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Ching-lung Tsay, Ph.D. Professor Institute of Asian Studies Tamkang UniversityTaipei, Taiwan

The Importance of Safe Migration for Taiwan as a Recipient Country

CAPAS, Academia Sinica, TaipeiSaturday, 25 Step. 2010

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I. IntroductionII. Process and Outcomes of Migration: Conceptual Issues III. Southeast Asian Workers in Taiwan and Characteristics of Indonesian Workers IV. Risk and Problems of Working in Taiwan V. Concluding Remarks

Outline

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Migrant Workers (esp: Indonesians) Disadvantageous (vs. employer,

agents, and the authorities) Support from NGOs +Governments Concern from Indonesian students

and Professionals

I. Introduction

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II. Conceptual FrameworkProcess and Outcomes of Migration

destinationorigin

Departure

Stayers

ObservationArrival

Migrants

Migrants

(Selectivity)

Migrants

Nativesadjustmentuprooting

effect of migration

Stayers

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II. Conceptual Framework FRAMEWORK FOR IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE

Conditions, Status, and Experience in Home Country

Reasons for Leaving Home Country —Push & Pull

Transition to Country of Immigration —Emigration & Immigration

Response to Immigration Process —Immigrant’s Resources & Readiness for Acceptance

Adjustment to Receiving Country’s Lifestyle & Culture

Implications for Human Services

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1. 2 dimensional changes (location and time)

2.Migrant Selectivity and Migrant Adjustment

3.Expected Migration Gains E(Gains)=P(Yd –Yo) –Cost 1-P=risk

4.Realization of Expected Gains

II. Conceptual Framework

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5.Effect of Migration (Economically better off)

6.Discrimination in the labors market in receiving country (=natives)

7.Contract workers (No risk of being unemployed Only risk in ﹔maladjustment unsafe migration)

II. Conceptual Framework

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1.1992 Employment Service Act (1989)

2. 1994 150,000 2008 365,000 2000 326,500 2009 351,000 2005 327,400 2010/7 370,700

3.Indonesian (150, 767) replaced Thailand as the lead –Vietnam and Philippines (800,000 each), Thais:64,342

4.Indonesia: rapid increase in % female (highest since -2000)

5.Construction → Manufactacturing → Care Services (Population Ageing)

IIIA. Growth and Changes in Structure

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Number of Contract Workers in Taiwan by Nationality,1994-2010

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jul-10

Indonesian Philippines Thailand Vietnam

IIIA. Growth and Changes in Structure

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Percent Female of Contract Workers in Taiwan by Nationality,1998-2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jul-10

Indonesian Philippines Thailand Vietnam

IIIA. Growth and Changes in Structure

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Number and Percent Female of Indonesian Workers in Taiwan ,1994-2010

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jul-100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Number(Left Scale) %Female(Right Scale)

IIIA. Growth and Changes in Structure

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1.Indonesia very diff. from others. ● care services (close to 90%), Manuf.

(<10%) ● Thai, Phili, Vietnam (Manuf.> Services) esp. Thais+ Philippines ● Changes in % working in care services

= changes in % female workers2.Sector of care Services providers is the

least protected sector.3.Indonesian workers are overall most

vulnerable (?)

IIIB. Industrial Structure

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IIIB. Industrial Structure Industrial Structure of Foreign Workers by

NationalityPhilippines

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

1995年

1996年

1997年

1998年

1999年

2000年

2001年

2002年

2003年 200

4200

5年 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010年

Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Services

Indonesian

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%

100.00%

1995年

1996年

1997年

1998年

1999年

2000年

2001年

2002年

2003年 200

4200

5年 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010年

Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Services

Thailand

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%

100.00%

1995年

1996年

1997年

1998年

1999年

2000年

2001年

2002年

2003年 200

4200

5年 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010年

Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Services

Vietnam

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

1995年 199

6199

7199

8199

9200

0200

1200

2200

3200

4200

5年 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010年

Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Services

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Indonesian

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%

100.00%

1995年

1996年

1997年

1998年

1999年

2000年

2001年

2002年

2003年 200

4200

5年 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010年

Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Services

IIIB. Industrial Structure Industrial Structure of

Indonesian Workers

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Indonesian Workers and their Carees

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1.Number of Crime (Cases and Persons) and Number (Ratio) of occupational Injuries did not increase significantly (ratio of injuries: 7.8%→5.8% →6.7%) H.H.Service workers not covered by Labor Insurance

2.Crime rate of Indonesian workers is lowest among 4 countries.

