THE INDONESIAN TSUNAMI MITIGATION CHALLENGESAND THE STRATEGIC INNOVATION

PROF. DWIKORITA KARNAWATI1

SUCI DEWI ANUGRAH21Director General, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG)

1Chair of Inter-Governmental Coordination Groups on Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System

2Head of Earthquake Mitigation of BMKG

Keynote Speaker, Nihon University-Japan, November 06th 20193rd General Assmbly Meeting International Tsunami Disaster Prevention Society (ITDPS)

OUTLINE

• Challenges• Problem Background• Milestone for Resiliency• Lesson Learned• Technical Innovation and Modernization• Social Innovation

CHALLENGES

Challenge Due To Active Plate Tectonic Region

Located at a junction of three major plates tectonic, Indonesia is very prone to earthquake and tsunami

There are 6 subduction zones with 16 megathrust segments

There are 295 seismic faults had been identified, still many more had not been identified

HISTORICAL TSUNAMI IN INDONESIA

More than 99 tsunami events had been occurred in Indonesia The source of tsunami are very close to the shoreline, the tsunami early warning

become less effective. People need to be trained to do a Self Evacuation on tsunami drill is, however the

warning still needed to ensure the end of the threat.

19381845

19381927

1967

19681996

2000

2018

1815

1977

1815 18961992

1674

19942006

1864 1996

1861

1833

1843

1861

1797

1885

1907

2005

2004

20101629

17541802

1852

18991965

1975

19941921

1998

1969

1917

18401859

1889

1921

19571818

18201836

1856

1814 18911908

1919

1982 19912004

1857

1845

1852

18591871

1889

1897

1904

1907

1907

1925

1936

19391608

16481657

1673

1674

1710

1711

1763

1802

18411854

1885

1938

1994

19001914

1938

1979

2002

1818

1886

1907

1908

2007

Sumber: Soloviev and Go (1974); Wichmann (1918); Sieberg (1932); Heck (1934); Iida et al. (1967); Berninghausen (1969); NOAA; BMKG.

• Sumatra 15 kali• Jawa 8 kali• Bali NTB NTT 16 kali• Sulawesi > 21 kali• Banda 14 kali• Maluku Utara 10 kali• Papua 8 kali

20092018

20162006

1975

1965

1950

1932

2018

1883

Compiled by: DARYONO BMKG

smong

ie beuna

nalodobombatalu

tanah runtuh

galoro

tanah goyanggergasi

ae mesinuka tanalalaLampung Karam

Takwil Gempa

Takbir Gempa

naskah Lindu

sima

nyai Roro Kidul

Negeri Elpaputih

naskah Lubuk Ipuh

Pustaka raja

Kitab Raja Purwa

Hikayat Merpati Mas

Babad Lombok

Teteu Amusiast Loga

ami norang

linuh, linuh, linuh,

Babad Buleleng

Babad Ratu Panji Sakti

Bedawangnala

Anantabhoga

lontara pangissengeng Serat pararatonbabad galuh

Babad pakualaman

DISASTER LOCAL WISDOM

PROBLEM BACKGROUND

ACEH TSUNAMI: DECEMBER 26, 2004

• Loss of over 230,000 lives • The displacement of over

1.6 million people around the Indian Ocean,

• Environmental damage• Psychological trauma• Estimated economic losses

of $14 billion.

• Dec 26, 2004, 00:59 UTC• M 9.1 Earthquake struck

west coast of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia, near the city of Banda Aceh

• Megathrust Earthquake triggered along 1300 km rupture, over 12 minutes

IMPACT

Indonesia situation before Tsunami 2004 Tsunami risk: considered low Very limited seismic

observation to detect the earthquake

Very limited real-time sea level observation to verify the tsunami event

No tsunami warning system No national tsunami warning

contact point to be informed Community unaware and not

prepared

Interim Advisory Service: USGS/ NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre

(PTWC) Japan Meteorological Agency

(JMA)

Increasing The Extreme Phenomena

Year

Since 2013, there had been a significant increasing of earthquake event both frequency and intensity

Earthquake Frequency

MILESTONE FOR RESILIENCY

ESTABLISHMENT OF INATEWS INDONESIA TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

-The main product of InaTEWS is Earthquake Info and Tsunami Warning- Required to disseminate Earthquake Information and Tsunami Warning within 5 minutes after the earthquake occurred

Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System Goal’s:Timely detection of earthquake event and provide tsunami warning to the responsible-institutions and people.

