The Industrial Age: The Spirit The Industrial Age: The Spirit of Materialismof Materialism

MaterialismMaterialism

The belief that science, technology and The belief that science, technology and industry can know all truth, solve all industry can know all truth, solve all problems and create human happinessproblems and create human happiness

The Industrial Age: 1850-1910The Industrial Age: 1850-1910

RealismRealism

Great economic boom fueled by science and Great economic boom fueled by science and technologytechnology

Railroads: symbol of progressRailroads: symbol of progress

French Revolution of 1848 (third)French Revolution of 1848 (third)

Realism: sober detachment and practicality; Realism: sober detachment and practicality; truthful and objective representation of the social truthful and objective representation of the social world without embellishmentsworld without embellishments

Aim: depict society as it wasAim: depict society as it was

Realism in Pictorial ArtRealism in Pictorial Art

Courbet: enraged Parisians with his Courbet: enraged Parisians with his portrayal of provincial lifeportrayal of provincial life

Ordinary lives and routine eventsOrdinary lives and routine events

Burial at Ornans: Burial at Ornans: caused a scandalcaused a scandal

Rosa Bonheur: Rosa Bonheur: The Horse Fair The Horse Fair less less threatening and politicalthreatening and political

Photography and print-makingPhotography and print-making

Honore Daumier: sufferings of poor and Honore Daumier: sufferings of poor and caricatured the powerfulcaricatured the powerfulMatthew Brady in the US photographed Matthew Brady in the US photographed the cruelty of the Civil Warthe cruelty of the Civil WarGaspard-Felix Tournachon, aka Nadar, Gaspard-Felix Tournachon, aka Nadar, made first aerial photographsmade first aerial photographsWinslow Homer (children and drama at Winslow Homer (children and drama at sea) and Thomas Eakins (influenced by sea) and Thomas Eakins (influenced by Manet, painted rowing, sailors, Manet, painted rowing, sailors, swimmers): American practicality with swimmers): American practicality with realist techniquerealist technique

The Realist NovelThe Realist Novel

Description of industrial society: novel Description of industrial society: novel (dominant literary form of 19th century)(dominant literary form of 19th century)

Dickens: protest vs. cruelty to childrenDickens: protest vs. cruelty to children

David Copperfield, Oliver TwistDavid Copperfield, Oliver Twist

Gustave Flaubert: Gustave Flaubert: Madame Bovary, Madame Bovary, naïve naïve woman overwhelmed by modern worldwoman overwhelmed by modern world

Other works deal with illusion and Other works deal with illusion and disillusionmentdisillusionment

The Spirit of ProgressThe Spirit of Progress

Material and scientific progressMaterial and scientific progress

Victorians: optimistic about science but Victorians: optimistic about science but doubtful about the injustices brought about doubtful about the injustices brought about by their imperialismby their imperialism

Voices of a New AgeVoices of a New Age

Charles Darwin: nature obeyed laws of Charles Darwin: nature obeyed laws of progress; survival of fittest resulted from progress; survival of fittest resulted from ‘natural selection’; ‘natural selection’; Origin of the SpeciesOrigin of the Species

Social Darwinism used to justify colonial Social Darwinism used to justify colonial exploitation of Africa and Asiaexploitation of Africa and Asia

Walt Whitman celebrated the diversity of Walt Whitman celebrated the diversity of modern human life: modern human life: Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass

Monuments of ProgressMonuments of Progress

Many architectural styles: Neoclassic, Many architectural styles: Neoclassic, Gothic and Renaissance revivalsGothic and Renaissance revivalsNew: The Crystal Palace, of iron and New: The Crystal Palace, of iron and glass, built for the Great Exhibition in glass, built for the Great Exhibition in London, 1851 (Joseph Paxton)London, 1851 (Joseph Paxton)Iron used in bridges, industryIron used in bridges, industryEiffel Tower in Paris: tallest building of Eiffel Tower in Paris: tallest building of world for forty yearsworld for forty years

The Modern CityThe Modern City

Cities built from scratch: Washington D.C, St. Cities built from scratch: Washington D.C, St. Petersburg in Russia, influenced by Versailles’ Petersburg in Russia, influenced by Versailles’ rational plan and neoclassical stylerational plan and neoclassical style

Paris’ challenge: Haussmann, appointed by Paris’ challenge: Haussmann, appointed by Napoleon III to convert Paris into an imperial Napoleon III to convert Paris into an imperial capitalcapital

Broad boulevards and plazas, trees, Broad boulevards and plazas, trees, spaciousnessspaciousness

Architect Louis Sullivan, after Great Architect Louis Sullivan, after Great Chicago FireChicago Fire

Designed the modern skyscraperDesigned the modern skyscraper

Made possible by the elevatorMade possible by the elevator

Steel-cage frameSteel-cage frame

Floral decoration in cast iron from Art Floral decoration in cast iron from Art NouveauNouveau

Music and ModernityMusic and Modernity

Opera house in Paris was the centerpiece Opera house in Paris was the centerpiece of the cityof the city

