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The impact of economic recession on public expenditure
on drug policy in the EU (2000-2011)
August, 2013
Javier Olivera, PhD
Geary Institute, University College DublinINSIDE, University of Luxemburg
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Professor Paul De Grauwe for his invaluable advice, comments,
suggestions and encourage provided during the research. Furthermore, I wish to thank
Claudia Costa Storti, from the EMCDDA, for all her suggestions and comments that allow
me to enrich this report.
Contents
1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................22. The effects of the economic crisis on macroeconomic variables........................................................6
2.1 Effects on GDP..............................................................................................................................72.2 Effects on unemployment............................................................................................................102.3 Effects on Public expenditure......................................................................................................13
3. The effects on the components of the public expenditure.................................................................19
3.1 General public services................................................................................................................203.2 Public order and safety................................................................................................................223.3 Health...........................................................................................................................................243.4 Social protection..........................................................................................................................30
4. Estimation of the impact of the economic crisis................................................................................334.1 Effects on public expenditure and first level components...........................................................354.2 Effects on second level components of the public expenditure...................................................38
4.2.1 Public order and safety (gf03)..............................................................................................384.2.2 Health (gf07).........................................................................................................................444.2.3 Social protection (gf10)........................................................................................................46
5. A classification of countries..............................................................................................................496. Conclusions........................................................................................................................................58References..............................................................................................................................................61ANNEX A. COFOG expenditure by country, 2000-2011.....................................................................63ANNEX B. COFOG expenditure (% GDP) by country, 2000-2011.....................................................84ANNEX C. COFOG expenditure (% total public expenditure) by country, 2000-2011.....................102ANNEX D. Complete results from econometric estimations..............................................................119ANNEX E. Country profiles 2000-2011.............................................................................................125
1
1. Introduction
The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of the recent economic recession 2008-09 on
the main components of public expenditure that influence drug policy in the European
countries (EU 27 + Norway). The cases of Croatia and Turkey will not be studied because not
enough data is available.
The focus is on the impact of recession on total current public expenditure (excluding
interest) and on areas such as law enforcement, health and social protection. An in-depth
analysis of the relevant sub-components of public expenditure is also required, including the
evolution of public expenditures on: police, law courts, prisons, medical products, outpatient,
hospital, public health services, sickness and disability and social exclusion.
Labelling the public expenditure as drug-related is not an easy task because such expenditure
is generally embodied in other programs or services with multiple objectives. A common
system of public expenditure classification is needed to make comparisons of expenditures
across countries and overtime. A consistent categorisation system is based on the
international Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) which is used in the
EMCDDA report of 2008. The table below summarises the findings for a set of countries
with available data for the fiscal year of 2005.
2
Table 1: Labelled expenditure reported by COFOG, 1st level (EUR million), 2005
CountryGeneral public services
DefencePublic order & safety
Econ. affairs
Housing & com. amenities
Health Education Social protection Total
Czech Rep. 5.8 11.1 16.9Ireland 11.3 29.0 13.5 37.2 85.8 176.8France 39.3 1.0 275.1 315.4Luxembourg 0.1 3.9 5.9 9.9Hungary 0.9 0.1 1.0Poland 40.0 67.0 107.0Portugal 0.1 4.4 64.6 69.1Slovakia 1.8 0.1 1.9Finland 8.0 8.0UK 64.9 352.0 923.3 19.2 13.2 1,372.6Source: EMCDDA (2008).
As is observed, the majority of the expenses on drug-related matters are located within the
component of health. In the sample of countries, this component contains on average, the
68% of the expenses. However, there are some important differences among countries. For
example, in France, Hungary, Portugal and Finland, more than 87% of the drug-related
expenses are in the health function. Another important component where we can find
expenditures on drug services is public order and safety. On average, 16% of these
expenditures are located in such component. The function of general public services contains
on average the 12% of drug-related expenditures. On average, 96% of the expenditures on
drug matters are mainly categorised within these three functions. Therefore, we will describe
the evolution of these public expenditure components.
Within each component, it is possible to observe sub-components. The table 2 contains the
distribution of drug-related expenditures in the component of public order and safety. For
Czech Republic, Ireland, Poland and Portugal, the expenditures on drug matters are mainly or
completely located in the sub-function of police services. In Luxembourg, all the drug-related
expenditures are in the public order and safety n.e.c., whilst that in United Kingdom, the 35%
3
and 64% of these expenses are in the functions of prisons and public order and n.e.c.,
respectively.
Table 2: Labelled expenditure reported by COFOG, 2nd level, Public orderand safety (EUR million), 2005
Country Police services Law courts Prisons
Public order & safety
n.e.cTotal
Czech Rep 4.3 1.4 5.7Ireland 23.7 0.3 5 29Luxembourg 3.8 3.8Poland 40 40Portugal 4.4 4.4UK 2.8 140 254.2 397Source: EMCDDA (2008).
Within the component of health, the drug-related expenditures are mainly located in
outpatient services (29% in average) and in public health services (31% in average). Hospital
services account for the average of 15%, and the functions R&D health and health n.e.c have
each one the 10% in average. See table 3.
Table 3: Labelled expenditure reported by COFOG, 2nd level – Health (EUR million), 2005
Country Medical products
Outpatient services
Hospital services
Public health services
R&D health
Health n.e.c. Total
Czech Rep. 11.1 11.1Ireland 3.8 3.8France 87 162.3 25.8 275.1Luxembourg 0.3 5.2 0.2 0.1 5.8Hungary 0.9 0.9Poland 8.6 58.3 0.1 67Portugal 1 1.4 62.1 64.5Slovakia 0.1 0.1Finland 8 8UK 2 920.6 0.1 0.3 15.5 938.5
Source: EMCDDA (2008).
Although there are no systematic labelled drug-related expenditure data for recent years, we
can observe the evolution of the complete functions of general public services, public order
4
and safety, and health in order to assess the potential effects of the economic 2008-09
recession.
The more complete data for England give us some clues about how the economic recession
hit the public expenditures on drug services (see table 4). In order to make comparisons over
time, we transformed the original data from nominal currency to real values using the series
of inflation (Eurostat, Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices) and the year 2006 as base
year. The overall expenses appear to experience a decline since 2006, although there are
some differences among the functions. If we set the periods 2008/09 and 2009/2010 as the
periods where the crisis hit public finances, we observe that the overall expenses on drugs
drop by 0.2%, whilst the component of general public services, health and education drop by
20%, 0.3%, and 6.9%, respectively. In contrast, the function of public order and safety and
social protection increased by 4.5% and 46.8%, respectively.
Table 4: Labelled public expenditure on drugs by COFOG category in England, (GBP million in 2006 prices)
COFOG category 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/101. General public services 83.1 72.9 71.8 57.4 3. Public order and safety 276.7 250.1 254.4 265.8 7. Health 601.6 597.5 608.5 606.6 9. Education 5.4 4.1 3.9 3.6 10. Social protection 49.8 30.3 7.2 10.5 Total 1,016.6 955.0 945.7 944.0
Source: EMCDDA (2010).
As mentioned in EMCDDA (2008), not all drug-related expenditures are identified as such in
national budgets or year-end reports, so that it is needed to estimate non-labelled drug-related
expenditure. This is done in the EMCCDA 2008 report but it is not possible to make direct
comparisons between countries due to some differences in the methodology applied.
However, it is interesting to note that these expenditures can be large (see tables 5 and 6).
