The importance of Lubricants for Proper Maintenance ......AftonChemical.com 2020 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved. Not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any

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2020 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved. Not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation.

The importance of Lubricants for Proper Maintenance, Emissions Reduction, and Improved Engine Efficiency

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Afton Chemical CorporationA Subsidiary of NewMarket Corporation (NEU)

A Global Leader in Fuel & Lubricant Additives Commitment to Innovation

Award Winning Safety& Environmental Record

Sauget

Houston

Feluy

Singapore

Commitment to EHS

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Higher performance lubricants reduce engine emissions, fuel consumption and maintenance

Using the correct fuels and lubricants reduces emissions, improves fuel economy, extends equipment life, improves operator satisfaction and lowers the total cost of vehicle and equipment operation

The correct engine oil helps reduce fuel consumption and emissions Protects after-treatment systems that help reduce emissions

• Particulate filters, three-way catalysts, lean NOx traps, etc.• Reduce multiple legislated emissions e.g. hydrocarbons, NOx, particulates

Reduce fuel costs and CO2 emissions

New generation of lubricants are entering the market to help meet new emissions standards Even greater fuel savings and CO2 reduction without compromising engine performance and durability

Using the wrong oil compromises engine hardware, after-treatment devices and

associated tailpipe emissions

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It is a Fluid - System ApproachMany Impacts on Engine Emission Control & DurabilityFuel efficiency, emission standards and real-world performance Drive the legislation and engine/vehicle technology Shape fuel & lubricant requirements

Engine emissions targets require hardware advances Engine hardware, e.g. fuel injection systems, exhaust gas recirculation, turbochargers After-treatment devices, e.g. three-way catalysts, particulate filters

The correct Lubricants and Fuels enable these hardware changes e.g. reduced chemical box for particulate filter compatibility, “reduced SAPS” Lower viscosity oils for CO2 reduction e.g. 10W-30, 5W-30, 5W-20 Using the wrong oil can damage the hardware or lead to sub-optimal operation and/or

higher emissions

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# 1 Driver is Emission Regulations

Traditional Regulations(Engine Only)

New Regulations(Engine + Vehicle)transition

GHG I & GHG II

2010-20131990-2010 2013-2027

>98% NOx & Particulate Reduction!7 API HDEO Categories API CK-4/FA-4

Source: Fleetowner Webinar

Confidential and Proprietary - not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation. 2017 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved

Example – US EPA HDD emission standards drives API HDD Lube Specs

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API Commercial Vehicle Motor Oil Specifications Evolution

Model YearPre-1972

API CA, CB, CC, CD

1985

API CE

1990

API CF-4 introduced

1994

API CG-4 introduced

1998

API CH-4 introduced

2002

API CI-4 introduced

2004

API CI-4+ introduced

API CJ-4 Introduced

2006 2016

API CK-4 and FA-4 introduced

Understanding the historical changes• Lower fuel sulfur – enables after-

treatment device compatibility• Reduced ash content – protects

particulate filters• Lower viscosity - delivers

enhanced fuel economy and lower CO2 emissions

• Focus on emissions and FE

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Higher Performance Oils Provide More Protection

API CK-4 & FA-4 are Better Oils! API CK-4 is fully backward compatible

API CK-4/FA-4 vs. API CJ-4

Farther o

ut is bette

r

For a give

n aspect

of oil p

erform

ance

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Challenging African Conditions

These are all prevalent in Africa

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Lower quality oils leads to issues…9

Sludge forming

in the cylinder

head…

Lower Quality Oil Higher Quality Oil

Cylinder Head

Deposits & Varnish on the pistons…

PistonsLower Quality Oil Higher Quality Oil

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Lower quality oils leads to issues…10

Varnish on engine surfaces…

Wear & Polish on

the Cylinder

bores…

Oil Pan/Cover

Cylinders

Lower Quality Oil

Lower Quality Oil

Higher Quality Oil

Higher Quality Oil

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Example - Direct Injection Gasoline: Presents Opportunities and Challenges

Fluid-System Interactions

Using the correct oil is critical in Direct Injection Gasoline engines Protects against inlet valve deposits Prevents catastrophic engine failure caused by Low Speed Pre-ignition (LSPI) Maintains durability of exhaust gas particulate filter Enables overall system efficiency

Using the wrong oil compromises the system

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Historical Warranty Claim Rates Help Us Anticipate the Challenges

ARB (2015). "Evaluation of PM Filter in On-road HDD Vehicle Applications."

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Heavy-Heavy Duty (HHD>33,000lbs GWVR) Unscreened Warranty Claims Rates

Injectors Engine/ECM/Other EGR DOC DPF SCR

common rail fuel injection (1800-2000bar), 2.5 g NOx+HC/bhp-hr

2007 Emission Stadards

DPF 0.01gPM/bhp-hr

SCR0.02g NOx/bhp-hr

ARB Staff Findings: Particulate filters are effective in removing more than 98% of toxic diesel particulate emissions Particulate filters are operating properly, and most trucking fleets are not having problems with their

engines or particulate filters; and Some fleets are experiencing problems with their particulate filters, but engine durability issues and

inadequate maintenance practices are the primary reasons for these problems

Using the wrong oil compromises the system

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Lubricant TrendsExpect Continued Rigorous Performance Requirements

https://mag1.com/news/driving-down-viscosity/

Lubricant specifications will continue to evolve to protect the system

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Summary and Conclusions

Higher quality lubricants facilitate longer ODI (Oil drain interval) and enhances vehicle lifetime and retained value

Modern oils protect advanced engines, enable aftertreatment devices, reduce emissions and improve fuel economy

Using the correct oil also saves money Impacts durability, maintenance & associated costs Increases vehicle life and re-sale value

Performance requirements continue to increase Many modern oils are backward compatible and offer significant

improvements even for older vehicles in Africa

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The importance of Lubricants for Proper Maintenance ......AftonChemical.com 2020 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved. Not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any