Verdi and Wagner – operatic geniusesVerdi and Wagner – operatic geniuses

Verdi’s OperasVerdi’s Operas

Giuseppe Verdi: National hero of Italian Giuseppe Verdi: National hero of Italian operaoperaRigoletto, Il Trovatore, La TraviataRigoletto, Il Trovatore, La TraviataAida: Aida: opening of the Suez Canalopening of the Suez CanalUsed Shakespearean characters, intense Used Shakespearean characters, intense emotions, and comic genius. emotions, and comic genius. Otello, Otello, FalstaffFalstaffEmphasized actionEmphasized action

Wagner’s Musical RevolutionWagner’s Musical Revolution

Richard Wagner: Flamboyant, arrogant musical Richard Wagner: Flamboyant, arrogant musical geniusgenius

Ludwig II: built his dream opera house in Ludwig II: built his dream opera house in BayreuthBayreuth

Had love affairs with wives and daughters of Had love affairs with wives and daughters of patrons and colleaguespatrons and colleagues

Extravagant ideas: opera as the synthesis of Extravagant ideas: opera as the synthesis of myth, music, poetry, drama and paintingmyth, music, poetry, drama and painting

Used Germanic myths and legendsUsed Germanic myths and legends

Innovations:Innovations:

a.orchestra over singinga.orchestra over singing

b.b.LeitmotifLeitmotif (distinct melody associated with (distinct melody associated with character or object) as unifying elementcharacter or object) as unifying element

c. chromatic harmonies: used all twelve of c. chromatic harmonies: used all twelve of the tones in a scale; dissolved traditional the tones in a scale; dissolved traditional tonality and made his music emotionaltonality and made his music emotional

The Ring of the Niebelung: The Ring of the Niebelung: four operas (16 four operas (16 hours) that tell the Nordic gods’ taleshours) that tell the Nordic gods’ tales

Late Romantic Music and Late Romantic Music and DanceDance

Brahms: Disciple of Beethoven; last Brahms: Disciple of Beethoven; last “great” composer“great” composer

Smetana: Smetana: The MoldauThe Moldau

Tchaikovsky: Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture, Swan Lake, 1812 Overture, Swan Lake, Sleeping BeautySleeping Beauty

Marius Petipa-- first great choreographer Marius Petipa-- first great choreographer for classical balletfor classical ballet

ModernityModernity

The process by which the new, up-to-date, The process by which the new, up-to-date, and the contemporary replace the and the contemporary replace the outmoded and traditional.outmoded and traditional.

Artists turned against modernityArtists turned against modernity

Baudelaire and Marllame(French poets)Baudelaire and Marllame(French poets)

Dostoyevsky (Russian novelist)Dostoyevsky (Russian novelist)

The Last RomanticsThe Last Romantics

Anticipated the coming artistic techniques:Anticipated the coming artistic techniques:

Poetry: enigmatic symbolismPoetry: enigmatic symbolism

Visual Arts: plants and designs of Art Visual Arts: plants and designs of Art NouveauNouveau

Music: DebussyMusic: Debussy

Sculpture: Rodin’s figuresSculpture: Rodin’s figures

Symbolism and Art for Art’s Symbolism and Art for Art’s SakeSake

Baudelaire: his poetry explored Baudelaire: his poetry explored connections between sordid and sublime; connections between sordid and sublime; eroticerotic

Rejected values of industrial societyRejected values of industrial society

L’art pour l’art L’art pour l’art art parallel to the world in a art parallel to the world in a separate universeseparate universe

Art NouveauArt Nouveau

Style of decorative art and architecture Style of decorative art and architecture that used floral motifs and stressed unity that used floral motifs and stressed unity of materials and formof materials and form

Tiffany’s colored glassTiffany’s colored glass

Antonio Gaudi: Buildings, churches and Antonio Gaudi: Buildings, churches and parks in Barcelonaparks in Barcelona

Debussy’s Musical ImpressionsDebussy’s Musical Impressions

His works explored new harmoniesHis works explored new harmonies

Evoke dream-like moods and impressionsEvoke dream-like moods and impressions

Prelude to the Afternoon of a FaunPrelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

Discarded conventional harmonyDiscarded conventional harmony

RodinRodin

Broke with the commemorative public Broke with the commemorative public sculpture: Bartholdi’s sculpture: Bartholdi’s Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty

The Gates of Hell: The Gates of Hell: from Dante’sfrom Dante’s Inferno Inferno

Tortured figuresTortured figures

The ThinkerThe Thinker: Dante: Dante

Balzac Balzac was rejectedwas rejected

Art was private and subjectiveArt was private and subjective

Impressionism and BeyondImpressionism and Beyond

Artists wanted to paint modern lifeArtists wanted to paint modern lifeImpressions of the momentImpressions of the momentDefined new techniques of light, color and Defined new techniques of light, color and visual formvisual formPrecursor : Manet Precursor : Manet Luncheon on the Luncheon on the GrassGrassViolated painterly traditionViolated painterly traditionBar at the Folies-BergereBar at the Folies-Bergere