5
Table 5: Non-labelled expenditure reported on public order and safety
Country Police Law courts Prisons TotalCzech Rep. 110.5 16.0 36.4 162.9France 571.2 13.1 270.2 854.5Luxembourg 4.4 1.0 13.9 19.3Hungary 16.5 6.9 7.6 31.0Poland 4.4 92.4 22.5 119.3Portugal 54.3 54.3Finland 20.8 4.7 32.6 58.1UK 3,321.0 171.0 416.6 4,908.6Norway 108.5 47.0 78.7 234.2
Source: EMCDDA (2008).
Table 6: Non-labelled expenditure reported on Health
Country Medical products
Outpatient services
Hospital services
Public health Total
Czech Rep 0.4 3.1 0.4 3.9France 349.6 287.1 636.7Luxembourg 2.1 3.5 0.1 5.8Austria 24.1 24.1Poland 2.1 0.8 2.8UK 17.8 32 129.4 179.2
Source: EMCDDA (2008).
Different from the labelled drug-related expenditures in the function of health, hospital
services is the sub-function that contains these expenditures. Furthermore, law courts gain
importance within the sub-functions of public order and safety. Like in the labelled
expenditures, police services are the most important sub-function for the non-labelled
expenditures.
2. The effects of the economic crisis on macroeconomic variables
Although there are diverse effects of the economic crisis of 2008-09, we focus on some of
them in order to build profiles by country and assess the possible effects on public
6
expenditures in a further section. We will concentrate on the effects of the crisis on the GDP
growth rate, unemployment rate and public expenditures.
2.1 Effects on GDP
The real GDP growth rate was fluctuating around 2.5% for the 27 EU countries during 2000-
2007, but this dropped to 0.3% in 2008 and -4.4% in 2009. The sharp fall in the growth rate is
unprecedented and confirms the severity of the economic recession within Europe.
Furthermore, the fortune of the countries can be very heterogeneous. For example, figure 1
shows the growth rate for EU-27 countries during the period 1996-2011 and also the standard
deviation for each year. The standard deviation is a measure of variability of the growth rates
within the EU-27 countries. In 2009, it is observed that the great drop of the growth rate is
accompanied by major differences among countries. For example, in 2009 Latvia
experienced a fall of -17.7% whilst Poland grown at 1.6%. The Annex E of country profiles
(available online) contains the values and graphical representation of the evolution of real
GDP growth rate by country.
Figure 1: Real GDP growth rate and standard deviation for EU-27 countries
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
std dev
growth ra te
Source: Eurostat.
7
Although the variability experienced around 2009 is just a bit larger than that of 1997, notice
that the average growth for EU-27 is much lower. Indeed, in 2009, 25 countries exhibited a
negative growth rate whilst in year 1997 only 3 countries had negative growth. It is
interesting to note that the similar volatility between 1997 and 2009 is based in a similar
distribution of growth rates but with a different support. Figure 2 shows these distributions
for years 1997, 2006 and 2009.
Figure 2: Distribution of real GDP growth rates in EU-27
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Rea
l GD
P gr
owth
rate
1997
2006
2009
Source: Eurostat. Note: the points of each series indicate different countries.
The following table shows a ranking of countries according to the direct effects of the crisis
of 2008-09 on GDP growth and also a ranking according to the last available estimation of
growth. The countries most severely hit by the economic crisis in 2009 were the Baltic states,
with negative growth between -14.3% and -17.7%. Other countries badly impacted were
Croatia, Romania, Iceland, Hungary, Ireland, Slovenia and Finland with rates between -6%
and -8.4%. UK, Czech Republic, Turkey, Slovakia, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg,
Bulgaria, Montenegro and Denmark experienced growth falls between -4.4% and 5.8%.
Although weak1, there is a negative relation between the ranking of 2009 and 2011, which
1 Spearman correlation: -0.2797, Prob > |t| = 0.15.
8
indicates that the most impacted countries by the crisis will exhibit the highest growth rates.
Furthermore, the countries that showed the stronger growth rates over the period previous to
the crisis (2000-2007) are the ones most severely hit by the crisis. A Spearman correlation
between the rankings of years 2009 versus 2000-2007 reveals this (=0.52, Prob > |t| = 0.01).
For example, the largest growth rates during the period before the crisis were in the Baltic
countries (about 8.3%), and these same countries also experienced the largest decline in
growth during the crisis (about -15.6%).
Table 7: Real GDP growth rate and ranking by years of interest
Country2009 2011 2000/2007
Growth Ranking Growth Ranking Growth Ranking
Poland 1.6 1 4.3 4 4.1 11Norway -1.7 2 1.4 18 2.5 20Cyprus -1.9 3 0.5 24 3.8 13Malta -2.6 4 2.1 11 1.7 25Belgium -2.8 5 1.9 12 2.2 22Portugal -2.9 6 -1.6 27 1.5 28France -3.1 7 1.7 15 2.1 23Greece -3.3 8 -6.9 28 4.0 12Netherlands -3.5 9 1.2 19 2.2 21Spain -3.7 10 0.7 22 3.6 15Austria -3.8 11 3 8 2.5 19United Kingdom -4.4 12 0.7 23 3.1 18Czech Republic -4.7 13 1.7 14 4.7 9Slovakia -4.9 14 3.3 6 5.6 6Sweden -5 15 3.9 5 3.2 17Germany -5.1 16 3 7 1.6 26Luxembourg -5.3 17 1.6 16 4.7 8Bulgaria -5.5 18 1.7 13 5.8 4Italy -5.5 19 0.4 25 1.6 27Denmark -5.8 20 1 20 1.9 24Romania -6.6 21 2.5 10 5.7 5Hungary -6.8 22 1.6 17 3.6 14Ireland -7 23 0.7 21 5.6 7Slovenia -8 24 -0.2 26 4.4 10Finland -8.4 25 2.9 9 3.5 16Estonia -14.3 26 7.6 1 7.9 3Lithuania -14.8 27 5.9 2 8.6 1Latvia -17.7 28 5.5 3 8.5 2EU-27 -4.4 1.5 2.5
Source: Eurostat.
2.2 Effects on unemployment
9
The unemployment rate of the EU-27 countries was declining since 2004 up to 7.1% in 2008,
but this jumped to 9% in 2009 and 9.7% in 2010. The recession will have lasting
consequences in the labour market even the government-supported work-time reductions
minimized the upsurge in unemployment in some countries like Germany and Italy and
strong social safety nets cushioned the blow to households (IMF, 2011). See the Annex E for
the graphical representation of the evolution of the unemployment rates by country.
Figure 3: Unemployment rate for EU-27 countries (and +- 0.5 standard deviation)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Source: Eurostat.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of unemployment of EU-27 countries and the variability
observed through the standard deviation. The impact of the crisis on Europe has varied across
countries. As mentioned in IMF (2011), the labour hoarding exercised by firms contained
partially the deterioration of the labour market in most of Northern Europe; and in other
countries, part-time schemes helped to keep jobs. In contrast, a great majority of low-skilled
workers lost their jobs in countries like Spain and Ireland where the construction sector
activity fell significantly. Even worse, the youth unemployment has increased considerably in
10
countries like Spain, which means a big blow to the accumulation of human capital of the
current youths (Bell and Blanchflower, 2011).
