The Impact of Emerging Technologies on … O...The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Investigations Nick O’Brien Associate Professor AUSTRALIAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLICING Welcome

AUSTRALIAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLICING

The Impact of Emerging Technologies

on Investigations

Nick O’Brien

Associate Professor


Welcome to 2035


New Ways of Attack?


Jihadist jailed for Pentagon remote-control plane

plot, 2012

• “The prosecutor said Ferdaus told the

agents he planned to use aircraft

filled with grenades and mobile

phone-activated explosives to bring

about the "downfall of this disgusting

place," the United States.

• “Ferdaus was also accused of

modifying mobile phones for use as

switches in bombs to kill US soldiers

in Iraq and of giving the devices to

FBI agents "he believed were

members of or recruiters for Al-

Qaeda.””

Rezwan Ferdaus

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9650194/Jihadist-jailed-for-Pentagon-remote-control-plane-plot.html


Mumbai Attack 2008

• “The attackers relied on an easily obtainable global

positioning system device, Google Earth maps, and

commercially available encryption devices and remote

control triggers.

• They spoke with handlers back in Pakistan with satellite

phones that went through a Voice over Internet Protocol

(VoIP) phone service in New Jersey, making the calls

difficult, if not impossible, to trace and routed them in a

way that also concealed the locations of those talking”

From: Woodward, B. (2010). Obama's Wars


Tor


Tor Slide


Tor Slide


The Russian underground economy has

democratised cybercrime

• “If you want to buy a botnet, it'll cost you somewhere in the region of

$700

• If you just want to hire someone else's for an hour, though, it can

cost as little as $2 -- that's long enough to take down, say, a call

centre, if that's what you were in the mood for.

• Maybe you'd like to spy on an ex -- for $350 you can purchase a

trojan that lets you see all their incoming and outgoing texts.

• Or maybe you're just in the market for some good, old-fashioned

spamming -- it'll only cost you $10 for a million emails.”

Source: 2nd November 2012: http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/02/russian-cybercrime


Computer Storage

$169 for a

1 terabyte

hard drive

Date:

September

28th 2008


HP 2TB SimpleSave USB3.0 External

Hard Drive, Sept 2012

$109.00

http://www.officeworks.com.au/retail/products/Technology/Data-Storage/External-Hard-Drives/Desktop-Hard-Drives/HPAD2000BK


But What Does This Mean in

Practical Terms?


Average number of pages per gigabyte

Microsoft Word 64,782

Text files 677,963

Source: http://www.lexisnexis.com/AppliedDiscovery/lawlibrary/whitePapers/ADI_FS_PagesInAGigabyte.pdf


Average number of pages per terabyte

• Microsoft Word 64,782,000

• Text files 677,963,000

Source: http://www.lexisnexis.com/AppliedDiscovery/lawlibrary/whitePapers/ADI_FS_PagesInAGigabyte.pdf


If the Average book length is 300

pages, a terabyte could hold:

Microsoft Word 215, 940 books

Text files 2,259,877 books


One Terrorist Operation in the UK

Police seizes 8 terabytes of hard disks. Also

seized were CDs and DVDs


If the Average book length is 300

pages, 8 terabytes could hold:

Microsoft Word 1,727,520 books

Text files 18,079,016 books


To put this in context…

• The National Library of Australia

stores some 2,700,000 books


So how do you know what your

seized terabytes contain?

EnCase?


And then there’s encryption....


PGP • “Can PGP be cracked? Yes. Any PGP

version can be cracked, provided that the

attacker has enough time and resources

(= money) for the job. However, a typical

1024-bit PGP message would take about

300,000,000,000 MIPS years to crack, so

the ordinary citizen is relatively safe off, at

least for the next few decades.”

Source: PGPi FAQ page


MIPS Year?

• MIPS = Million Instructions Per Second

• Thus a MIPS year = about 31.5 trillion

instructions


Searching Premises


What to look for?

Micro SD cards up to 2GB

Size: 15 mm × 11 mm × 1 mm

BUT Micro SDHC cards up to

32 gigabytes

http://us.st12.yimg.com/us.st.yimg.com/I/directron_2020_294178835

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sdadaptersandcards.jpg


Measures 30mm x 12mm x 2mm or half the size of a SD Card

http://www.verbatim.com.au/en_AU/products/flash-media/usb-drives/47376/store-n-go-micro-usb-drive-4gb



6th Sense


Imagine the Possibilities....


