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And Arabicization, On Military Terminology Planning and
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ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!"# ($nline
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The Impact of Language Planning, Terminology Planning,
andArabicization, on Military Terminology Planning and
Translation
r.)ohammad *lsheha+,adara niersit/& 0nglish and ranslation
epartment
,ordan193!4/ahoo.com
Abstracthe *ra+ militar/ armies hae +een su55ered 5rom the lac6
o5 accurate *ra+ic euialents 5or the a+undant newmilitar/
terminolog/. his is crucial +ecause modern *ra+ armies hae +een
modeled in their structure& +ranches&weaponr/& and
ran6ing according to modern 8estern and 0astern *rmies.
onseuentl/& the/ need a newreial o5 older terms to meet the
5resh reuirements o5 a modern arm/ along with 8estern design. his
paperaims at inestigating the impact o5 :anguage Planning (:P&
terminolog/ planning& and *ra+ici;ation on the
polic/ o5 militar/ terminolog/ and translation. It proides
guidelines 5or the applications o5 language planningon militar/
terminolog/ at the national leel in ,ordan. his paper deals with
the 5ie t/pes o5 :P (puri5ication&reial& re5ormation&
standardi;ation& and moderni;ation as classi5ied +/ Nahir
(1977.
Keywords< :anguage Planning& *ra+ici;ation&
erminolog/ Planning& )ilitar/ erminolog/ ranslation
IntroductionRegarding the deelopment o5 science and
technolog/& there has +een an increasing demand 5or
understanding0nglish language in the deeloping countries.
here5ore& to 6eep a+reast with scienti5ic deelopments&
,ordan asa deeloping countr/ adopts 0nglish as a second language.
Recentl/& Nida (19"3 indicates that new 0nglishwords are used
to e=press new concepts& techniues& and inentions that come
into e=istence. hese words haedeeloped more rapidl/ during the last
decades that cannot +e captured +/ the dictionaries. He adds that
thisdeelopment has +rought to *ra+ic serious linguistic pro+lems.
hese pro+lems are represented +/ the eer-e=panding wae o5 newl/
5ound concepts and techniues 5or which no euialents in *ra+ic
e=ist. o 5ace ahuge +ul6 o5 0nglish scienti5ic terminolog/& the
processes o5 coinage& +orrowing& transliteration& and
othermeans o5 trans5er are made.
1 !ac"ground:P is characteri;ed +/ a ariet/ o5 isions across
decades +/ a ariet/ o5 scholars. Some scholars such as(Haugen
19"9> as ?upta 197#> and 8enistin 19!9 5ocus on :P as
language 5orms and standardi;ation issued
+/ language academies. $ther scholars li6e (Ru+in @ ,urnud
1971> Aaram 1973> and ,urnud @ as ?upta1971 descri+e :P as a
change in the language code s/stem. he/ 5ocus on pro+lem soling
through the
procedure o5 5ormulation and ealuation. Similarl/& Bishman
(1973 and 8enistin (19!' indicate that :P isoutlined as pro+lem
soling within the conte=t o5 the national language. $n the other
hand& auli (1973maintains that :P is needed to improe languages
and to create new ones at arious leels. Binall/& ooper(19!9
descri+es :P as a proposed e55ort to control +ehaior o5 others
without authori;ed agenciesIn sum& :P is a process dealing with
improing language and moderating new concepts and terminolog/ to
meetthe eraCs reuirement o5 science and technolog/. Its 5unction is
not onl/ in coining new terminolog/& +ut also inreiing archaic
terms and e=pressions to sae our culture and religion.Types of
LP
Nahir(1977 and 0astman (1991 iew that :P is a decision-ma6ing
that is geared towards puri5/ing& reiing&re5orming&
standardi;ing& or moderni;ing languages to enhance
communication within and +etween nations& andto encourage the
5eelings o5 unit/ and solidarit/. Bor more details& a light
ought to +e shed at the 5ollowing t/peso5 :P
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c. Language ReformationNahir (1977 indicates that languages need
to +e re5ormed and puri5ied. New policies should +e made +/decision
ma6ers to puri5/ a language o5 5oreign words that hae +een used and
acuired during the period o5 a5oreign power in a countr/.
d.Language StandardizationNahir (1977< 11G states&
D:anguage standardi;ation is de5ined as a process where+/ one
language or dialectspo6en in a region (usuall/ a single political
region +ecomes accepted as the maor language o5 the region
5orgeneral usage.Ee.Language Modernization
Nahir (1977< 117 points out Dplans to moderni;e a languageCs
le=icon generall/ deal with e55orts to updateoca+ular/ and special
terminologies.EArabicization Planning*ra+ici;ation means onl/
transliterating a term into *ra+ic. he er+ 5orm o5 this word is to
ara+ici;e whichmeans to trans5er into *ra+ic. i55erent linguists
hae de5ined *ra+ici;ation #ta'reeb$%&'(di55erentl/.
