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The Impact of Mega Sport
Events
The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa
and developmental goals
Cape Town, 5 -7 March 2008
The Impact of Mega Sport
Events
The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa
and developmental goals
Cape Town, 5 -7 March 2008Dr Jim Parry
Department of PhilosophyUniversity of Leeds, UK
Dr Jim ParryDepartment of Philosophy
University of Leeds, UK
Football EthicsFootball Ethics
the work of the Football Association Ethics Strategy
Group,and some suggestions for FIFA
Dr Jim ParryDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of Leeds, UK
the work of the Football Association Ethics Strategy
Group,and some suggestions for FIFA
Dr Jim ParryDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of Leeds, UK
Values in footballValues in football
Introduction Values of sport Values of football Values in football
Introduction Values of sport Values of football Values in football
Government policy‘The Power of Sport’ Government policy
‘The Power of Sport’ • A growing recognition that sport can
play its part in improving the social, economic and environmental well being of individuals and communities
• A strong commitment to seek equality of access for all people to become involved in sport as participants, coaches, officials and administrators
• A growing recognition that sport can play its part in improving the social, economic and environmental well being of individuals and communities
• A strong commitment to seek equality of access for all people to become involved in sport as participants, coaches, officials and administrators
IntroductionIntroduction
Sense of community Sense of belonging Sense of identity Sense of commitment
How do we respond to these feelings?How do we mobilise these attachments?
Sense of community Sense of belonging Sense of identity Sense of commitment
How do we respond to these feelings?How do we mobilise these attachments?
The F.A. Child Protection strategy
The F.A. Child Protection strategy
A ‘young person’ is under 18 4 million players aged 10 -17 Some may be in an adult
environment
Football “contributes significantly to the lives
of these young people”.
A ‘young person’ is under 18 4 million players aged 10 -17 Some may be in an adult
environment
Football “contributes significantly to the lives
of these young people”.
Launched in May 2000
Aims Protection from abuse Critical examination of the ‘culture’ of football Provide an enjoyable and safe environment Promote ethics and high standards in football Committed to dissemination of good practice
Launched in May 2000
Aims Protection from abuse Critical examination of the ‘culture’ of football Provide an enjoyable and safe environment Promote ethics and high standards in football Committed to dissemination of good practice
The F.A. Child Protection strategy
The F.A. Child Protection strategy
Acknowledges ‘Duty of care’ for all participants Disability issues hitherto not addressed ‘Welfare policy’ required
Essentially about education and ethics• Training and staff development on the
ethical basis of all sport, with special reference to football
Acknowledges ‘Duty of care’ for all participants Disability issues hitherto not addressed ‘Welfare policy’ required
Essentially about education and ethics• Training and staff development on the
ethical basis of all sport, with special reference to football
The F.A. Child Protection strategy
The F.A. Child Protection strategy
Concept of SportConcept of Sport
• physical (requires effort/training)• contest (‘contract to contest’)• obligation to abide by the rules• institutionalised (‘lawful authority’)• that the activity was freely chosen• that due respect is owed to
opponents as co-facilitators
• physical (requires effort/training)• contest (‘contract to contest’)• obligation to abide by the rules• institutionalised (‘lawful authority’)• that the activity was freely chosen• that due respect is owed to
opponents as co-facilitators
Values of sportValues of sport
What football shares with other sports What are the features of sport? Why is sport a good thing?
What football shares with other team sports Competition Contest Combat Controlled aggression
What football shares with other sports What are the features of sport? Why is sport a good thing?
What football shares with other team sports Competition Contest Combat Controlled aggression
What is sport? What is sport? Competitive sport is underpinned by basic ethical principles and virtues
Courage Equality Fairness Freedom Honesty Respect for other participants as persons
Non-moral virtues are also involved in the pursuit of excellence Commitment Dedication Discipline
Competitive sport is underpinned by basic ethical principles and virtues Courage Equality Fairness Freedom Honesty Respect for other participants as persons
Non-moral virtues are also involved in the pursuit of excellence Commitment Dedication Discipline
Values of sportValues of sport
Sports provide opportunities for Skilled action Powers of anticipation Tactical imagination Speed Strength Stamina Emotional intensity Competitiveness
Sports provide opportunities for Skilled action Powers of anticipation Tactical imagination Speed Strength Stamina Emotional intensity Competitiveness
Values of sportValues of sportEthics and sport
Responsibility to protect the game - ‘activity maintenance’
Respect for the game, whilst playing Contract to contest Rule adherence Ethos - the ‘spirit of the game’ Fairness - Equality - Justice Fair play as moral and logical requirement Sportsmanship
Ethics and sport
Responsibility to protect the game - ‘activity maintenance’
Respect for the game, whilst playing Contract to contest Rule adherence Ethos - the ‘spirit of the game’ Fairness - Equality - Justice Fair play as moral and logical requirement Sportsmanship
FIFA’s position on the ethics of Football - a “Code of
Conduct”
FIFA’s position on the ethics of Football - a “Code of
Conduct”FIFA prescribes the following ten golden rules: • Play to win• Play fair• Observe the laws of the game• Respect opponents, teammates, referees, officials,
supporters• Accept defeat with dignity• Promote the interests of Football• Reject corruption, drugs, racism, violence and other
dangers• Help others to resist corrupting pressures • Denounce those who attempt to discredit our sport• Honour those who defend Football’s good reputation
FIFA prescribes the following ten golden rules: • Play to win• Play fair• Observe the laws of the game• Respect opponents, teammates, referees, officials,
supporters• Accept defeat with dignity• Promote the interests of Football• Reject corruption, drugs, racism, violence and other
dangers• Help others to resist corrupting pressures • Denounce those who attempt to discredit our sport• Honour those who defend Football’s good reputation
CritiqueCritique
While these “commandments” imply some consideration of the nature and value of Football generally, they fail to address:– how they are generally to be interpreted in
practice – how they are to be implemented by the
different constituents of the world game;– what happens if people break them– any strategic considerations as to how the
game itself can be played, taught, coached, administered, refereed or promoted in keeping with the best traditions of the sport.