Social Networking


NATO Commander Announces End to Libyan

War — On Facebook (22nd October 2011)

• In the aftermath of Muammar

Gaddafi’s capture and death,

NATO commander Admiral James

Stavridis announced his intent to

end the war in Libya on his

Facebook Page.

Source: http://mashable.com/2011/10/21/libya-war-ends-

facebook/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Mashable+%28Mashable%29

http://mashable.com/2011/10/21/libya-war-ends-facebook/






http://mashable.com/2011/10/20/gaddafi-death-tweets-twitter/

http://mashable.com/2011/10/20/gaddafi-death-tweets-twitter/

http://mashable.com/category/facebook


Kenya warns al-Shabab of bombing by Twitter

• Kenya's military

spokesman has warned

the residents of 10 towns

in Somalia via Twitter that

they "will be under attack

continuously".

Source: BBC 1st November 2011: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15547512


Terrorist group Al-Shabab Joins Twitter

• HSMPress HSM Press Office @

alykhansatchu To free our people

from the ignominy of invasion

&live according to the Laws of

Shari'ah (Qur'an) It's our

prerogative right!

HSM Press Office

@HSMPress Somalia

Harakat Al-Shabaab Al

Mujahideen is an Islamic

movement that governs South &

Cen. Somalia & part of the

global struggle towards the

revival of Islamic Khilaafa Source: http://twitter.com/#!/HSMPress

http://twitter.com/

http://twitter.com/


The Rise and Rise of Social

Networking


Facebook hits 1 billion user

milestone, 2012

• If a country it would be

third largest behind

China & India

http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics


Photos

• On average more than 300 million photos

uploaded to Facebook per day in the three

months ended March 31, 2012(Source:

https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics 16th May 2012)

• Facebook Users Uploaded 750 million Photos

over New Year Weekend (2010-11)

Facebook Users Uploaded 750 million Photos On New Year's Eve. (2011). SlyVisions. Retrieved from

http://slyvisions.com/2011/01/04/facebook-users-uploaded-750-million-photos-on-new-years-eve/

https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics


People on Facebook As of 22nd August 2011

• 50% of active users log on to Facebook in any

given day

• Average user has 130 friends

• People spend over 700 billion minutes per

month on Facebook

Facebook Press Room Statistics. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics


Facebook Stats

• 10,000 websites integrate with Facebook every

day. That’s 3.65 million new websites per year.

• More people play games on Facebook than on

the top three gaming consoles combined. In

other words, there are more FarmVille addicts

than Xbox, Wii and PS3 fanatics.

Parr, B. (2010, 3rd November). 10,000 Websites Integrate with Facebook Every Day. http://mashable.com/2010/10/26/10000-websites-

integrate-with-facebook-every-day/. and https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics 22nd August 2011

http://mashable.com/2010/10/26/10000-websites-integrate-with-facebook-every-day/














https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics


UK December 2011

• “Twice as many 18 year

olds use Facebook than

are registered to vote”

Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8982931/Twice-as-many-18-year-olds-use-Facebook-

than-are-registered-to-vote.html


Facebook Penetration by Country

(Sept 2012)

Australia : Facebook Penetration Rate 54.71%

Canada : Facebook Penetration Rate 53.34%

Iceland : Facebook Penetration Rate 70.69%

http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/

http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Australia/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/






http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Canada/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/






http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Iceland/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/






(Sept 2012)

Indonesia : Facebook Penetration Rate 18.20%

Philippines: Facebook Penetration Rate 29.44%

Hong Kong : Facebook Penetration Rate 53.3%

Source: http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/

http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Europe/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/




http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/United-States/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/





http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Hong-Kong/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/








(Sept 2012)

United Kingdom : Facebook Penetration Rate 51.31%

Thailand: Facebook Penetration Rate 25.09%

Malaysia : Facebook Penetration Rate 49.56%

Brunei: Facebook Penetration Rate 61.64%

http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/United-Kingdom/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/




http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/New-Zealand/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/




http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Israel/Facebook_Penetration_Rate/







Science Faction


Minority Report-style shopping? The billboard that

profiles you and then flashes up ads tailored to

your tastes

• Advertisers are developing digital posters which will recognise

people’s faces and respond if they are paying attention.