0achlinguist has de5ined it 5rom his point o5 iew& re5lecting
the linguistic situation within which he is em+edded.
Numan (19!1 iews the concepts o5 *ra+ici;ation as a mean o5
li+eration and moderni;ation to achiee the goalo5 national&
cultural& and political independence o5 the *ra+s. Sa/di (19!2
5ocuses on two ideas o5 *ra+ici;ation>
5irstl/& is adopted +/ the 0ast *ra+ countries& it
5ocuses on le=ical e=pansion. his inoles the rendering orcoining o5
new words either 5rom e=isting roots or through translation o5
5oreign terms. In addition& e=istingwords through +orrowings
5rom 5oreign languages are ta6en into consideration& 5ollowed
+/ reiing andreitali;ing words o5 older usages in the same
language. Secondl/& *ra+ici;ation em+raced +/ the North*5rican
ountries which attempts to introduce *ra+ic as a replacement 5or
the 5oreign languages +eing usedin di55erent wal6s o5 li5e. he
5ocus is on ma6ing *ra+ic the onl/ language in administration and
dail/ li5e. he/reect all those who are against *ra+ici;ation&
the/ o+liged themseles on ma6ing *ra+ic the language o5 theheart
and soul.)an/ *ra+ scholars and writers tend to use the term
D*ra+ici;ationE or *ra+i;ation as a s/non/m 5or the
termtranslation. Hence& it is necessar/ to distinguish +etween
them. ranslation 5ocuses on the meaning and st/le o5one language
when trans5erring to another. *ra+i;ation& howeer&
concentrates on using *ra+ic letters to 5orm5oreign terms that is
called transliteration. Bor e=ample& the 0nglish term Computer
in *ra+ic iskumputer &()*+-. *nother e=ample, Shoulder-held
Redeye, which means in *ra+ic E .%/ 0/23456 7)89: ;:
9:E. Here the militar/ termshoulder heldis translated into
*ra+ic D #9: 456 7)89: & while the term Redeyeis transliterated
in *ra+ic characters (ar+ici;ed.*s mentioned a+oe& it could +e
seen that *ra+ci;ation is a wa/ o5 e=pressing li+ert/ and
moderni;ation> it leadsto patriotism and national identit/. It
is actuall/ a language planning moement.Terminology PlanningSager
(199' indicates that terminolog/ is the stud/ and the 5ield o5
actiit/ related to collecting& descri+ing&
processing& and producing terms regarding speciali;ed
domains to use one or more languages. Sager adds thatterminolog/
has a dou+le 5unction which is represented throughout
le=icographers and dictionaries to serelanguage users. erminolog/
planning& generall/& is the decision ma6ing done +/
authori;ed +odies to carr/ outthe intents& purposes& and
goals o5 speciali;ed 5ieldsFaldau5 @ Aaplen (2''# de5ine
terminolog/ planning as a process which re5ers to actiities and
deli+eratee55orts to plan 5or< corpus& status& and
acuisition o5 terms as 5ollows *l-Smad/ 199!> and *lSheha+Ks
(2''9. In spite o5 the o+stacles in dealing with this su+ect&
it is hoped that this research can ma6e a5ew contri+ution to
militar/ 6nowledge.!.$ %b&ectives of t"e Stud#he 5oremost
purpose o5 this stud/ is to shed light on the t/pes o5 :P&
*ra+ici;ation and erminolog/ planningon )ilitar/ erminolog/
Planning ()P. It also aims at anal/;ing the translation o5 militar/
e=pressions 5rom0nglish into *ra+ic within the preious processes.!.
