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The Impossible Task:Changing Growers Behavior
The Impossible Task:Changing Growers Behavior
Rich ZollingerNorth Dakota State University
Rich ZollingerNorth Dakota State University
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/
Estimated Agricultural Use for Glyphosate, 2014
U.S. ranking of ND soybean production?
~? million acres = ?
Estimated Agricultural Use for Glyphosate, 2014
U.S. ranking of ND soybean production?
>7 million acres = 4th
Gly-R common ragweedGly-R giant ragweedGly-R waterhemp
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler and Mike Christoffers
2006
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
GR common ragweedGR giant ragweedGR waterhemp
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler and Mike Christoffers
2007
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
GR common ragweedGR giant ragweedGR waterhemp
GR ragweed
GR ragweed &GR waterhemp
GR ragweed
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspected
GR waterhemp
Provided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler and Mike Christoffers
2008
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
ND crop acres that received a soil-applied herbicide?
Canola 0%Flax 3%Wheat 3%Soybean ?%Corn ?%Sugarbeet 13%Lentil 13%Field pea 16%Dry beans 37%Sunflower 66%
2008 ND Pesticide Use Survey
ND crop acres that received a soil-applied herbicide?
Canola 0%Flax 3%Wheat 3%Soybean 4%Corn 8%Sugarbeet 13%Lentil 13%Field pea 16%Dry beans 37%Sunflower 66%
2008 ND Pesticide Use Survey
Nope – it aint broke
Need a PRE?
GR common ragweedGR giant ragweedGR waterhemp
GR ragweed
GR ragweed
GR ragweed
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspected
GR waterhempGR ragweed
Provided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler and Mike Christoffers
2009
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
GR common ragweedGR giant ragweedGR waterhemp
GR ragweed
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler and Mike Christoffers
GR waterhemp
2010
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
GR horseweedGR common ragweedGR giant ragweedGR waterhempGR kochia
GR ragweed
GR ragweed
GR ragweed
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspected
GR waterhemp
Provided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler and Mike Christoffers
GR waterhemp
GR ragweed
GR ragweed & waterhemp
2011
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
Gly-R horseweed / marestailGly-R kochiaGly-R common ragweedGly-R giant ragweedGly-R waterhemp
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler, Jeff Gunsolus, Mike Christoffers, and Kirk Howatt
2012
GR ragweed & waterhemp
GR kochiaGR = 47% of 66 kochia samples
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MN
What % of ND acres receives a soil-applied herbicide?
Corn Soybean----- (ND acreage) -----
2008 8% 4%2012 ?% ?%
2008/2012 ND Pesticide Use Surveys
What % of ND acres receives a soil-applied herbicide?
Corn Soybean----- (ND acreage) -----
2008 8% 4%2012 11% 4%
2008/2012 ND Pesticide Use Survey
GR horseweed / marestailGR kochiaGR common ragweedGR giant ragweedGR waterhempGR wild oat
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler, Jeff Gunsolus, Mike Christoffers, and Kirk Howatt
2013
GR ragweed & waterhempGR kochia
Glyphosate-resistant weeds in ND and MNGR wild oat
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior and weed management
Survey company: Stratus Ag ResearchFunded: U.S. Chemical Industry
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: 42%
know herbicide MOA groups: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: 42%
know herbicide MOA groups: 17%
claim to rotate H MOA groups: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: 42%
know herbicide MOA groups: 17%
claim to rotate H MOA groups: 46%
intend to rotate H MOA group: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: 42%
know herbicide MOA groups: 17%
claim to rotate H MOA groups: 46%
intend to rotate H MOA group: 53%
do not have a H MOA rotation plan: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: 42%
know herbicide MOA groups: 17%
claim to rotate H MOA groups: 46%
intend to rotate H MOA group: 53%
do not have a H MOA rotation plan: 30%
use retailer/crop advisor to planweed mgmt program to delay WR: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:recognize a H MOA group system: 42%
know herbicide MOA groups: 17%
claim to rotate H MOA groups: 46%
intend to rotate H MOA group: 53%
do not have a H MOA rotation plan: 30%
use retailer/crop advisor to planweed mgmt program to delay WR: 21%
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:
claim H MOA groups are too difficultto understand: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:
claim H MOA groups are too difficultto understand: 17%
plant RR crops in succession: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:
claim H MOA groups are too difficultto understand: 17%
plant RR crops in succession: 70%
choose H based on weed spectrum: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:
claim H MOA groups are too difficultto understand: 17%
plant RR crops in succession: 70%
choose H based on weed spectrum: 40%those that do NOT = 60%
think that new H will solve WR problem: %
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:
claim H MOA groups are too difficultto understand: 17%
plant RR crops in succession: 70%
choose H based on weed spectrum: 40%those that do NOT = 60%
think new H will solve WR problems: 45%
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
% growers that:
will not change H group rotation untilthey get WR: 51%
will respray to kill weed escapes: 40%
will hand-weed and clean equipmentto prevent spread of RW: 14%
U.S. Grower survey: Human behavior – Resistant weeds
Information for Weed Management/Weed Resistance:
Source Sourcefor WM Credibility for WR
Retailer: 62% 67% 92%Consultant: 36% 60% 71%Label/Manufacturers: 41% 15% -Univ/Ext/Gov: 20% 20% (30% = worst)State weed guides: 10% - -Farm publications: - - 74%Other farmers: 10% - -Internet: 15% 15% -
ND Weed Control GuidePage 107 – Strategies to delay HR Weeds1. “Don’t forget the PRE”2. Apply effective POST herbicides in tank-mix or in sequential applications.3. Use high herbicide rates and effective adjuvants. 4. Spray small annual weeds.5. “Zero Tolerance/Kill the One”6. Control weeds in field perimeters and non-crop area7. Rotate herbicides with different mechanisms of action in consecutive years.8. Rotate crops
2nd summit planned for 2014.- Survey for Ext. Weed Specialists (32)- 4 questions…..