• Cameras attached to the billboards will scan to see if passers-by are

looking and immediately change their display to keep them watching.

• The technology is so sophisticated that it could soon even be possible

to link the posters to a store’s profile of each individual and display

goods that would appeal just to them.

• Facial recognition technology has been around for some years but

only now is it heading to the shops because it is affordable enough to

do so.

Source: Daily Mail 28th February 2011: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1361490/Minority-Report-style-shopping-The-billboard-

profiles-flashes-ads-tailored-tastes.html


So, you can follow people on

their mobiles - but it could be

used for false alibis


Facebook Knows YOUR Face • The Social network is to recognise your face, even in disguise, with

its purchase of start-up Face.com.

• The Israeli Internet start-up has developed a face recognition

platform that helps people tag their own photos, find pics of

themselves and their mates they never knew existed.

• Facebook, already a master tagger, now has technology which will

recognise faces even in poor lighting, out of focus, or if people are in

disguise wearing eyeglasses, facial hair, and even Halloween

costumes.

Source: http://smarthouse.com.au/Content_And_Downloads/Applications/Q5T7W7H2?page=1: 20th June 2012

http://smarthouse.com.au/Content_And_Downloads/Applications/Q5T7W7H2?page=1


Google making app that would identify

people's faces (31st March 2011)

• Just as Google has crawled trillions of Web pages to

deliver results for traditional search queries, the system

could be programmed to associate pictures publicly

available on Facebook, Flickr and other photo-sharing

sites with a person's name, Neven said. "That we could

do today," he said.

• Google has had the technical capabilities to implement

this type of search engine for years.


Google making app that would identify

people's faces (31st March 2011)

• Many people "are rightfully scared of it," Neven said. "In

particular, women say, 'Oh my God. Imagine this guy

takes a picture of me in a bar, and then he knows my

address just because somewhere on the Web there is an

association of my address with my photo.' That's a scary

thought. So I think there is merit in finding a good route

that makes the power of this technology available in a

good way."


'Too creepy even for Google'

• “Eric Schmidt said

that the technology

has advanced rapidly

in recent years and

that it could be rolled

out across the

internet.”

• 19th May 2011

Facebook Executive

Chairman, Eric Schmidt


'Too creepy even for Google'

• “Now Schmidt has dispelled any suggestions that

internet giant Google would be the first company

to employ the system.

• “But he warned that there were likely to be other

organisations who might 'cross the line' and use

facial recognition.”

'Too creepy even for Google': Search engine boss warns governments against facial recognition technology. (2011). Daily

Mail, (19th May). Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1388855/Google-CEO-Eric-Schmidt-warns-

governments-facial-recognition-technology.html


Bring On The Creepy! Faced.me Is Building

A New Facial Recognition Mobile App

• “A new facial recognition mobile app?

Sure looks like it. The company is

called Faced.me, and its upcoming

app aims to recognize faces and then

connect those faces to users’ social

networking profiles, allowing you to

friend and follow the people you see.”

Source: http://techcrunch.com/2011/11/23/bring-on-the-creepy-faced-me-is-building-a-new-facial-recognition-mobile-app/

23rd November 2011

http://faced.me/

http://techcrunch.com/2011/11/23/bring-on-the-creepy-faced-me-is-building-a-new-facial-recognition-mobile-app/




























Hooded robber caught after police used high-

tech gadget to identify him by his NOSE

• “Police brought in forensic scientists to use a

revolutionary facial recognition computer

programme to compare his mugshot to moving

pictures of the bandit as he terrorised staff

• “To prove the case against Gould, police used a

private forensic science firm to carry out three

tests to compare the CCTV footage to a picture

of Gould and the other man he falsely accused of

carrying out the raid.”

Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2067690/Hooded-robber-caught-police-used-high-tech-gadget-identify-

NOSE.html 30th November 2011

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2067690/Hooded-robber-caught-police-used-high-tech-gadget-identify-NOSE.html






















Mark Kennedy/Stone


Mark Kennedy/Stone

• Images compared by using Facial

Recognition software Cognitec V6.1 and

V8.3. Anything over 0.5 = likely match.

Score 0.67 & 0.65.