(uestions of t"e Stud#
o +e more speci5ic& the stud/ see6s to answer the 5ollowing
uestion5*O :
G:&2Q59 RS29:F instead o5 the 0nglish e=pression& $iger
Cat &issiles. $n the other side& the 0nglish militar/term
Sam, Shell"a 2N, 2>5*O are ara+ici;ed and used as loan words in
*ra+ic. hus& the militar/ terms should+e ealuated to 5ollow the
suita+le progress with the new technological deices.
onseuentl/& themoderni;ation is needed 5or a lot o5 new
militar/ terms& not a puri5ication o5 the old terminolog/.b.
Language Revival
No reial procedures were ta6en e=cept uni5/ing some o5 the
militar/ terms within *ra+ countries. Reialprocedures were in use
in the *ra+ academies. he/ uni5ied the militar/ terms to all
militar/ personnel in the*ra+ world& as *ra+ possess arious
dialects. In the 5ield o5 militar/ terminolog/& (*lsheha+ 2''9
indicates thatthe *ra+ )ilitar/ *cademies including institutes and
priate organi;ations hae issued pamphlets and compileddictionaries
5or militar/ terms-the uni%ying military di"tionary issued !y *r
+!raheem ayumy in 197'& theSe"urity eneral o% ra!i" Language
"ademy in Cairo- that are used in eer/ arm/ across the *ra+
countries.Bor e=ample& the e=pression "om!at teamhas di55erent
euialences in *ra+ic& in ,ordan& the *ra+ic euialenceis
D-&'9: C%&U. In Ira& it means#72=J9: 6)EV #. In the
uni5ied *ra+ic& its rendering is D72=J9: R&VWE. *nother
e=ample& the 0nglish term*rone has man/ renderings in
*ra+ic. In ,ordan& its rendering is D/2*X Y.Z R&2XU&
inIra DR&*[V R&2XU he uni5ied rendering is D.'Z \6 ] 2*9^
_`)V +-&VE. *lsheha+ adds that +ecause o5 thesigni5icance o5
militar/ terminolog/& e55orts were ta6en +/ militar/ e=perts to
inestigate& and when necessar/&to puri5/ the militar/ terms
that are issued +/ militar/ e=perts at the *ra+ )ilitar/
$rgani;ations..c. Language Reformation
Regarding the militar/ terms& there is no need 5or this
process as ,ordan depends on the 8est 5or +uilding itsarm/.
hus& the/ 5ocus on 0nglish e=pressions to deal with the names
o5 these weapons. his re5ormation ta6es
place in two stages& opposite to its original concept&
as new militar/ terms are added +/ translating them into*ra+ic. he
other stage 5allsl under the control o5 *ra+ici;ation. Bor
e=ample& nti tanks$ow &issile# 0/23G2Z2Z.59 S29: 2=9:E. his
0nglish e=pression is added to the militar/ 5ield as a +orrowed
word transliteratedregarding morphological and phonological *ra+ic
characters. he term $owwhich is a name o5 weapon is*ra+ici;ed&
while the term&issileis translated into *ra+ic as#0/23U
(saruukh)or%(athi%ah).his weaponis 6nown as anti-tanks.
d. Language Standardization* higher committee in the *cadem/ o5
,ordan and others in the *ra+ countries organi;ed dictionaries such
asDthe ni5/ing )ilitar/ ictionar/E issued in 197' +/ Dthe
&ilitary Committee %or /ni%ying the &ilitary$erminology,
and 0the *i"tionary o% &ilitary $erminologyE written +/
&ohammad 1athi meen. hesedictionaries are implementing man/
militar/ terms and words collected 5rom all militar/ 5ields in the
*ra+countries. he militar/ terms and e=pressions eentuall/ need to
+e the same in meaning all oer the *ra+countries (standardi;ed&
e.g.&&ission Reportthat means in *ra+ic
_9:&%&J(E&&ilitary &issionD%&>[6
_VU,
*e%ense PlanD*62S QU& and1ire Planthat means #V&9: QU.
he uni5/ing meaning could ena+le personnelin the *ra+ *rmies to
communicate easil/ and con5identl/& without rel/ing on loan
words.e. Language Modernization
Regarding militar/ terms& le=ical moderni;ation in the
)ilitar/ *cadem/ in ,ordan could +e created +/codi5/ing& where
man/ new militar/ words in the academ/ are deised to +e reied and
re5ormed to 5it newscienti5ic and technological aspects&
e.g.& nti ir Cra%t Sam &issiles DG:&2Q59 RS29: 2N
H%/:)3U, $iger Cat
&issilesthat means in *ra+ic DG2- &E%2( H%/:)3U:anguage
moderni;ation in the )ilitar/ *cadem/ starts withreiing&
re5orming& and uni5/ing the e=isting militar/ terminolog/.