4 questions for next summit:1. What “issues” if weed resistance increases?2. Why don’t growers manage resistant weeds?3. How can resistant weeds be stopped?4. How do you change grower’s behavior?
4 questions for next summit:1. What “issues” if weed resistance increases?2. Why don’t growers manage resistant weeds?3. How can resistant weeds be stopped?4. How do you change grower’s behavior?- Regulate - Link into incentives- Bundle herbicides with seed - All herbicides RUP - Involve financial institutions - Noxious weeds- Certification program for consultants, farm managers
Kochia CAN become the waterhemp of the mid-west
Gly-R kochia
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler, Jeff Gunsolus, Mike Christoffers, and Kirk Howatt
Glyphosate-resistant kochia
2011GR kochia
Gly-R kochia
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler, Jeff Gunsolus, Mike Christoffers, and Kirk Howatt
Glyphosate-resistant kochia
2013GR kochia
Group 2 ALS Express, Harmony, Raptor3 DNA Prowl, Sonalan, Treflan4 Growth Reg. 2,4‐D, Banvel, Starane5 Triazine Atrazine, Sencor6 Contact Basagran, Buctril9 EPSP Roundup/glyphosate10 N inhib. Liberty14 PPO inhib. Spartan, Sharpen, Flexstar15 Acetamides Harness/Surpass, Zidua22 Contact Paraquat, Diquat27 HPPD Callisto, Impact, Laudis31 Ferrous oxide
Kochia control in soy/drybean
Whats left?‐ Basagran + MSO adjuvant ‐ <2 inch‐Metribuzin – <7.5 soil pH‐ Liberty – LL crops‐ PPO inhibitors = PRE – Spartan, Sharpen
POST – Reflex, Flexstar‐ Ferrous oxide = Cold Hard Steel!
Kochia Control in soy/drybean
Bury the seed
Handweeding
Build a fence on SD/ND border
Build a fence around field
Black symbols: confirmed resistant cases; Blue: highly suspectedProvided by: Drs. Jeff Stachler, Jeff Gunsolus, Mike Christoffers, and Kirk Howatt
Uncontrolled wild oat by glyphosate
2014
Weed of the Year – 2008-2014
2009 = Dandelion
2010 = Lambsquarters
2011 = Common ragweed
2012 = Waterhemp
2013 = Foxtail barley
2014 = ?
Weed of the Year – 2014
2014 =
Weed of the Year – 2014 and 2015
2014/15 =
Waterhemp = “Evil”
“Satan”Dr Aaron HagarU of Illinois
Distribution of Palmer amaranth – 2009
Palmer amaranth
A few satanic traits:1. Resistant to Group 2, 5, 9, and 27.2. Fast growth = 2 inches/DAY!3. Emerge May through August4. Thrive in any open canopy5. 1 to 1.5 million seed/plant6. Female = >10 ft tall and baseball bat stems7. Pulled plants can re-root.8. Yield loss: Soybean = 78%, Corn = 91%9. 2% seed viable after 6 years10. Spread to every U.S state except MN, ND
Dr Bill Johnson -Weed ScientistPurdue University
6 ft 6 in.
Photo credit: Travis Legleiter/ Bill JohnsonPurdue University
Labor – hand-weed2010 – 110 hrs2011 – 5 hrs2012 – 2 hrs
ZERO TOLERANCE
Proactive approach-Early detection/Rapid response
Early Detection– Various state, area, and county staff - Focus on farmer education and awareness– PPTs, handouts, hands on exercises, etc
- Weed ID information - Pictures and biology of weeds- Hands on exercise with live plants- Mode-of-Action teaching materials - Develop BMP (Best Mngt Practices)- How to scout for resistant weeds
Proactive approach-Early detection/Rapid response
Rapid Response/- Various state, area, and county staff
including ND Dept. of Ag1. What to do if you suspect weed resistance?
- Action plan for Palmer amaranth - State education plan- Work with key stakeholders:
i. Commodity groupsii. Dept. of Agiii. Crop consultants and seed dealersiv. Ag Lenders
New Herbicides for 2015: ????
New Herbicide for 2015