THE INDUSTRIAL IoT DICTIONARY FOR MANUFACTURING Ready Files/eBooks/Second Edition- IIoT...INDUSTRIAL IoT (IIoT) Also referred to as Industry 4.0 or Industrie 4.0, this is a sub-discipline

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B Y G R A H A M I M M E R M A N , V I C E P R E S I D E N T O F M A R K E T I N G , M A C H I N E M E T R I C S

THE INDUSTRIAL IoT DICTIONARY FOR MANUFACTURING

Glossary

In the age of Industry 4.0, there are so many buzzwords being thrown around the world of manufacturing that it’s difficult to keep track of them all. What’s the difference between Industry 4.0, IIoT, and Digital Transformation? What about Artificial Intelligence vs. Machine Learning? Condition Monitoring vs. Performance Monitoring? Is the Digital Twin your company’s evil replicant or a new way to approach continuous process improvement?

At MachineMetrics, we work with manufacturers at different stages of their digital transformations; many of whom have very different levels of understanding regarding these concepts and definitions. Some of our customers are already immersed in their digitization efforts, have a deep knowledge of the latest and greatest technology/industry standards, and speak the language of IIoT terminology fluently. Some other manufacturers who might not have the same background in technology are just embarking on their transformation journey, and are often either underexposed or even overwhelmed with IIoT lingo.

That’s why we figured it would be helpful to create “The MachineMetrics IIoT Manufacturing Dictionary:” a reference resource for those seeking definition or better understanding of any buzzword, keyword, or term pertaining to the new age of manufacturing. The following is the Second Edition of “The MachineMetrics IIoT Manufacturing Dictionary,” and as this dictionary continues to evolve, we welcome any and all definition feedback, definition requests, and definition refinement.

ADAPTOR (CLOUD) A software utility that controls the transfer of information between the machine and a cloud provider

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING/3D PRINTING The process of building a three dimensional object from a computer design model, usually by successively adding material layer by layer.

ADVANCED MANUFACTURING The process of leveraging the most advanced technology available at the current time in order to maximize the output and/or product quality of a manufacturing facility.

THE ANALYTICS JOURNEY The path that each manufacturer follows as they embrace digital transformation. Within the Analytics Journey, there are four distinct steps:

1. Descriptive Analytics allows you to see what is happening right now.

2. Diagnostic Analytics answers the question, “Why is it happening?”

3. Prescriptive Analytics identifies what you are going to do about it.

4. Predictive Analytics helps predict what will happen in the future.

APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (API) A collection of commands and protocols used to interact with an operating system, device, or specific software component. In IoT, an API lets the developer access the functionality of a device or sensor, such as a thermometer’s readings. APIs can be public or restricted to authorized users only.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) A technology that gives computers the ability to learn based on data, previous experiences, and their environment in order to make decisions that will maximize results.

ASSET MONITORING The process of monitoring all activity associated with a particular machine, including but not limited to, production, performance, quality, health, etc.

AUGMENTED REALITY A technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user’s view of the real world.

AUTOMATION The use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process. In manufacturing, automation includes the use of control systems and technologies to reduce the need for human input in the production of goods.

BENCHMARKING Evaluating or measuring performance against a standard. Benchmarking is an important step in evaluating an organization’s manufacturing performance. By looking at how other organizations perform on key manufacturing measures, an organization can focus improvement efforts where they are needed most.

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BIG DATA Large compilations of data that can be analyzed in order to reveal patterns, trends, and associations. Big data is especially used in order to detect bottlenecks in productivity, predict outcomes, and find patterns that otherwise wouldn’t be noticeable through informal analysis.

BLUETOOTH Short range wireless technology standard which operates on the 2.4 Mz band. Bluetooth can be used for sending both data and audio, with popular uses including wireless headsets and cordless keyboards.

(THE) CLOUD An information technology paradigm that enables ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable system resources and higher-level services that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over the Internet.

CLOUD ANALYTICS The process of carrying out data analysis using cloud computing.

COMPUTER NUMERIC CONTROL (CNC) MACHINE A machine tool that utilizes automated control of tooling by means of a computer. This processes and shapes material to meet tolerances specified by a blueprint, through a coded program.

COBOT Collaborative robot that interacts with humans within a shared space.

CONDITION MONITORING The process of monitoring a parameter of condition in machinery (vibration, temperature etc.), in order to identify a significant change which is indicative of a developing fault. It is a major component of predictive maintenance.

DATA CENTER A collective term for the physical site, network elements, systems, etc., that support computing and network services.

DATA TRANSPORT Moving data from one storage location to another.

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICS Using data aggregation and data mining to understand what is happening right now and what has happened in the past.

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYTICS Diagnostic analytics is a deeper look at data to attempt to understand the causes or the “why” of events and behaviors.