Appropriate response of communities to reduce and minimize the impacts of disaster.

Inaugurated on November 11, 2008

End to End System for Tsunami Early Warning

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

MONITORING PROCESSING

DISSEMINATION

THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE INATEWS

The main product of InaTEWS is Earthquake Information and TsunamiWarning Required to disseminate Earthquake Information and Tsunami Warning within 5

minutes after the earthquake occurred (2018: 3 minutes)

176 seismometer sensors, and 137 Tide Gauges

Various modes of Warning dissemination

New DSS

International Trust on Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning

Centre

Tsunami Service ProviderAsean Earthquake Information Center

International Role of The Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning Center• Tsunami Service Provider for the Indian Ocean Rimes• Earthquake Information Center for Asean

LESSON LEARNED

From Single to multi hazardPalu Catastrophic Multi Disaster Events:a) Earthquake with a horizontal

(strike-slip) mechanism, triggered the Submarine Landslide, induced Tsunami and Liquifaction

b) The epicenter of the earthquake is about 80 km from Palu city. Many infrastructure in Palu city were collapse. It’s probably influenced by the geological setting of Palu city.

c) Near Field Tsunami (2 minutes-tsunami arrival time).

d) Self Evacuatin is a must!

Palu earthquake and Tsunami (September 28th, 2018)

A Rare Event of Tsunami Development of detection, early warning, dissemination, and evacuation infrastructure for the threat of a tsunami is needed due to volcanic activity.

Fractions of tsunamigenic events in the world of different origin as determined in catalogs (Soloviev, Go, 1974, 1975)

From Single to multi hazardSunda Straits Multi Events with Silent Tsunami

High-storm wave, High Full Moon Tide, Volcanic eruption - induced Tsunami / Submarine Landslides??

31

MEGATHRUST

GRABENERUPTION GAK

Source : BIG (data 6 arcsec)

Source: Dr. Abdul Muhari, KKP

Coastal Vegetation: Protection Against Tsunami

•A result of post-tsunami survey in Anyer coast conducted by Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries shows an idea on how a ~200 m width coastal vegetation can significantly protects houses behind by reducing up to 80% of tsunami energy. This of course not generally accepted, but can be applied for < 5m tsunami (Muhari et al, 2018)

Outreach Education Related to The Tsunami Warning in Palu

2015

2016

2019

Participant:• LDMO Province and Palu City• Media • TVRI• Community (Talise, Silae, Lere, Watusampu)

• Tadulako University• School ( SD 1 Silae, SMKN 7)

Outreach Education Related to The Tsunami Warning in Banten (Sunda

Strait)

2015

2016 2018

2013

TECHNICAL INNOVATION & MODERNIZATION

STRATEGIC INNOVATION & MODERNIZATION

TARGET 2020-2024(InaTEWS)

InaTEWS

PRESENTEarthquake Info and Tsunami Early Warning: 5 mins

FutureSuper High Speed of computation EEWS 15 seconds, TEWS < 2 minsUser friendly, Useable and Used System of Early Warning and DRR

JMA

5 yrs

BMKG

BMKG

EQ Early Warning System

Improvement of Seismic sensor network

Exsisting

Exsisting + planning

568 broadband seismometer in 2020

Improvement of tide gauge network142 tide gauge station from BIG

5 tsunami gauge from BMKG

Modernization and Innovation of Technology in Early Warning System

OCEAN BOTTOM UNIT FOR TSUNAMI DETECTION supported by Smart Cable

INNOVATION: INATEWS 4.0 & NEW SOP

InaTEWS 4.0 (NEW DSS)…2018-nowAlmost 18.000 Tsunami ScenariosTsunami scenario cover all over Indonesia regionTsunAWI and Easywave are used as tsunami modeling basesPossible to update modelling with Realisticsource mechanismEasy to develop and upgrade with new features