Table 8: Youth unemployment Rates (ages 15-24, in %)
Country 2000/07 2008 2009 2010 2011Greece 26.5 22.1 25.8 32.9 44.4Spain 20.8 24.6 37.8 41.6 46.4Portugal 16.7 20.2 24.8 27.7 30.1Italy 23.0 21.3 25.4 27.8 29.1Slovakia 32.5 19.3 27.6 33.9 33.5Ireland 8.3 13.3 24.0 27.6 29.1Latvia 18.5 14.5 36.2 37.2 31.0Bulgaria 26.4 11.9 15.1 21.8 25.0Hungary 15.0 19.9 26.5 26.6 26.1Cyprus 9.9 9.0 13.8 16.6 22.4Poland 35.9 17.2 20.6 23.7 25.8Lithuania 20.1 12.2 29.0 35.3 32.2France 19.6 19.3 24.0 23.6 22.8Sweden 17.9 20.2 25.0 24.8 22.8EU27 17.8 15.8 20.1 21.1 21.4Romania 19.6 18.6 20.8 22.1 23.7UK 12.7 15.0 19.1 19.6 21.1Estonia 18.2 12.1 27.5 32.9 22.3Slovenia 15.5 10.4 13.6 14.7 15.7Belgium 19.4 18.0 21.9 22.4 18.7Czech Rep 16.9 9.9 16.6 18.3 18.1Finland 20.0 16.5 21.5 21.4 20.1Luxembourg 11.6 17.3 16.5 15.8 16.4Malta 16.3 12.2 14.4 13.1 13.8Denmark 7.9 8.0 11.8 14.0 14.2Netherlands 7.1 6.3 7.7 8.7 7.6Austria 8.0 8.0 10.0 8.8 8.3Norway 10.1 7.3 9.2 9.2 8.7Germany 11.7 10.6 11.2 9.9 8.6
Source: Eurostat.
Similar to the overall unemployment rate, the youth unemployment rate (for individuals aged
15-24) of the EU-27 countries was declining since 2004 up to 15.8% in 2008, but this jumped
to 20.1% in 2009 and 21.4% in 2011. Table 8 shows how this rate has increased over the
economic recession. In some countries this type of unemployment has risen sharply. In the
Baltic countries, youth unemployment has risen from about 12.8% in 2008 to 34.2% in 2010,
although this has decreased to 28.5% in 2011. Other countries with a rapid deterioration of
this indicator are Spain and Ireland. For example, taking the years 2000-2007 as the reference
11
period, unemployment youth rate is 3.5 and 2.2 times larger in Ireland and Spain in 2011. As
pointed by Bell and Blanchflower (2011): “in all these countries there have been sharp
declines in house prices over the Great Recession. A direct link to the youth labour market
may derive from the disproportionate number of the young who work in construction, which
has suffered particularly from the effects of property price bubbles.”
The first four columns of table 9 shows a ranking of countries according to the direct effects
of the 2008-09 crisis on unemployment rate and also a ranking according to the last available
estimation of unemployment. The reference period is the year 2008. Like in the case of GDP
growth and youth unemployment, the Baltic countries are the ones who have suffered the
worse impact of the crisis on the unemployment rate. Other countries badly hit between 2008
and 2009 were Spain (+6.7) and Ireland (+5.6) with percentage point increases in
parentheses. If the comparison is made between 2011 and 2008, it is observed that, again, the
Baltic countries show the worse scenario together with Spain, Ireland and Greece. The
unemployment rate in Spain increases by 10.4 percentage points between 2008 and 2011, in
Greece this is 10.0 and in Ireland is 8.1. There is a strong positive relation between the
ranking of 2009-2008 and 2011-2008, which indicates that the most impacted countries by
the crisis will still exhibit the worst labour scenario2. In the last four columns of table 4 the
reference period is the mean of the period 2000-2007, which allow us to see some changes in
trends. The changes are less pronounced, and even in some countries the unemployment rate
after the crisis is still lower than the rate of years 2000’s. However, it is clear from figure 3
that the crisis implied a sharp jump in the unemployment rate and broke the declining trend
observed during the 2000’s.
Table 9: Variation in the unemployment rate and ranking with different reference periods2 Spearman correlation: 0.7977, Prob > |t| = 0.00.
12
w.r.t. 2008 w.r.t. 2000-07Country 2009 2011 2009 2011
Var. Ranking Var. Ranking Var. Ranking Var. RankingLuxembourg 0.2 1 1.0 2 1.5 19 1.2 16Germany 0.3 2 0.8 1 -1.6 4 -3.5 2Netherlands 0.6 3 1.4 14 -0.2 12 0.5 13Norway 0.7 4 1.3 11 -0.5 6 -0.4 9Belgium 0.9 5 1.0 3 0.2 14 -0.5 8Malta 0.9 5 1.1 4 -0.3 11 -0.7 7Austria 1.0 7 1.1 5 0.4 15 -0.2 10Italy 1.1 8 1.3 9 -0.3 10 0.3 12Poland 1.1 8 1.4 12 -8.6 1 -7.1 1Romania 1.1 10 1.3 10 -0.2 13 0.3 11Bulgaria 1.2 11 2.0 21 -6.4 2 -2.0 4Slovenia 1.5 12 1.9 19 -0.3 9 2.0 17Cyprus 1.6 13 2.1 22 1.0 17 3.5 21France 1.7 14 1.2 8 0.7 16 0.9 14Finland 1.8 15 1.2 7 -0.4 8 -0.8 6Greece 1.8 16 2.3 27 -0.4 7 7.8 26United Kingdom 2.0 17 1.4 16 2.5 21 2.9 18
Portugal 2.1 18 1.5 17 3.7 24 6.0 24Sweden 2.1 19 1.2 6 1.8 20 1.0 15Hungary 2.2 20 1.4 13 3.5 23 4.4 23Czech Republic 2.3 21 1.5 18 -0.9 5 -0.9 5
Slovakia 2.5 22 1.4 15 -4.7 3 -3.2 3Denmark 2.6 23 2.2 24 1.4 18 3.0 19Ireland 5.6 24 2.3 26 7.5 27 10.0 27Spain 6.7 25 1.9 20 7.8 28 11.5 28Lithuania 7.9 26 2.7 28 2.7 22 4.4 22Estonia 8.3 27 2.3 25 4.5 25 3.2 20Latvia 9.6 28 2.2 23 6.9 26 6.0 25EU-27 1.9 1.4 0.4 1.1
Source: Eurostat.
2.3 Effects on Public expenditure
After the economic crisis, the countries have embarked in different fiscal consolidation
programs, which are more focused on cutting spending compared to increasing revenues. As
mentioned in OECD (2011), fiscal consolidation in OECD countries is weighted two-thirds
towards spending cuts on average, and one-third towards revenue enhancements (see figure
4). Although measures that are more oriented to cut expenditure take more time to
implement, these are more effective in the long run. In Alesina and Giavazzi (2012) is argued
that fiscal adjustment trough spending cuts are less recessionary than those trough tax increases.
13
Furthermore, as noted by Trabandt and Uhli (2012), the majority of countries in Europe are
close to the maximum limit of their Laffer curves, meaning that increases in tax rates above this
limit, are more likely to reduce revenues instead of increasing them. In most countries, plans
focus predominately on reducing programme expenditures, so that we should expect a drop in
diverse government programs in the future.
Figure 4: Expenditure versus revenue-based measures in fiscal consolidation plans (2010)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Expenditure Revenue
Notes: Figures are the contribution to consolidation from expenditure and revenue measures, weighted by the incremental volume of consolidation across each year reported.Source: OECD (2011)
Since 2000, the government expenditure -measured as the percentage of GDP- has increased
in the majority of European countries. Most of this increase began around 2007 and 2008, i.e.
during the start of the economic crisis. Part of this increase is explained by the fall of GDP
and by the increase of the public expenditures intended to strengthen the financial system
stability and stimulate the economy in response to the crisis (OECD, 2011). The Annex D
contains the values and graphical representation of the evolution of the public expenditure as
percentage of GDP by country.