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DIGITAL MANUFACTURING Digital manufacturing is the use of an integrated, computer-based system comprised of simulation, 3D visualization, analytics, and collaboration tools to create product and manufacturing process definitions simultaneously.

THE DIGITAL FACTORY Also called the “smart factory,” this includes the use of advanced algorithms and machine learning to refine actions that drive autonomous or semi-autonomous decisions within production equipment. Additionally, the digital factory includes the advance of AI and deep analytics allowing the possibility of moving into connection of processes rather than linear defined tasks.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION Digital transformation is the transformation of business and organizational activities, processes, competencies, and models to fully leverage the changes and opportunities of a variety of digital technologies and their impact across operations in a strategic and prioritized way, with present and future shifts in mind.

DIGITAL TWIN A reference to a digital replica of physical assets, processes, and systems that can be used for various purposes. A digital twin continuously learns and updates itself from multiple sources to represent its near real-time status, working condition, or position.

DIGITAL THREAD A communication framework that connects traditionally silo-ed elements in manufacturing processes and provides an integrated view of an asset throughout the manufacturing lifecycle.

DIGITIZATION The process of transforming information into a format that can be understood by a computer in order for that data to be used in computational calculations.

DIRECT NUMERIC CONTROL (DNC) Also known as Distributed Numerical Control (also DNC), this is a common manufacturing term for networking CNC machine tools. DNC networking or DNC communication is always required for CAM programs to run on a CNC machine control.

ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) The systems and software packages used by organizations to manage day-to-day business activities, such as accounting, procurement, project management, and manufacturing. ERP systems tie together and define a plethora of business processes and enable the flow of data between them.

EDGE COMPUTING (THE EDGE) A distributed computing paradigm which brings computation and data storage closer to the location where it is needed to improve response times and save bandwidth. Modern edge computing significantly extends this approach through virtualization technology that makes it easier to deploy and run a wider range of applications onthe edge servers.

ETHERNET IP One of the manufacturing communication protocols used for transmitting information between electronic devices. Ethernet IP was originally developed by Rockwell Automation.

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EQUIPMENT AS A SERVICE (EaaS) The process in which production systems, machines, or equipment are not sold but instead leased to companies. EaaS takes a step beyond service contracts with more effective operations and a simpler financial model based on pay per use models.

THE FOG In order to improve efficiency and reduce latency, a portion of onsite data gets uploaded to the cloud and another portion gets redirected to an onsite smart storage device like a smartphone. GATEWAY A link between two computer systems or programs, so they can share information with each other. The router for your home Internet is one type of gateway.

HIGH FREQUENCY MACHINE DATA Data sampled from a machine at rates that are faster than human perception, usually much greater than 1 Hz. (Think about how we cannot perceive individual frames of a movie displayed at 24 Hz.) Depending on the sampling rate, high frequency data can potentially probe effects at the natural physical scales of machining, such as individual turns of a spindle (100’s to 1000’s of Hz) or machine/material vibrations (up to 10,000’s of Hz). It can be useful for, e.g., monitoring tool wear and stability of the machining process. Obtaining high frequency data often requires specialized equipment or access to specialized channels in a machine’s control.

HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) The underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.

HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI) A user-interface consisting of hardware and software that lets a person send requests/commands to a

machine. Typically HMI’s are meant to make it as easy as possible for a person to control a machine with little difficulty.

IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT (IAM) A framework of business processes, policies, and technologies that manage digital identities (e.g. used for authentication and access management)

INDUSTRY 4.0 The current trend in the manufacturing industry that uses a combination of IoT, big data, and cloud computing in order to develop factories that can make decisions based on large amounts of data. A couple benefits that Industry 4.0 offers is the ability to detect bottlenecks and deficiencies using big data, high level customization, and automation of production.

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION The use of set technologies and automatic control devices that results in the automatic operation and control of industrial processes without significant human intervention to achieve superior performance compared to manual control.

INDUSTRIAL IoT (IIoT) Also referred to as Industry 4.0 or Industrie 4.0, this is a sub-discipline of IoT, encompassing connected large-scale machinery and industrial systems such as factory-floor monitoring, HVAC, smart lighting, and security. This includes machine-to-machine communication where equipment can send real-time information to an application so operators can better understand how efficiently that equipment is running.

INDUSTRIAL IoT PLATFORM A set of integrated software capabilities spanning efforts to improve asset management decision making as well as operational visibility and control for plants, infrastructure, and equipment within asset-intensive industries. The IIoT platform may be consumed as a technology suite or as an open and general-purpose application platform, or both in combination. The

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platform is engineered to support the requirements of safety, security and mission criticality associated with industrial assets and their operating environments. The IIoT platform software that resides on devices — such as, controllers, routers, access points, gateways and edge computing systems — is considered part of a distributed IIoT platform. (Gartner, 2019).