• Images taken from internet ‘as seen’

• Grateful to Unysis for carrying out the

analysis


Source: Wall Street Journal, 1st August 2011: http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/08/01/tech-today-using-

facebook-and-facial-recognition-to-id-random-people/?KEYWORDS=Facebook+privacy


ABC News December 2011


“Surveillance System can Recognise a face

from 36 Million Others in 1 Second”

Source: Mashable: http://mashable.com/2012/03/23/hitachi-face-recognition/


“Cloud-Powered Facial Recognition Is

Terrifying”

• “Facial recognition isn't that

new -- the rudimentary

technology has been around

since the late 1960s -- but this

system is faster, more

efficient, and more thorough

than any other system ever

used. Why? Because it's

powered by the cloud.”

Source: The Atlantic , 29th September 2011:

http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive

/2011/09/cloud-powered-facial-recognition-is-

terrifying/245867/


Survey

• Persons entering at recruit level or with less than

1yr service

• Police organisations, intelligence agencies and

specialist agencies

• Attempt to quantify the level of exposure of

identification at time of entry

Research analysis by: Heather Crawford ADSRI ANU


Survey results

85% of respondents

were using at least

one of the listed

social networking

sites: 90% of

females compared

with 81% of males


Survey Results

• The percentages of people using social networking sites

were much higher in younger age groups

• Over 90% for all age groups under 36 years, compared

with a low of 45% in the 46-50 year age group.



Survey Results

• 47% of respondents used one social networking site and

another

• 26% used two social networking sites

• Small percentages reported using 4 or more social

networking sites

• One respondent apparently going for total immersion

reported using all 11 social networking sites (no one else

in the survey reported using more than 5).



Survey Results

• Facebook is overwhelmingly the most popular social

networking site, used by 86% of females and 74% of

males

• 47% of respondents used a social networking site daily

and another 24% used one weekly

• Just about everyone aged under 26 had had their photo

uploaded onto the internet (percentage close to 100%)



85 % of

respondents had

had their photo

uploaded onto

the internet by

another

Survey Results


Survey Results

42% of

respondents

thought it

would be

possible to

identify their

relationship

with other

people on the

internet


Survey Results

• 23% thought it would be possible to discover their

network of friends and associates by ‘surfing the net’

• 21% said it would be possible to associate their photo

with their personal details on the internet

• 36% said they did not know or had never checked



US Survey on Teens (Nov 2011)

• “Fully 95% of all teens ages 12-17

are now online and 80% of those

online teens are users of social

media sites. Many log on daily to

their social network pages and

these have become spaces where

much of the social activity of teen

life is echoed and amplified—in

both good and bad ways.”

Source:

http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/

2011/PIP_Teens_Kindness_Cruelty_SNS_Re

port_Nov_2011_FINAL_110711.pdf


'Creepy' new iPhone app trawls Facebook

friends' galleries to find all their 'sexy pics'

Source 30th Oct. 2012: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2224719/Creepy-new-iPhone-app-trawls-Facebook-

friends-galleries-sexy-pics.html


Police Sacked for Facebook Posts

• “At least two police

officers have been

sacked, seven have

resigned and 150 faced

disciplinary action after

posting inappropriate

photos or comments on

Facebook in the past four

years.”

Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/dec/30/police-sacked-facebook-posts

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/police


UK MOD Film 1


UK MOD Film 2


Graduate Certificate in Corruption and

Integrity Management

• The Graduate Certificate in Corruption and

Integrity Management is designed to meet the

educational needs of people seeking a greater

understanding of the importance of anti-

corruption and corruption oversight strategies

within public and private sector organisations.


Thank You


Saudi Cleric Awad Al-Qarni From his Facebook Page Offers

$100,000 Reward For Kidnapping Israeli Soldiers

• Al-Qarni wrote: "Media reports have

circulated the news that the Zionist

settlers are paying large sums of

money to anyone who [can] kill the

released Palestinian prisoners, and in

response to those criminals, I

announce to the world that I [hereby]

commit to pay a reward and a prize in

the amount of $100,000 to any

Palestinian who imprisons [i.e. takes as

a hostage] an Israeli soldier inside

Palestine, for the purpose of prisoner

exchange."

Source:

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5747.htm

26th October 2011

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5747.htm

Documents

The Impact of Emerging Technologies on … O...The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Investigations Nick O’Brien Associate Professor AUSTRALIAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLICING Welcome