14
Figure 5: Current expenditure excluding interest of general government for EU-27, % of GDP
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
52.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Eurostat.
Figure 5 shows the evolution of the current expenditure of general government to GDP ratio
for EU-27 countries. Since 2009, this ratio dropped in the majority of countries although with
sharp differences. Table 10 reports that between 2010 and 2009 this ratio (in percentage
points of GDP) dropped in 23 out of 28 countries, being Estonia (-4.8%), Bulgaria (-4.0%),
Lithuania (-2.9%), Sweden (-2.6%) and Greece (-2.5%) where this fall was more pronounced.
By contrast, some countries showed a modest positive variation between same years, which
can reflect the expenditure made by the government in order to contain the financial system
deterioration. Those countries are Spain (0.03%), Poland (0.8%), Slovenia (1.2%), Portugal
(1.7%) and Ireland (17.4%). Recall that all European countries have experienced a decline of
GDP growth, and some of them a sharp decrease, therefore, figures of table 10 can reveal the
statistical effect of having a denominator with lower values (GDP).
Table 10: Variation in current public expenditure (% GDP) with different reference periods
15
w.r.t. 2009 w.r.t. 2000-08
Country 2010 2011 2010 2011
Var. Rank Var. Rank Var. Rank Var. Rank
Belgium -1.2 19 -0.4 4 2.9 17 3.6 11Bulgaria -4.0 27 -5.8 26 -1.3 27 -3.1 28Czech Rep -0.8 15 -1.4 12 0.3 23 -0.3 23Denmark -0.4 12 -0.5 5 4.5 13 4.4 9Germany -0.5 14 -2.9 22 1.5 22 -0.9 25Estonia -4.8 28 -7.2 28 5.5 8 3.1 13Ireland 17.4 1 -1.2 11 31.3 1 12.8 1Greece -2.5 24 -2.2 18 5.3 10 5.6 5Spain 0.0 5 -1.1 10 7.2 3 6.1 2France -0.2 8 -0.9 7 3.8 15 3.1 14Italy -1.5 20 -1.9 16 2.7 18 2.3 16Cyprus -0.1 7 -0.1 2 4.9 11 4.9 8Latvia -0.3 10 -5.3 25 6.9 5 1.9 18Lithuania -2.9 26 -6.3 27 5.8 7 2.4 15Luxembourg -1.8 23 -2.7 20 3.2 16 2.3 17
Hungary -1.6 22 -1.8 15 0.0 24 -0.2 22Malta -0.5 13 -0.5 6 -0.6 26 -0.6 24Netherlands -0.3 9 -1.6 13 5.5 9 4.2 10Austria 0.0 6 -2.1 17 1.9 21 -0.1 21Poland 0.8 4 -1.0 8 2.0 20 0.1 20Portugal 1.7 2 -0.4 3 7.2 4 5.0 7Romania -1.0 17 -1.7 14 4.2 14 3.4 12Slovenia 1.2 3 1.6 1 4.8 12 5.3 6Slovakia -1.6 21 -3.4 23 -0.4 25 -2.2 26Finland -0.4 11 -1.1 9 6.7 6 5.9 4Sweden -2.6 25 -3.7 24 -1.5 28 -2.6 27UK -0.9 16 -2.7 21 7.8 2 6.0 3Norway -1.0 18 -2.3 19 2.0 19 0.7 19EU-27 -0.4 -1.9 4.0 2.5 Source: Eurostat.
If the comparison of public expenditure to GDP ratio is made between 2011 and 2009, all
countries show a decline with the exception of Slovenia. The countries with the highest
contraction in this indicator, as GDP percentage points, are Estonia (-7.2%), Lithuania (-
6.3%), Bulgaria (-5.8%) and Latvia (-5.3%). There is a strong positive relation between the
ranking of 2010-2009 and 2011-2009, which indicates that the countries with the highest
public expenditure contracted by the crisis will still not exhibit recuperation in this indicator3.
A different reference period, like the overall period before the crisis (2000-2008), changes the
magnitude of the variation of the public expenditure, but this doesn’t change the ranking of
3 Spearman correlation: 0.70, Prob > |t| = 0.00.
16
countries at a statistically significant level (the Spearman correlation is significant between
the rankings). This reference period does not allow us to clearly observe the effect of the
crisis on the public expenditure.
The ratio of public expenses over GDP measures jointly the effect of the crisis on GDP and
public expenses, therefore we prefer to observe the real growth rate of public expenditures
over time and analyse the effect of the crisis on such variable. Figure 6 shows the growth rate
of public expenditure in real terms. It is only between 2010 and 2009 that a sharp fall of the
growth rate of public expenditures is observed. Between 2002 and 2007, the average growth
rate of real public expenditures of EU-27 was about 2%, then in 2008 and 2009 this was 3.2%
and 4.3%, respectively. In 2010 this real growth rate is only 0.7% and in 2011 this
experiences a sharp decline to -2.3%. At the beginning of the crisis, not many cuts could be
implemented because of budgetary restrictions, but it is just later that we are able to observe
the drop of fiscal expenses once some consolidation plans could be implemented. We should
bear this “delay” in mind when analyse the effect of the crisis on drug-related public
expenditures. Table 11 reports the growth rate of real public expenditures between 2008 and
2011 by country. All in all, table 12 shows the growth rate of real public expenditures and the
yearly change of public expenditures when is measured as percentage of GDP. Again, among
the most affected countries are the Baltic and Mediterranean countries.
17
Figure 6: Real growth rate of current expenditure excluding interest of general government for EU-27, %
-3.00%
-2.00%
-1.00%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Eurostat.
Table 11: Real growth rate of current public expenditure (in % w.r.t. previous year)
Countryaverage 2000-2008
2008 2009 2010 2011
EU27 2.2 3.2 4.3 0.7 -2.3Belgium 1.5 2.8 5.6 0.2 2.0Bulgaria 6.2 3.6 4.5 -8.8 -2.2Czech Rep. 3.5 0.9 4.7 -0.8 -1.1Denmark 1.2 1.7 4.4 2.5 -0.3Germany 0.2 1.7 4.5 2.3 -3.3Estonia 7.2 8.1 -1.7 -8.4 0.5Ireland 6.7 8.2 7.3 35.6 -27.1Greece 4.8 5.8 3.6 -10.0 -6.9Spain 4.1 5.4 7.9 -1.0 -3.1France 1.9 1.0 4.0 1.1 0.3Italy 1.1 0.2 2.5 -2.1 -1.3Cyprus 5.6 5.6 6.5 1.1 -0.3Latvia 7.2 0.8 -9.3 -1.0 -5.6Lithuania 6.8 7.3 -5.4 -4.3 -1.3Luxembourg 4.4 4.1 8.0 4.1 1.6Hungary 3.1 -2.2 -1.7 -2.4 1.2Malta 3.6 6.5 -4.1 1.5 2.9Netherlands 2.2 4.2 6.7 1.0 -2.0Austria 1.1 2.4 3.1 1.8 -2.2Poland 4.9 6.5 6.0 4.4 -1.4Portugal 2.0 0.0 9.9 5.1 -6.9Romania 8.7 13.2 -1.7 -3.1 1.3Slovenia 3.4 6.5 4.0 1.0 0.4Slovakia 1.6 6.2 11.5 0.0 -3.1Finland 1.7 3.0 3.8 1.0 0.9Sweden 1.0 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.9UK 4.9 7.1 2.8 -0.4 -3.6Norway 3.3 4.6 4.9 1.6 2.8
Source: Eurostat.