NEW S.O.P.InaTEWS4.0 August 30th, 2018

Launched by Vice President RI

TIDE GAUGE

BUOY TSUNAMI – MERAH PUTIH

AWS – WATER LEVEL

IDSL – WATER LEVEL

CCTV POS PANTAU (GAK)

LIVE SEISMOGRAMG. ANAK KRAKATAU

HF OCEANIC RADAR (BMKG)

CCTVPANTAI MARINA

JAMBU(IDSL)

INNOVATION: Ina-TNT Early Warning System based on detection technology

DEVELOPMENT OF TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING FOR NON-TECTONIC TSUNAMI (INA-TNT) BASED ON SEA LEVEL ANOMALY DETECTION TECHNOLOGY IN SUNDA STRAIT

Copyright©2019 Kedeputian Geofisika BMKG . All rights reserved

BMKG

INNOVATION: INDONESIA SEISMIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (INASEIS)

Application System for seismic/earthquake detection, analyzing and disseminating

( JISVIEW )

INNOVATION: Mobile Application WRS BMKG 4.0

Development of dissemination system, WRS 4.0, where the tsunami early warning will be received by the smartphone user with maps and more informative texts, fast and massive. It can be downloaded from Google Play and App Store

( for ASEAN)(for National) (for Indian Ocean)

SOCIAL INNOVATIONSTRATEGIC INNOVATION & MODERNIZATION

Reducing awareness and preparedness

Sakya, 2017

Increasing Phenome and adaptation Process

Public Education On Tsunami Early Warning

• To examine the understanding of earthquake information and tsunami warning

• To examine the information and warning chain

• To examine the evacuation plan

Earthquake Field School (EFS)

• The EFS is a tsunami workshop and exercise to provide education for LDMO and community to understand the earthquake info and tsunami warning

• Intended to be a TOT Programme• Participants: Local DMO,

Communities, School, Police, Media

• The EFS had been conducted in 66 locations including Palu and Banten (Sunda Strait), in 2015, 2016, and 2017.

Goal

Public Education On Tsunami Warning And Self Evacuation

The Locations of Public Education Activities

Developing Tsunami Warning Chain Table Top Exercise to

Examine the SOPTsunami Drill

Strengthening IntercoordinationAmong Ministry And Institution

Ministry of home affairs - National Agency for Disaster Management- BMKG

AIMS TO :Provide assessment as wellas coaching in buildingdisaster preparedness tosectors such as tourism,hospitality business andother service sectors

A Synergy of Government and Private Sector On Tsunami Risk ReductionAspects that are valued incertifications include:Structural MitigationGeneral Knowledge of DisastersMitigasi Non struktural (Kebijakan,Pelatihan dan Asuransi)Preparedness and response capacity(Early Warning BMKG, Training, Trainedstaff)safety

2013 – 2017, 45 Hotels In Bali Have Received Disaster Preparedness Certificates

A Best Practice of a synergy among LDMO, BMKG, and Private Sector on conducting Hotel Certification

Conclusions: 1. “Strategic Social Innovation is a must”:

a. Sustaining the local wisdom as a fundamental capacity of Indonesian community on Disaster Risk Reduction

b. Integration of Local Wisdom and Technology Innovationc. Sustaining the public education and empowerment of the local

community and government.d. Media engagement and mitigation for negative perception (HOAX

prevention and mitigation)e. Policy, Governance and Legal Aspects (New Presidential Decree for

Ina TEWSf. PENTA-HELIX Sinergy (Academia, Business, Community, Government

and Media) 2. Single Significant Hazard might trigger a multi hazard.3. A rare event of tsunami induced by volcanic activities and

submarine landslides should be properly addressed.

Thank you

www.bmkg.go.id

@infoBMKG

Jl. Angkasa 1 No.2 Kemayoran Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia

TSUNAMI POTENTIAL EVENTS

2017-2019: InaTEWS has issued 25 events, and no tsunami 10 events

Events with tsunami

Events without tsunami

Dec 22, ’18Sunda Strait Tsunami*Without tectonic event