Plans were setup to utili;e these terms toe=press new scienti5ic
and technological militar/ terms such as $e"hnology,
2le"trote"hni"s, Radiothat mean in*ra+ic *DJ(,*2Z&_>9:
*DJ=9:,>5N respectiel/. hese militar/ terms will +e utili;ed in
communication throughmilitar/ messages. ecision-ma6ers and e=perts
in the )ilitar/ *cadem/ are in5ormed to o+sere and ealuatethe usage
o5 new militar/ terms. he moderni;ation here 5or militar/
terminolog/ goes along with *ra+ici;ationas indicated
+elow.Arabicization PlanningRegarding the militar/ terms& the
topic o5 *ra+ici;ation planning is er/ important to +e mentioned
here. Its
importance deries when discussing language planning and
terminolog/ planning in the *ra+ic culture. 8hen5oreign militar/
terms are planned +/ decision ma6ers and speciali;ed academies to
5ind the e=act euialent in*ra+ic& the/ translate these 5oreign
militar/ terms into *ra+ic. he/ add these euialents to the
speci5ieddictionaries and pamphlets to +e used +/ militar/
personnel in all *ra+ armies. It is not eas/ to 5ind an *ra+ic
euialent 5or eer/ 5oreign term> there5ore& decision
ma6ers resort to di55erent 6inds o5 coinage& or *ra+ici;ing.Bor
e=ample& the preious e=pression Shoulder-held Redeye F456 7)89:
;:.%/ 0/239:F, Redeye is
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And Arabicization, On Military Terminology Planning and
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ara+ci;ed as ;:.%/F #. he 0nglish e=pression*ragon &edium
ntitank &issile G2Z2Z.59 S29: Y)`:/SF 0/23D& theterm *ragun
could not +e translated& so it is *ra+ci;ed as *ragon Y)`:/S.
$n other hand& the technologicalterms are transliterated&
e.g.& Rotary a3is that means in *ra+ic/:.9: /)89:
3isispronounced as [-: in +oth*ra+ic and 0nglish. *lso& the
0nglish terms 1ilter O&V ispronounced in *ra+ic as &=5 he
0nglish
e=pressions& $e"hnology is *ra+ici;ed as *DJ(,
2le"trote"hni"s is *ra+ici;ed as *2Z&_>9: *DJ=9:&
similar to theirpronunciation in 0nglish. )oreoer& the 0nglish
e=pressionn Chaparral &issile is ar+ici;ed as7:&Z2O
0/23SaruukhS"aral.
Terminology Planning*s indicated a+oe& militar/ terms are
treated as similar as other technical terms when the/ are planned.
ermsthat are planned are altered in some wa/ (puri5ied&
re5ormed& standardi;ed& reied& moderni;ed to
enhancecommunication within and +etween *ra+ armies. )oreoer&
the planned militar/ terminolog/ inoles termchoice& term polic/
5ormulation& term polic/ codi5ication& term polic/
ela+oration& term polic/ implementation&and term polic/
ealuation. Such a code o5 militar/ terms& 5or e=ample was
issued through militar/ pamphletsand uni5ied *ra+ dictionaries. *s
an e=ample& old and recent terms are compiled into
*ra+ic-0nglish& *ra+ic-Brench& and *ra+icRussian
dictionaries to accommodate the deelopment o5 militar/
inentions& euipment&and weaponr/ within this
5ield.erminolog/ planning within militar/ 5ield is inestigated
regarding the classi5ication o5 Faldau5 @ Aaplen
(2''# as 5ollows*=>=9: & legal )2 &administratie,
"ommuni"atie& and maintenan"e that are translated into *ra+ic
as 2*j9: k*53:)=9: k%/:S:respectiel/.b. Acquisition Term
Planning
In order to understand militar/ terms& militar/ courses are
gien to militar/ personnel at all leels in the militar/academies
and in their militar/ units. he/ are taught regarding their
speci5ied +ranches at the militar/ 5ield. Bore=ample