18
Table 12: yearly change of current public expenditures to GDP ratio (% w.r.t. previous year)
Country average 2000-2008 2008 2009 2010 2011
EU27 0.1 1.5 4.0 -0.4 -1.5Belgium 0.1 1.6 3.9 -1.2 0.7Bulgaria -0.4 -0.8 3.1 -4.0 -1.8Czech Rep -0.1 0.1 3.5 -0.8 -0.6Denmark -0.3 0.7 6.6 -0.4 0.0Germany -0.1 0.6 4.1 -0.5 -2.4Estonia 0.4 5.7 5.8 -4.8 -2.4Ireland 1.5 6.2 5.6 17.4 -18.6Greece 0.5 3.1 3.4 -2.5 0.3Spain 0.3 2.2 4.8 0.0 -1.1France 0.2 0.7 3.5 -0.2 -0.7Italy 0.3 1.0 3.3 -1.5 -0.5Cyprus 0.6 0.8 4.1 -0.1 -0.1Latvia 0.2 3.1 4.6 -0.3 -5.0Lithuania -0.2 2.6 6.5 -2.9 -3.4Luxembourg 0.2 2.9 5.5 -1.8 -0.9Hungary 0.2 -1.5 2.2 -1.6 -0.2Malta 0.5 1.3 -0.6 -0.5 0.0Netherlands 0.3 1.0 5.2 -0.3 -1.3Austria -0.3 0.7 3.3 0.0 -2.0Poland -0.2 1.0 1.4 0.8 -1.8Portugal 0.4 0.4 4.9 1.7 -2.1Romania 0.1 1.0 1.8 -1.0 -0.7Slovenia -0.3 1.9 4.8 1.2 0.5Slovakia -2.2 0.7 6.6 -1.6 -1.8Finland 0.1 1.8 6.9 -0.4 -0.7Sweden -0.4 0.8 3.2 -2.6 -1.1UK 1.4 4.0 3.6 -0.9 -1.8Norway -0.3 -0.6 6.4 -1.0 -1.2
Source: Eurostat.
3. The effects on the components of the public expenditure
The functions and sub-functions of the public expenditures more associated with drug-related
expenses are:
General public services (gf01)
Public order and safety (gf03)
Police services (gf0301)
Law courts (gf0303)
Prisons (gf0304)
19
R&D Public order and safety (gf0305)
Public order and safety n.e.c (gf0306)
Health (gf07)
Medical products, appliances and equipment (gf0701)
Outpatient services (gf0702)
Hospital services (gf0703)
Public health services (gf704)
R&D Health (gf0705)
Social Protection (gf10)
The annex A contains the evolution of public expenses on those functions for the period
2000-2011. The values are expressed in Euros in real terms by using a price index based on
final consumption, which allows comparing expenditure over time.
3.1 General public services
The evolution of real expenditures in general public services can be observed in figure 7.
Although there is a positive trend over time (and a recovery from 2009), there are large
differences among countries. Table 13 shows the growth rates of this variable by country. For
instance, this type of expenditure increased by 22.6% in Slovakia and decreased by 51.7% in
Bulgaria between 2010 and 2009. For more details on the evolution of these expenditures, see
the annex A.
20
Figure 7: Expenditure in general public services for EU-27 (millions of Euros in real terms, 2005=100)
640,000
660,000
680,000
700,000
720,000
740,000
760,000
780,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Eurostat.
Table 13: Real yearly growth rate of expenditure in general public services (%)
Country average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011
UK 1.9 -5.1 22.6 3.8Slovakia -2.1 38.6 20.7 -5.6Portugal 1.9 14.9 16.3 -2.4Ireland 2.1 14.0 11.6 11.7Luxembourg 2.8 3.6 8.7 6.7Lithuania 8.0 -9.2 6.9 7.4Netherlands -0.9 -5.2 5.0 -5.5Romania 1.3 -15.8 5.0 11.0Poland 3.6 9.1 5.0 1.5Denmark -1.1 3.3 4.8 3.5Germany 0.1 -0.1 2.3 1.0Austria -0.4 2.5 1.3 -1.4Slovenia 2.6 4.1 1.2 7.4Sweden 0.1 -5.6 0.8 7.3Finland 1.0 1.7 0.5 3.0Spain 0.9 7.3 -1.0 6.4Czech Republic 5.3 8.6 -1.7 0.5Italy -0.3 -7.2 -2.0 3.8Norway 5.0 2.1 -2.2 -2.6Latvia 7.4 -6.2 -2.7 9.4France 0.2 -3.5 -2.7 3.5Greece 3.0 6.8 -5.1 -0.5Belgium -1.8 5.8 -6.2 -0.6Estonia 4.2 5.1 -7.0 9.1Malta 2.8 5.5 -8.8 6.5Cyprus 6.0 6.9 -9.7 3.9Hungary 0.7 4.7 -10.2 -4.0Bulgaria 5.1 44.0 -51.7 11.5EU-27 1.1 -0.4 1.8 2.5
Source: Eurostat.
21
3.2 Public order and safety
The decline of this component occurs clearly between 2009 and 2010 (see figure 8) for
European countries, and in 2011 its value is lower than that of 2010. Similar to other
components there are substantial differences among countries (see table 14). Between 2009
and 2010, 13 countries experienced a fall in the real expenditures in public order and safety,
while that between 2011 and 2010 17 countries experienced this decline. For example,
between 2011 and 2010, the real decrease of public order and safety expenditure was stronger
in Greece (-12.7%), Czech Republic (-9.7%), Slovenia (-7.6%), Romania (-6.3%) and Cyprus
(-6%). Differently, Norway (4.2%), Luxembourg (5.1%) and Lithuania (6.8%) increased this
type of expenditure. It is also observed that the Baltic countries show the most notorious
drops in the period 2009/2008: Latvia (-26.6%), Estonia (-27.4%), Lithuania (-17.9%),
although they experienced a recovery in year 2011.
Figure 8: Expenditure in public order and safety for EU-27 (millions of Euros in real terms, 2005=100)
170,000
180,000
190,000
200,000
210,000
220,000
230,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Eurostat.
22
Table 14: Real yearly growth rate of expenditure in general public order and safety (%)
Country average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011
Slovakia 2.7 10.6 12.9 -5.4Romania 14.2 -9.6 11.1 -6.3Luxembourg 5.3 3.8 8.4 5.1Cyprus 5.0 4.7 6.3 -6.0Finland 1.8 2.8 5.4 -1.4Spain 4.9 1.7 5.1 -4.2Sweden 2.2 1.2 4.9 0.7Lithuania 5.9 -17.9 3.5 6.8Slovenia 3.0 1.8 3.3 -7.6Norway 2.3 4.4 2.8 4.2France 3.0 7.0 1.2 1.1Poland 10.2 3.0 1.2 -2.4Belgium 3.2 3.6 1.2 -0.2Italy -0.1 6.0 1.1 -1.3Germany 0.2 4.5 0.4 0.7Portugal 2.5 7.4 -0.1 -4.8Malta 1.7 1.6 -0.5 1.2Estonia 6.7 -27.4 -0.7 1.6Austria 1.2 2.9 -0.9 -1.3Czech Rep 1.9 1.6 -1.0 -9.7Denmark 3.2 2.1 -1.6 1.2Netherlands 4.4 5.1 -2.1 -1.0Ireland 5.5 -3.0 -2.2 -3.0UK 5.2 1.8 -3.0 -5.5Hungary 4.2 -8.4 -3.7 3.2Latvia 7.3 -26.6 -6.8 0.4Greece 17.4 12.4 -9.7 -12.7Bulgaria 10.4 5.0 -10.5 -2.7EU-27 2.4 3.1 0.4 -2.1
Source: Eurostat.