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) The concept of connecting otherwise separate machines or data sources so that people can make better decisions and actions faster. This large number of data gathering devices is the backbone of Industry 4.0 that allows people to make decisions in alignment with varying productivity goals.

LEAN MANUFACTURING Also known as “lean production,” lean manufacturing is a methodology that focuses on using a specific set of tools to help identify and minimize waste within manufacturing systems while simultaneously maximizing productivity.

LIGHTS OUT MANUFACTURING The ability for a manufacturer to run fully automated jobs, requiring no human intervention or human presence on-site.

LOW FREQUENCY MACHINE DATA Data sampled from a machine at rates that are close to human perception, usually at frequencies in the ballpark of 1 Hz. Low frequency data is useful for general monitoring of machine state over time (uptime vs downtime, alarms, coolant on/off, etc), as well as providing an approximate picture of the machining process. MACHINE 2 MACHINE (M2M) The ability of machines to communicate together and make decisions using information without the need of human intervention. MACHINE-TO-PERSON (M2P) Analytics for big data in a human readable form e.g., dashboards.

EDGE ANALYTICS

Custom AlgorithmsAnomaly Detection

IoT PLATFORM APPLICATIONSEDGE PLATFORM

Connector Supervisor

LowFrequency

HighFrequency

Business Intelligence

ERP QualityCMMS

INTEGRATIONS

Manufacturing ExecutiveFactory Worker Machine Builder

USERS

APPLICATIONS

Custom Operator Views

Custom Workflow Development

Custom Analytics

Custom Dashboards

MACHINEMETRICSMachineMetrics Multi-Tenant Cloud

RAW Data Storage

Operational Data

Data Lake Analytics

Time Series Data REST & GraphQL APIs

Workflow Triggers

Local Storage

MANUFACTURERManufacturer Cloud or on-premise servers

RAW Data Sync

Data Analysts

Data Scientists

Software Engineers Condition Monitoring

Predictive Maintenance

Process Optimization

Production Monitoring

USE CASES

EDGE MANAGEMENT

EDGE

Stream Analytics

DATA & ENGINEERING TEAM

APPLICATIONS

PROTOCOLS ADAPTORS

Sensor PLC

MACHINES

FACTORY

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MACHINE DATA Also known as Machine Generated Data, this is digital information created by the activity of computers, mobile phones, embedded systems, and other networked devices.

MACHINE LEARNING Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.

MACHINE MONITORING Also called Condition Monitoring, this is the practice of monitoring electrical equipment through the PLC and additional sensors in order to accumulate diagnostic data.

MACHINE UTILIZATION The ratio of time a machine has run within a time-frame compared to the total amount of time a machine can actually run within that same timeframe.

MANUFACTURING 4.0 Also called “Industry 4.0,” this encompasses IIoT and smart manufacturing where a connected ecosystem is created by combining physical production and

operations with smart digital technology, machine learning, and big data.

MANUFACTURING ANALYTICS A set of advanced analytical tools that help generate insights from historical and real-time process data in order to identify relationships and patterns from various manufacturing processes.

MANUFACTURING EXECUTION SYSTEMS (MES) Computerized systems used in manufacturing, to track and document the transformation of raw materials to finished goods.

MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (MOM) A collection of systems for managing end-to-end manufacturing processes in order to optimize efficiency.

MESSAGE QUEUING TELEMETRY TRANSPORT (MQTT) A messaging protocol that works on top of TCP/IP and is designed for use cases with a low code footprint or limited network bandwidth. MQTT is great for collecting data from large networks of small devices into a single location (e.g. in the cloud) for analysis.

MODBUS A serial communications protocol originally published by Modicon in 1979 for use with its programmable logic controllers. Modbus has become a de facto standard communication protocol and is now a commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices.

MTConnect A protocol designed for the exchange of data between shop floor equipment and software applications used for monitoring and data analysis.

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OPEN PLATFORM COMMUNICATIONS (OPC) The interoperability standard for the secure and reliable exchange of data in the industrial automation space and other industries. Developed and maintained by the OPC Foundation, this standard is platform independent and ensures the seamless flow of information among devices from multiple vendors.

OPC UNIFIED ARCHITECTURE (OPC UA) A machine-to-machine communication protocol for industrial automation developed by the OPC Foundation that focuses on communicating with industrial equipment and systems for data collection and control.

OPERATIONAL INTELLIGENCE A category of real-time, dynamic business analytics that delivers visibility and insight into data, streaming events, and business operations.

OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) A valuable metric that measures the efficiency of a machine. OEE takes into consideration the Availability, Performance, and Quality of a machine. In mathematical terms, OEE = Availability × Performance × Quality

OVERALL OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS (OOE) A metric that takes into account Availability, Performance, and Quality as well as unscheduled time that occurs during normal working shifts. OOE gives you a more realistic gauge of performance during time that your machines could have been running—but weren’t because there was no scheduled work. Thus, OOE = Performance × Quality × Availability (where Availability = Actual Production Time/Operating Time)

PLANT INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PIMS) A system that collects and integrates information from a variety of sources about a given production process. PLATFORM-AS A-SERVICE (PaaS) A subscription-based service model that leverages third-party hardware as well as software for connection and data retrieval within a factory. A PaaS system for manufacturing turns machine data into actionable insights that improve the operation of people, systems, and machines on the factory floor.

PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS The use of data, statistical algorithms, and machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of future outcomes based on historical data. The goal is to go beyond knowing what has happened to providing a best assessment of what will happen in the future.

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE Techniques designed to help determine the condition of in-service equipment in order to predict when maintenance should be performed. This approach promises cost savings over routine or time-based preventive maintenance, because tasks are performed only when warranted.

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PRESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICS This step of The Analytics Journey takes predictive analytics one step further. While predictive analytics can tell you what might happen next, prescriptive analytics applies many layers of machine learning to suggest options and actions for mitigating future risks.

PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE The care and servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining equipment in satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic inspection, detection, and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or before they develop into major defects.

PRODUCT DATA MANAGEMENT (PDM) Within product lifecycle management (PLM), the business function that is responsible for the management and publication of product data.

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT (PLM) The process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from inception through engineering design and manufacturing.

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) A wireless communication technology that uses radio frequency to power passive tags (small circuit antenna) to uniquely identify people or objects.

REAL-TIME DATA ANALYTICS The analysis of data as soon as that data becomes available. Users get insights immediately (or very rapidly) after the data enters the system and are able to draw conclusions.

SENSOR DATA The output of a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The output may be used to provide information, input to another system, or guide a process.

SHOP FLOOR VISIBILITY Making data visible on the shopfloor via tablets and/or larger displays for operators and managers to see. This could include the display of information like which machines are running, which machines are down, cycle times, part count, and more.

SMART FACTORY Represents a leap forward from more traditional automation to a fully connected and flexible system—one that can use a constant stream of data from connected operations and production systems to learn and adapt to new demands.

SMART MANUFACTURING This marries information, technology, and human ingenuity to bring about a rapid revolution in the development and application of manufacturing intelligence to every aspect of business

SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SaaS) A software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis from a third-party provider who hosts the application and makes it available to customers over a secure

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Internet connection. SaaS removes the need for organizations to install and run applications on their own computers or in their own data centers. This eliminates the expense of hardware acquisition, provisioning, and maintenance, as well as software licensing, installation, and support.

STREAMING DATA Data that is continuously generated by different sources. This can also be used in reference data or content delivered to specific devices via an internet connection. That data can then be accessed by users immediately without needing to be downloaded first.

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) A control system architecture that uses computers and networked data communications to monitor and control factory floor equipment.

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) The language used to access the Internet.

TIME-SERIES DATA Data that collectively represents how a system, process, or behavior changes over time.

TOTAL EFFECTIVE EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE (TEEP) Very similar to OOE, TEEP takes into account non-operator time such as off shifts and holidays. If you are attempting to maximize utilization of your machines, no matter what the time, then TEEP could be an interesting metric. Therefore, TEEP = Performance × Quality × Availability (where Availability = Actual Production Time/All Time).

UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOL INTERFACE (UMATI) An open standard for connecting machine tools and peripherals to customer-specific IT ecosystems. VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD (VPC) An on-demand, configurable pool of shared computing resources allocated within a public cloud environment, providing a certain level of isolation between the different organizations.

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) A technology that creates a safe and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet. VPN technology was developed as a way to allow remote users and branch offices to securely access corporate applications and other resources

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CONTACT US 413-341-5747 [email protected] machinemetrics.com

ABOUT MACHINEMETRICS MachineMetrics is manufacturing’s first Industrial IoT Platform for Machines. We transform analytics into action through universal machine connectivity, cloud data Infrastructure, and communication workflows that optimize machine operation. Right now, hundreds of manufacturers have connected thousands of machines to MachineMetrics across global factories. Our platform is enabling these companies to deliver the right information to the right person at the right time to improve their machine performance and productivity, increase their capacity utilization and ultimately win more business to remain globally competitive.

Documents

THE INDUSTRIAL IoT DICTIONARY FOR MANUFACTURING Ready Files/eBooks/Second Edition- IIoT...INDUSTRIAL IoT (IIoT) Also referred to as Industry 4.0 or Industrie 4.0, this is a sub-discipline