Monet and the ImpressionistsMonet and the Impressionists

Paintings rejected by official SalonPaintings rejected by official Salon

1874: own exhibition1874: own exhibition

Impression: Sunrise, St. Lazare Train Station Impression: Sunrise, St. Lazare Train Station MonetMonet

Use of light, color, spontaneous technique, Use of light, color, spontaneous technique, detachment and innovative designdetachment and innovative design

Renoir, Morisot, Degas, Pissarro, CassattRenoir, Morisot, Degas, Pissarro, Cassatt

MorisotMorisot

View of Paris from the TrocaderoView of Paris from the Trocadero

Discarded conventional subjectDiscarded conventional subject

Light and motionLight and motion

Open air Open air

Did not mix paints before applying themDid not mix paints before applying them

No didactic purposeNo didactic purpose

RenoirRenoir

More poetic/emotional than MonetMore poetic/emotional than Monet

Informal mood of city lifeInformal mood of city life

Le Moulin de la GaletteLe Moulin de la Galette

Accidental pattern of yellow straw hats and Accidental pattern of yellow straw hats and prints of women’s dressesprints of women’s dresses

Influenced by Michelangelo in his later Influenced by Michelangelo in his later yearsyears

Degas/CassattDegas/Cassatt

Arbitrary framing of his subjectsArbitrary framing of his subjects

Off-centerOff-center

The Dancer in Green, The Dancer in Green, ballet sceneballet scene

Influenced by Japanese printsInfluenced by Japanese prints

Friends with the American Mary CassattFriends with the American Mary Cassatt

Flattened perspectiveFlattened perspective

The Boating PartyThe Boating Party

Post-Impressionism: SeuratPost-Impressionism: Seurat

Post-Impressionists extended impressionist Post-Impressionists extended impressionist techniques in different directionstechniques in different directions

Seurat: closest to Monet’s pure impressionismSeurat: closest to Monet’s pure impressionism

Urban life, unmixed colors directly appliedUrban life, unmixed colors directly applied

Sunday Afternoon on the Island of la Grande Sunday Afternoon on the Island of la Grande Jatte Jatte pointillismpointillism

CezanneCezanne

Mont Saint-VictoireMont Saint-Victoire, in the Mediterranean, in the Mediterranean

Explored the essence of realityExplored the essence of reality

Reduced objects to their basic geometric Reduced objects to their basic geometric patternpattern

Precursor to modern painting, abstract and Precursor to modern painting, abstract and cubist art: Picassocubist art: Picasso

GauguinGauguin

Wanted to express human feeling, to enter “the Wanted to express human feeling, to enter “the mysterious center of thought.”mysterious center of thought.”

Primitives of Brittany, northwest FrancePrimitives of Brittany, northwest France

Sought unique and picturesqueSought unique and picturesque

Unnatural colors, heavy lines and flattened Unnatural colors, heavy lines and flattened shapes: precursor to surrealism, Dalishapes: precursor to surrealism, Dali

The Vision after the Sermon, Self-Portrait with The Vision after the Sermon, Self-Portrait with HaloHalo

Van GoghVan Gogh

Early: sympathy for the plight of peasantsEarly: sympathy for the plight of peasants

Influenced by impressionistsInfluenced by impressionists

Uses colors to convey strong emotionsUses colors to convey strong emotions

Starry NightStarry Night: swirling lines convey violent : swirling lines convey violent energyenergy

Vivid colors, paint applied thickly, with knife. Vivid colors, paint applied thickly, with knife. Influenced by Japanese artInfluenced by Japanese art

Precursor to abstract expressionismPrecursor to abstract expressionism

The Dark Side of ProgressThe Dark Side of Progress

Colonial oppression in Asia and AfricaColonial oppression in Asia and Africa

Chekhov and Ibsen explored realms of Chekhov and Ibsen explored realms of psychology and symbolismpsychology and symbolism

Dostoyevsky: conflicts between belief and Dostoyevsky: conflicts between belief and doubtdoubt

Nietzsche: elite race of supermen to rule Nietzsche: elite race of supermen to rule mass societymass society

The Realist TheaterThe Realist Theater

Chekhov: Chekhov: The Three Sisters; The Cherry The Three Sisters; The Cherry OrchardOrchard

Ibsen: Ibsen: The Wild Duck; Hedda Gabler; A The Wild Duck; Hedda Gabler; A Doll’s HouseDoll’s House

The Novel and Modern PhilosophyThe Novel and Modern Philosophy

Late 19Late 19thth century novel focused on inner century novel focused on inner liveslivesHenry JamesHenry JamesEdith WhartonEdith WhartonFyodor Dostoyevsky: Fyodor Dostoyevsky: Crime and Crime and Punishment; The Brothers Karamazov; Punishment; The Brothers Karamazov; The IdiotThe IdiotNietzsche: Nietzsche: Thus Spake ZarathustraThus Spake ZarathustraAnticipated the theories of FreudAnticipated the theories of Freud