Table 15 shows the real growth rate of sub-functions of public order and safety expenditures
according to the COFOG system. We will refer only to the sub-functions of police services,
law courts and prisons, which are the relevant ones for drug-related expenditures. Again, the
Baltic countries have in general the worst indicators, in particular periods 2009/2008 and
2010/2009. Furthermore, Bulgaria, Greece and Hungary also show important drops in
2010/2009. In general, attending only to the period 2010/2009, there are more countries
reducing expenses in polices services (15 over 25) than in another component. Similar to
figure 8, the expenditures of EU-27 in order and safety -measured as percentage of GDP- also
declines with the crisis (see figure 9).
23
Figure 9: Public expenses in order and safety in EU27 (in % GDP, % total public expenditures and real growth rate), 2002-2011
3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88
3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011%
Pub
Exp
en
% G
DP
%GDP % Pub Expen
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
real
grow
th ra
te
real gf03 growth rate
Source: Eurostat.
Furthermore, the relative importance of this component in total public expenditure is
decreasing since 2007. As a reference, annexes B and C contain the relative weights of each
component and subcomponent of these public expenditures with respect to GDP and the total
public expenditures by country and year. We don’t go further in the analysis of the evolution
of such ratios as this will confound the effects of the crisis in GDP and the corresponding
component. The next section of this study deals with the analysis of the effect of the crisis in
each component and subcomponent in an econometric framework.
3.3 Health
Like in the case of public order and safety, the expenditure in the sub-functions of health also
has mixed results. In general, there is an increase in real terms for the EU-27 countries but
some countries exhibit positive and large negative variations in health expenditure (see figure
10 and table 17). For example, between 2009 and 2008 the real expenditures in health
dropped between 7% and 17.2% in the Baltic countries. The other countries where this
24
reduction occurred in the same period were Bulgaria (-9.7%), Hungary (-2.7%) and Malta (-
0.9%). If the comparison is made between 2010 and 2009, a total of 12 countries over 28
present a negative variation in the real expenditure of health, prominently Slovakia (-14.9%),
Latvia (-11.4%), Greece (-9.5%) and Romania (-6.3%).
Figure 10: EU-27: Expenditure in health for EU-27 (millions of Euros in real terms, 2005=100)
500,000
550,000
600,000
650,000
700,000
750,000
800,000
850,000
900,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Eurostat.
25
Table 15: Real growth rate of expenditures in public order and safety sub-functions (%)
Country Police services Law courts Prisons R&D Public order and safety Public order and safety n.e.c.
2009 2010 2011 average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011 average
2000-07 2009 2010 2011 average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011 average
2000-08 2009 2010 2011 average 2000-08
EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria -2.3 -12.6 -2.8 8.5 -4.7 26.0 2.4 -7.3 -4.8 7.7 -40.4 12.5 477.0 460.4 -79.9 1363.9Czech Rep 0.3 -0.4 -11.4 1.6 3.8 -5.4 -1.6 1.8 4.6 -5.3 -6.3 1.1 25.5 -30.7 19.0 20.9 1.9 5.5 -5.4 4.6Denmark -1.7 -0.3 -0.5 3.3 8.5 -10.5 10.9 3.8 7.5 3.5 -2.5 2.9 -1.9 -3.5 6.5 12.5Germany 4.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 2.1 -0.3 0.4 0.4 5.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 11.5 1.8 4.8 4.6 15.4 0.1 3.6 1.0Estonia -10.5 -10.2 -5.9 4.9 -24.0 -30.0 -9.3 11.0 -59.8 -18.5 -8.8 25.2 -54.6 295.8 35.4 13.3Ireland -3.9 0.6 -3.4 5.0 -7.9 1.5 -6.6 9.1 -6.0 -8.1 -0.3 5.1 -13.9 -5.0 -10.7 9.7Greece 11.5 -14.0 -5.8 7.8 30.8 -31.9 -4.8 11.7 -43.6 -7.8 -2.1 25.9 -66.6 -62.0Spain 0.8 4.0 4.6 8.3 1.0 6.8 -4.2 8.6 5.6 -51.5 2.7 9.5 8.8France 8.1 0.3 1.1 2.2 7.9 0.3 0.3 1.9 8.4 9.4 2.5 1.3 0.1 48.2 -1.7 0.4 13.5 -0.1 3.9 1.5Italy 9.8 1.5 -5.4 -0.2 2.4 -1.9 8.7 -0.5 -4.0 7.2 -1.2 0.9 -18.4 -19.4 -5.0 2.4Cyprus 4.4 7.8 -7.5 5.0 2.3 -3.1 0.5 4.0 4.1 9.3 -0.3 6.7 -1.3 -9.5 -8.7 3.9Latvia -30.2 -5.2 0.5 -27.0 -22.5 -5.9 18.0 -7.7 -30.0 -18.4 9.0 -3.6 -18.5 -14.8 -28.4 -11.4Lithuania -13.1 -6.6 -5.0 3.4 -32.1 -3.8 -2.4 7.7 -12.1 -10.4 -1.4 6.3 -18.3 -20.8 -3.5 12.5 -20.1 74.4 43.0 30.5Luxembourg 3.1 10.3 0.5 5.9 6.9 7.5 -1.9 5.1 7.9 1.5 17.8 4.7 96.4 46.9 29.5 -14.8 4.7 0.0 9.1 127.0Hungary -9.5 -4.8 -0.4 4.3 -6.3 -7.3 1.5 5.9 -12.2 10.5 0.7 4.6 -21.0 24.1 -100.0 -11.1Malta 2.4 -0.9 -1.4 0.3 -1.8 -2.0 9.1 3.5 -2.8 3.4 0.1 5.0 -50.4 Netherlands 4.3 -6.2 -0.1 3.8 7.4 1.8 2.1 5.7 4.2 -4.0 -2.6 4.4 -3.8 0.5 -3.2 1.3 4.8 4.8 0.1 6.7Austria 2.3 -1.3 -1.6 1.0 6.0 -1.7 -0.4 0.9 0.6 3.3 -1.5 1.5 -1.7 4.0 2.2 2.3 3.4 1.7 7.1 2.3Poland 9.0 -0.5 -1.1 11.1 -5.8 0.9 -8.6 11.4 5.0 -1.3 3.7 7.8 -29.0 -8.0 -5.9 14.1 100.1 125.1 874.3 -35.7Portugal 8.0 -2.5 -4.7 2.0 2.8 5.4 -3.6 6.3 2.3 -0.7 0.3 1.0 7.1 -4.1 -10.2 17.3 -3.0 -4.1 -41.5 25.5Romania Slovenia 7.5 -1.2 -10.4 2.1 1.2 2.4 -6.1 4.2 10.5 11.1 -9.5 1.1 -16.9 -24.0 23.4 -8.4 9.1Slovakia Finland 0.4 7.6 -1.1 1.6 6.7 -0.7 -2.9 1.1 -1.1 -1.6 -3.1 1.5 -26.4 -2.0 -3.5 7.2 12.9 10.7 10.4Sweden -1.3 6.3 1.4 3.2 1.2 4.5 2.2 2.1 6.6 4.5 -1.1 4.7 11.4 -9.6 0.7 4.5UK 4.4 -2.3 -5.9 5.7 -1.9 -9.4 -2.1 4.5 -1.7 6.3 -14.0 6.8 -41.7 -25.2 -21.5 8.6 -0.1 -16.5 13.4 5.9Norway 3.9 5.8 3.1 2.9 2.2 -0.9 3.9 3.6 10.9 3.3 2.7 3.7 3.0 11.6 -4.7 -5.2 12.9 13.1 -5.0
Source: Eurostat.
