economic TheoriesQuesnay’s Economic Theories• Tableau ÉconomiqueTableau Économique
[1759].[1759].– A reaction against the A reaction against the
extreme mercantilist extreme mercantilist policies of Colbert.policies of Colbert.
• Three economic classes:Three economic classes:1.1. ““Proprietary class” Proprietary class”
landowners.landowners.
2.2. ““Productive class” Productive class” agricultural laborers.agricultural laborers.
3.3. ““Sterile class” Sterile class” artisans artisans & merchants.& merchants.
• Productive work was the Productive work was the source of national source of national wealth.wealth.
Quesnay’s Economic TheoriesQuesnay’s Economic Theories• Therefore, the wealth of the nation was derived Therefore, the wealth of the nation was derived
from agriculture.from agriculture.– Agriculture was the productive sector of an economy.Agriculture was the productive sector of an economy.
• Tax only the landowning class.Tax only the landowning class.
CapitalismCapitalismCapitalismCapitalism
Adam Smith Adam Smith (1723-1790)(1723-1790)• Appointed to the chair of Appointed to the chair of
logic in 1751 at the logic in 1751 at the University of Glasgow, University of Glasgow, Scotland.Scotland.
• In 1752 he transferred to In 1752 he transferred to the chair of philosophy.the chair of philosophy.
• On his travels to France, he On his travels to France, he was influenced by the was influenced by the writings of the physiocrats.writings of the physiocrats.
• 1776 1776 The Theory of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and an Moral Sentiments and an Inquiry Into the Nature of Inquiry Into the Nature of Causes of the Wealth of Causes of the Wealth of Nations Nations was published.was published.
– A vehement attack of the A vehement attack of the mercantilist system.mercantilist system.
The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations (1776)(1776)
Adam Smith’s Attack on MercantilismAdam Smith’s Attack on Mercantilism
• He was making a political argument, NOT an He was making a political argument, NOT an economic one.economic one.
– Part of the argument was for new economic policy, but..Part of the argument was for new economic policy, but..– An essential part of the argument was for new social and An essential part of the argument was for new social and
political arrangements.political arrangements.
• He argued that the basic unit for social analysis should be He argued that the basic unit for social analysis should be the the nation, not the statenation, not the state..
• He was against the belief that trade was a zero-sum gameHe was against the belief that trade was a zero-sum game– It was a positive-sum game.It was a positive-sum game.– Both nations gained.Both nations gained.
Basic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist Principles
1.1. Goods and services are produced for profitable Goods and services are produced for profitable exchange.exchange.
2.2. Human labor power is a commodity for Human labor power is a commodity for sale sale LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE. LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE.
BusinessesBusinesses HouseholdsHouseholds
Goods & Service
Goods & Service
Labor & Investments
Labor & Investments
Consumer SpendingConsumer Spending
WagesWages
3.3. The The “Invisible Hand”“Invisible Hand” of the market of the market– ProblemProblem How do we survive in a world where How do we survive in a world where
we must depend on many others, but where we must depend on many others, but where humans are by nature self-interested humans are by nature self-interested individuals??individuals??
– SolutionSolution the free market, while appearing the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called so-called “invisible hand.”“invisible hand.”
– Therefore, the basicTherefore, the basicmarket mechanism is market mechanism is self-regulating!self-regulating!
Basic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist Principles
4.4. Individuals seeking success are Individuals seeking success are driven by self-interest driven by self-interest Profit MotiveProfit Motive
5.5. The The Law of Supply and DemandLaw of Supply and Demand– Individuals who are free to pursue their Individuals who are free to pursue their
self-interest will produce goods and self-interest will produce goods and services that others want, at prices others services that others want, at prices others will be will be willing to willing to pay.pay.
Basic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist Principles
Basic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist PrinciplesBasic Capitalist Principles
6.6. Law of CompetitionLaw of Competition– The competitive market system compels producers The competitive market system compels producers
to be increasingly efficient, and to respond to the to be increasingly efficient, and to respond to the desires of consumers.desires of consumers.
7.7. A social division of labor will maximize the A social division of labor will maximize the satisfaction of individual wants and needs, given satisfaction of individual wants and needs, given scarce resources.scarce resources.
8.8. Government should interfere minimally with the Government should interfere minimally with the free and efficient workings of the marketfree and efficient workings of the market
– Laissez faireLaissez faire [“Leave things alone.”] [“Leave things alone.”]