3.Indonesians (along with Vietnamese) have high rates of missing contract workers due to high % working in H.H. care service sector.

4.Place of stay is place of work. The HH sector is not regulated by the Labor Stranded Law.

IV(A). Risk and Problems

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IV(A). Risk and Problems Numbers of Cases and Number of

Foreign Workers Committed Crimes by Classification

Year Total Larceny Violent Others

Case Person Case Person Case Person Case Person

1995 169 241 112 151 37 67 20 23

2000 126 147 84 100 31 36 11 11

2005 192 242 120 139 16 26 56 77

2009 279 311 123 117 12 27 144 167

2010(1~7) 170 195 83 88 7 9 80 98

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IV(A). Risk and Problems Occupational Injuries of the Foreign

Workers under Labor InsuranceYear Total Injury,

IllnessDisability Death

1998 1415 7.795 953 418 44

2000 1515 6.918 1090 381 44

2005 1249 5.785 980 250 19

2009 1399 6.671 1142 246 11

2010(1~6) 611 2.808 484 114 13

Ratio (‰ )

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IV(A). Risk and Problems Number and Rate of Foreign Workers

Committed Crimes by Nationality

Nationality

Year

Indonesia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Person 1/100,000 Person 1/100,000 Person 1/100,000 Person 1/100,000

1995 12 221 46 84 180 142 -

2000 21 27 39 40 85 60 2 26

2005 13 26 31 32 127 129 71 84

2009 52 37 22 31 113 184 121 155

2010(1~7) 26 19 58 91

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IV(A). Risk and Problems

Number and Rate of Missing Contract Workers by Nationality, 1994-2010

YearTotal Indonesian Philippines Thailand Vietnam

No % No % No % No % No %

1994 5922 3.9 136 2.26 1865 4.85 3787 3.6 　 　1995 114242 4.56 232 4.27 3599 6.59 7495 5.91 　 　2000 4268 1.37 1680 2.93 1303 1.19 1234 0.88 35 0.72

2005 12938 4.16 1973 6.65 1543 1.65 2040 2.1 7363 8.71

2009 10743 3.1 4672 3.47 552 0.79 381 0.6 5138 6.6

2010 7944 2.19 3512 2.4 313 0.42 232 0.37 3886 4.96

Cumulation Numben of Uncaptured Persons

32927 　 13264 　 2858 　 1346 　 15454 　

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● Limited understanding of labor contract

(conditions and rights)● Long working (and/or waiting) hours

(waiting to be called to work is “working” or “resting”)● Need to do Household work, to share

bed room with caree (necessary for the job?)

IV(B). Risk and Problems

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Working and Living Conditions of Indonesian and Vietnamese

Caretakers in Taiwan

Item Total Nationality

Indonesia Vietnam

0.Number of cases 30 14 16

1.Labor Contract

a. Understood 1 1 0

b. Rough idea 18 8 10

2.Working hours per day

On call whole day 26 11 15

3.Work other than caring

a. Need to do (some) housework 19 9 10

b. Sharing a bed room with caree 24 10 14

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Working and Living Conditions of Indonesia and Vietnamese

Caretakers in Taiwan Unit : person

Item Total Nationality

Indonesia Vietnam

4. Days off

a. Regularly 5 3 2

b. Irregularly (upon request, but not always granted)

25 11 14

5. Over time work on days off

a. 2 days per month 25 12 13

b. Paid for NT550 per day 23 11 12

c. Willing to work overtime 28 13 15

d. Emotionally affected if always working overtime

22 10 12

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Working and Living Conditions of Indonesia and Vietnamese

Caretakers in Taiwan

Unit : person Item Total Nationality

Indonesia Vietnam

6. Change of employer

a. Had the thought soon after starting to work

2 1 1

b. Agent is useful in negotiating with employer

15 9 6

c. Thought about running away after agent failed to help negotiate with employer

11 7 4

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1.Safe Migration for .workers – salute expected migrant gains .Employers – get job done (at the lowest possible

cost →could cause “problems”)2.Recipient Country Get projects done (and profits) ”Problems” → loss of training cost ”Problems” → social cost ”Problems” → international reputations3.Economically better off (vs. assimilation)4.Absolutely Safe vs. Relatively Safe

V. Concluding Remarks

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Contract Workers Agr. And Fishing-------------------Labor Manufacturing---------------------- S. D. Construction------------------------ Law Service Caretakers Institutions---- Households H.H. Maids

V. Concluding Remarks