26
Table 16: Real growth rate of expenditures in health sub-functions (%)
Country Medical pro., appl. and equip. Outpatient services Hospital services Public health services R&D Health
2009 2010 2011 average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011 average
2000-07 2009 2010 2011 average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011 average
2000-08 2009 2010 2011 average 2000-08
EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria 8.2 10.0 37.7 -3.7 -16.0 17.0 3.7 69.6 15.7 10.9 -16.9 40.0 -53.8 2.4 81.2 16.6 Czech Rep 9.7 -4.8 0.7 1.5 10.2 2.6 3.2 4.7 8.1 3.6 0.0 2.5 0.2 6.0 -0.3 14.8 1.3 -0.1 -13.8 -4.6Denmark -3.6 -1.6 -6.3 5.5 4.6 0.7 0.9 4.1 6.3 -0.7 -1.1 3.2 16.9 3.0 -2.7 4.9 -84.5 196.9 37.0 -9.9Germany 5.0 -0.9 -3.7 1.6 5.2 0.2 0.9 1.3 5.5 1.7 1.1 0.9 60.0 -32.3 2.8 -4.8 6.4 0.2 3.7 3.7Estonia 9.0 0.3 -2.1 9.1 -1.4 -5.9 -0.2 2.2 -9.6 -4.7 4.3 9.3 9.6 -16.7 -10.0 32.0 -33.7 62.1 -2.2 45.7Ireland -4.9 3.5 -8.0 14.6 0.8 -1.0 -11.6 11.6 1.6 -9.7 -2.1 3.0 76.5 -16.8 -75.9 7.6 -2.7 -1.8 -5.9 6.6Greece 5.1 -12.5 -20.8 20.8 -5.6 -17.2 -13.9 11.1 3.6 -4.0 -25.6 5.4 Spain 5.8 -2.1 4.0 8.8 -3.7 6.0 36.4 -27.5 4.4 16.0 6.5 16.9France 18.7 1.1 1.3 3.5 -3.5 2.7 2.1 3.3 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.0 73.9 -15.0 -5.1 6.7 -25.3 -1.7 -1.9 7.6Italy -0.4 -3.5 -9.5 2.7 4.1 1.6 -2.4 4.6 0.4 0.2 -1.5 3.5 -4.9 3.7 -2.6 3.2 -3.6 -0.6 -5.5 4.5Cyprus 3.4 1.2 2.0 5.6 9.4 -5.3 -0.8 5.4 6.7 3.0 1.6 4.5 -1.9 -3.3 89.0 -0.5 16.6 17.4Latvia -10.3 9.2 -0.9 16.1 -25.3 -36.4 3.2 1.2 -14.0 -11.3 2.5 -3.6 -46.2 -44.6 -15.1 -11.8 0.3 -48.8 -4.7 -14.8Lithuania 2.8 -7.9 -0.3 8.1 -9.1 2.4 1.3 11.6 -9.8 1.3 1.5 11.3 -24.7 -14.4 -0.1 49.4 -12.9 506.1 -7.4 10.3Luxembourg 5.3 1.4 -0.9 5.0 13.7 8.6 17.2 8.9 -39.1 72.5 -16.8 -1.8 267.9 -5.0 -3.9 7.9 28.5 1.6 3.2 28.9Hungary 2.5 -1.7 3.2 3.2 -2.2 17.6 0.9 4.5 -7.3 6.8 0.6 1.7 -7.0 -26.9 -3.5 3.0 40.0 -40.7Malta 96.8 -21.7 29.5 16.3 10.7 5.5 9.9 6.4 -17.3 13.6 -1.8 4.3 14.9 23.9 -9.2 -2.9 Netherlands 10.8 2.8 0.3 9.3 13.4 0.3 4.2 3.7 5.8 2.8 2.2 9.9 8.1 3.3 -1.7 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.8 2.1Austria -5.1 -1.2 -1.2 2.9 2.2 -0.4 -0.2 1.8 4.9 1.4 -4.7 0.3 0.8 3.8 -3.0 4.4 8.0 3.4 -2.1 3.1Poland -1.1 0.4 2.5 4.7 -8.5 12.8 -2.3 5.3 4.7 0.1 -1.6 10.0 158.0 -64.4 -30.6 61.1 -2.1 14.1 6.2 14.0Portugal 13.4 5.9 -4.7 6.2 19.9 0.6 -2.3 11.6 -22.2 -56.0 16.5 -7.1 0.8 11.9 3.6 14.8 -2.0 -11.0 -10.9 8.6Romania Slovenia 2.4 -2.5 -1.4 3.7 6.9 -1.2 -1.6 3.4 8.9 -6.7 -0.7 3.8 4.2 -0.5 -30.7 2.2 -8.6 19.0 319.1 5.9Slovakia Finland -4.8 -3.2 -0.6 4.9 5.6 1.9 2.3 5.4 4.0 1.9 0.7 3.9 3.1 5.1 3.1 7.9 -28.4 -6.0 0.6 3.7Sweden 0.0 0.5 -1.7 251.1 1.1 4.0 2.9 405.3 4.0 -2.1 3.4 102.6 18.6 -10.4 9.4 3368.1 4.0 25.3 4.5 10.8UK -29.1 -6.5 -1.2 261.5 4.2 -0.9 -2.7 126.1 6.9 -0.7 -2.4 5.1 46.0 37.0 -19.7 30.0 -5.9 115.0 -37.0 15.6Norway -1.6 2.4 -4.1 16.0 5.6 7.5 3.9 4.7 1.7 -1.1 4.1 5.0 15.2 2.1 3.9 3.4 5.7 -10.2 3.5 12.2Source: Eurostat.
27
Table 17: Real growth rate of expenditure in health (%)
Countryaverage 2000-08 2009 2010 2011
Bulgaria 15.0 -9.7 11.9 0.8Malta 3.9 -0.9 3.7 5.4Czech Rep 3.6 7.5 2.4 0.4France 2.8 3.5 2.4 2.3Hungary 2.8 -2.7 2.4 1.3Norway 3.7 3.0 2.2 3.3Cyprus 4.7 6.6 2.2 2.2Netherlands 7.1 8.8 2.1 2.4Belgium 3.2 5.8 1.3 2.7Sweden 3.4 2.6 1.2 3.0Luxembourg 5.4 7.4 1.1 -0.4Finland 4.4 3.3 1.1 1.3Austria 1.0 2.5 0.8 -3.1Germany 1.9 5.3 0.7 0.3Lithuania 8.3 -9.9 0.3 3.9Italy 3.5 1.4 0.2 -2.7Poland 8.0 4.3 -0.2 -2.3UK 5.9 6.9 -0.6 -2.5Denmark 3.5 5.4 -0.6 -1.2Slovenia 3.4 6.6 -3.1 -1.1Estonia 8.3 -7.0 -3.3 2.2Spain 5.5 8.6 -3.9 -4.8Ireland 7.5 3.7 -4.1 -6.3Portugal 2.1 9.2 -5.5 -1.6Romania 7.5 11.6 -6.3 -3.4Greece 12.3 1.2 -9.5 -22.3Latvia 10.6 -17.2 -11.4 5.0Slovakia 9.3 5.1 -14.9 -6.0EU-27 3.4 5.0 -0.1 -1.0
Source: Eurostat.
Alternative to the evolution of the public expenses in health, figure 11 shows the evolution of
this component measured as the percentage of GDP and of total public expenditures. In both
cases, a decline of this component can be observed between 2010 and 2009, which means a
shift in the increasing evolution of these expenses. The ratio public health expenditure to
GDP has continued decreasing in 2011 as the real value of health expenditure. However, in
that year public health expenditures increased its importance within total public expenditures.