There, there it is again—the invisible hand of the
marketplace giving us the finger.
Agrarian Life to UrbanizationAgrarian Life to Urbanization
From the field to the factoryFrom the field to the factory
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
V Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.French communal law.
) Free contractsFree contracts) Open marketsOpen markets) Uniform & clear commercial Uniform & clear commercial
regulationsregulationsV Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & The government encouraged &
honored inventors & inventions.honored inventors & inventions.V Bank of France Bank of France European European
modelmodelproviding a reliable currency.providing a reliable currency.
French Economic Disadvantages
French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American
Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars
V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid
to take risks.to take risks.
Why England?Why England?
• Natural Resources especially coal and Natural Resources especially coal and iron oreiron ore
• Scientific education and applied Scientific education and applied mechanics; schools more scientific mechanics; schools more scientific orientedoriented
• Smaller towns near rivers and waterSmaller towns near rivers and water
That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement
Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement• Arable farming in open field systems was endedArable farming in open field systems was ended
– a piece of land owned by one person, but over which other a piece of land owned by one person, but over which other people could exercise certain traditional rights, such as allowing people could exercise certain traditional rights, such as allowing their livestock to graze upon it), were fenced (enclosed) and their livestock to graze upon it), were fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more private owners, who would deeded or entitled to one or more private owners, who would then enjoy the possession and fruits of the land to the exclusion then enjoy the possession and fruits of the land to the exclusion of all others.of all others.
• The process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by The process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed and remains among the force, resistance, and bloodshed and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England and elsewhere. Land reform… in England and elsewhere. Land reform…
• This created a landless working class that provided the labor This created a landless working class that provided the labor required in the new industries developingrequired in the new industries developing– For example: "In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820 For example: "In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820
are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after village, common rights are lostvillage, common rights are lost
• ““Class robbery”Class robbery”
“Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Other factorsOther factors
• English artisans and merchants English artisans and merchants begins a middling class or “middle begins a middling class or “middle class”class”
• Type of foods and crop rotation Type of foods and crop rotation technology embracedtechnology embraced
• Shopping Theory- as more people Shopping Theory- as more people have wealth, more demand for have wealth, more demand for goodsgoods
Metals, Woolens, & CanalsMetals, Woolens, & Canals
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s earliest Britain’s earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer
steel.steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial AreasCoalfields & Industrial Areas
18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
19141914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
British Pig Iron ProductionBritish Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam ShipSteam Ship
An Early Steam LocomotiveAn Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
“The Great Land Serpent”
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior ExhibitsCrystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory OwnerStereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages
under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.
11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.
17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.
22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.
27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.
32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.
37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.
42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.
47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.
52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.
57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup KitchensPrivate Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish
Workers:Workers:
Let us die Let us die like men, like men,
and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
The ChartistsThe Chartists
KeyKey
ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements
Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism
Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.
Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.
Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.
A female ChartistA female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.
4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through
trade contact.trade contact.
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.
War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.
The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.
Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.
David RicardoDavid Ricardo
““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.
More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.
Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].
Government Response
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the
coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].
k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions
Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.
k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.
Poor houses.Poor houses.
k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.
British Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills
By 1850: Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
By 1850: Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
ù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of Industrializationù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.) RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.
ù Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly
on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes.) Bank of England.Bank of England.) Bank of France.Bank of France.
ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.
ù New legislation to:New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of
corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein
Why didn’t India, China, or Why didn’t India, China, or Japan flourish and Japan flourish and
industrialize?industrialize?
Why not there?Why not there?
• Many Asian societies did not develop a Many Asian societies did not develop a merchant class or a consumer classmerchant class or a consumer class
• Agrarian and land reforms to increase Agrarian and land reforms to increase populations and encourage innovationspopulations and encourage innovations
• Labor was manual in nature and change Labor was manual in nature and change to machine oriented takes timeto machine oriented takes time
• Import and export markets- Demand Import and export markets- Demand EconomyEconomy
ConclusionsConclusions
• Technological, socio-economic, and cultural Technological, socio-economic, and cultural changeschanges
• Women’s and children’s roles change in Women’s and children’s roles change in different waysdifferent ways
• Bringing “progress” to mankindBringing “progress” to mankind• Slaves of the land now slaves to the Slaves of the land now slaves to the
machine?machine?• Agrarian society to urban societyAgrarian society to urban society• Pro’s and con’sPro’s and con’s
1750-19141750-19141750-19141750-1914