While these “commandments” imply some consideration of the nature and value of Football generally, they fail to address:– how they are generally to be interpreted in
practice – how they are to be implemented by the
different constituents of the world game;– what happens if people break them– any strategic considerations as to how the
game itself can be played, taught, coached, administered, refereed or promoted in keeping with the best traditions of the sport.
What’s missing?What’s missing?
The final, crucial, point is that the FIFA code fails to make clear what Football is and why it is so important as “the” world game.
The final, crucial, point is that the FIFA code fails to make clear what Football is and why it is so important as “the” world game.
• Cheap - boots and ball, no special facilities/equip
• Simple rules• Non-stop - minimal direction, player
autonomy• Equality/equity of performer - e.g. relation of
height and size to success - not sizeist• Freedom - lack of constraint in position,
attacking options
• Cheap - boots and ball, no special facilities/equip
• Simple rules• Non-stop - minimal direction, player
autonomy• Equality/equity of performer - e.g. relation of
height and size to success - not sizeist• Freedom - lack of constraint in position,
attacking options
What is football?- the nature of the game
What is football?- the nature of the game
What is football?- the values of the game
What is football?- the values of the game
• Natural (like running, jumping, throwing)• Skilful (not just power/speed/athletic performance)• Democratic (cheap to play, simple qualities)• Multicultural (the world game)• Player Autonomy (continuous play, minimum
interference)• Ethos of ‘ungentlemanly conduct’
• Natural (like running, jumping, throwing)• Skilful (not just power/speed/athletic performance)• Democratic (cheap to play, simple qualities)• Multicultural (the world game)• Player Autonomy (continuous play, minimum
interference)• Ethos of ‘ungentlemanly conduct’
Values of football – FIFA 1994
Values of football – FIFA 1994
Examples from FIFA of dramatic rule changes in 1994 and their effects on the World Cup
• + Skill - tackle from behind• + Attack/adventure - new interpretation of
offside• - Evasion - pass-back to keeper• + Honesty - 'stretcher' rule, against injury-
faking
Examples from FIFA of dramatic rule changes in 1994 and their effects on the World Cup
• + Skill - tackle from behind• + Attack/adventure - new interpretation of
offside• - Evasion - pass-back to keeper• + Honesty - 'stretcher' rule, against injury-
faking
Values of football – FIFA 2010?
Values of football – FIFA 2010?
1. Exploiting the substitute rule 2. Taking the ball to the corner-flag 3. Obstructing the opponent 4. Holding at corners5. Failure to respect the
rules/refereea. Boxing b. Olympic Oathc. Restarts (throw-ins)
1. Exploiting the substitute rule 2. Taking the ball to the corner-flag 3. Obstructing the opponent 4. Holding at corners5. Failure to respect the
rules/refereea. Boxing b. Olympic Oathc. Restarts (throw-ins)
Values in and around football
Values in and around football
Honouring the game Recognising, promoting and
protecting its internal values But it's also about the wider values
entailed - equity, inclusion, rights And making contact with social and
community issues Protecting and educating participants
Honouring the game Recognising, promoting and
protecting its internal values But it's also about the wider values
entailed - equity, inclusion, rights And making contact with social and
community issues Protecting and educating participants
Values in footballValues in football
At the local level Bringing something worthwhile and
vibrant into people’s lives Showing them how they can live
good lives together
At the local level Bringing something worthwhile and
vibrant into people’s lives Showing them how they can live
good lives together
“It’s only a game.” Well, yes and no.“It’s only a game.” Well, yes and no.
Values in FootballValues in Football
“It’s only a game.” Well, yes and no.“It’s only a game.” Well, yes and no.
A force for good in the world Proving that, despite our differences, we
are pretty much the same Contributing to mutual understanding
(and peace) Bringing people together under a system
of agreed rules
A force for good in the world Proving that, despite our differences, we
are pretty much the same Contributing to mutual understanding
(and peace) Bringing people together under a system
of agreed rules
At the global levelAt the global level
If only politics could achieve as much!
If only politics could achieve as much!
Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela “Sport has the power to change the world, the power to inspire, the power to unite people in a way that little else can. It speaks to people in a language they understand. Sport can create hope where there was once only despair. It breaks down racial barriers. It laughs in the face of all kinds of discrimination.....spreading hope to the world.”
“Sport has the power to change the world, the power to inspire, the power to unite people in a way that little else can. It speaks to people in a language they understand. Sport can create hope where there was once only despair. It breaks down racial barriers. It laughs in the face of all kinds of discrimination.....spreading hope to the world.”