28
Figure 11: Public expenses in health in EU27 (in % GDP, % total public expenditures and real growth rate), 2002-2011
13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
15.2
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011%
Pub
Exp
en
% G
DP
%GDP % Pub Expen
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
real
grow
th ra
te
real gf07 growth rate
Source: Eurostat.
The last report of the OECD on health (OECD, 2012) highlights the significant drop of health
expenses over European countries. This study indicates that this fall is caused by many
different types of policies. For example, in Ireland, “most of the reductions have been
achieved through cuts in wages or the fees paid to professionals and pharmaceutical
companies, and through actual reductions in the number of health workers. Estonia cut
administrative costs in the ministry of health and also reduced the prices of publicly
reimbursed health services.” Furthermore, there has been a break in the investment plans for
health related projects in countries like Estonia, Ireland, Iceland and Czech Republic. Other
measures have been implemented to increase efficiency: mergers of hospitals or ministries,
moving the speed path from hospitalization to out-patient care and promoting the use of
generic drugs. Furthermore, other policies are directed to increase the out of pocket payments
and hospital fees (Ireland and Czech Republic, respectively). The effects of these measures
can also be observed in figure 12. There is a sharp decrease of the growth rate of health
expenditures if we compare the period 2008-2000 and 20010-2009.
29
Figure 12: Average annual growth in health spending across OECD countries in real terms, 2000-2010
0.0%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
2000-2009 2009-2010
Note: Growth rates for 2009/10 are not available for Australia, Japan, Luxembourg, Israel, Spain and Turkey.Growth rates for Chile calculated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source: OECD Health Data 2012.
Table 16 shows the percentage change in the sub-functions of health expenditures according
to the COFOG system. Once more, the Baltic countries and Greece have the worst indicators.
In the period 2011/2010 there are more countries showing a negative growth of public health
expenditures than in the other reference periods. The diversity of impacts is related to
different measures implemented in each country. As mentioned before, the last report of the
OECD for health mentions some different policy that affects different components of public
health expenditure like hospital services (merge of hospitals), medical products (generic
drugs), etc.
3.4 Social protection
Expenditures in social protection have been increasing consistently during the last years in
Europe. However, the effect of the cuts implemented to cope with the crisis can be observed
30
only in 2010. Overall, in many countries this expenditure has not fallen in real terms, and its
growth rate has suffered a sharp decline between 2009 and 2010. In figure 13 one can
observe that growth rate of social protection expenditure was 6.7% in 2009, only 1.0% in
2010 and -0.7% in 2011. Looking at the 2010/2009 period, the countries more affected are,
again, the Baltic countries: Lithuania (-11.6), Estonia (-5.3%) and Latvia (-3.2%). Other
countries with negative variation in the real social protection expenditure are Greece (-3.3%),
Hungary (-4.1%), Germany (-0.2%) and Bulgaria (-0.1%). The Baltic countries continued to
exhibit the worst impacts in social protection expenditure during the 2011/2010. Latvia,
Lithuania and Estonia have a growth rate of real public expenditure in social protection of -
5.9%, -5.7% and -4.2%, respectively. Annexes B and C contain the relative weight of the
social protection components with respect to total public expenditures and GDP by country
and year.
Figure 13: Expenditure in social protection for EU-27 (millions of Euros in real terms, 2005=100, and real growth rate)
1,800,000
1,900,000
2,000,000
2,100,000
2,200,000
2,300,000
2,400,000
-2.0%
-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Millions of Euros
Growth rate
Source: Eurostat.
31
Table 18: Real yearly growth rate of expenditure in social protection (%)
Country average 2000-08 2009 2010 2011
Cyprus 6.8 8.8 7.7 2.9Poland 2.5 8.3 5.0 -2.8Denmark 1.5 5.0 3.8 -0.4Luxembourg 4.9 8.9 3.7 1.5Slovakia 0.8 13.4 3.4 -0.8Netherlands 1.4 6.8 2.8 0.4Spain 4.4 12.4 2.8 -1.3Norway 3.9 6.3 2.7 4.5Portugal 4.5 12.4 2.3 -2.2Ireland 7.0 15.4 2.1 0.1Slovenia 3.1 6.4 2.0 1.3Finland 1.4 7.1 1.7 1.1Austria 1.2 5.2 1.7 -1.5United Kingdom 3.2 7.5 1.6 -0.5France 2.3 4.7 1.5 1.2Romania 9.2 10.5 1.4 -2.2Malta 3.8 3.7 1.0 3.2Italy 1.5 4.8 1.0 -0.3Belgium 1.9 7.4 0.3 1.4Czech Republic 3.6 6.1 0.2 0.9Sweden 0.9 3.5 0.0 -0.9Bulgaria 5.8 17.8 -0.1 -1.6Germany -0.1 5.2 -0.2 -2.6Latvia 2.3 19.3 -3.2 -5.9Greece 3.9 5.5 -3.3 -0.4Hungary 4.7 -1.7 -4.1 -1.9Estonia 7.0 16.7 -5.3 -4.2Lithuania 6.7 9.8 -11.6 -5.7EU-27 1.9 6.7 1.0 -0.7
Source: Eurostat.
Even the growth rate of expenses in social protection has decreased in the years of the crisis,
note that the share of this component in the total expenditures has increased since 2008 (see
figure 14). This means that -at the total European level- social protection has suffered less
from fiscal cuts with respect to other components like health and order and safety.
32
Figure 14: Public expenses in social protection in EU27 (in % GDP, % total public expenditures and real growth rate), 2002-2011
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5
40.0
40.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
% P
ub E
xpen
% G
DP
%GDP % Pub Expen
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
real
grow
th ra
te
rea l gf10 growth rate
Source: Eurostat.
4. Estimation of the impact of the economic crisis
In this section, we estimate econometrically the impact of the economic crisis on government
expenditure and its components in EU-27 plus Norway. To do so, we employ the sample of
country-year observations with available information, i.e. panel data. The interested reader in
the modelling is referred to Box 1 for more details.
33
34
Box 1: Estimations with panel data
The model to be estimated is the fixed effects model. The panel data feature of the sample allows us to address unobserved effects and hence make consistent estimations. If the variable of interest is y¿ (e.g. the public expenses), then the model can be set up as following:
y¿=c i+X¿ β+u¿ t=1,2 ,… .., T
The subscripts i and t refer to country and year. The explanatory variables are denoted by X ¿ and can vary across countries and time. Examples of these variables are GDP, public debt, unemployment, health indicators, etc. The idiosyncratic error is denoted by u¿. The unobserved effects are represented by c i, which means that each country contributes with its own heterogeneity. In order to apply fixed effects methods it will be necessary to take the first differences of the previous equation, i.e.:
∆ y¿=∆ X ¿ β+∆ u¿ t=2,3 , ... ,T
The level effect c i disappears allowing us to estimate the equation with fixed effects. It is needed that each country has at least two observations over time to be included in the analysis.
DataThere are two sources of data used in the analysis: 1) the database of EUROSTAT for public expenditures according to the COFOG system, macro variables and specific controls for public order and safety public (e.g. crimes rates); and 2) the database of the World Health Organization for Europe (WHO European health for All) from which we extract health related variables. Furthermore, the Gini indices were extracted from the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID).
The information of public expenditure and its components and the macro variables are available to many countries up to year 2011. Furthermore, the variables related to health from the World Health Organization dataset are available in the majority of cases up to 2010 (the last update of this database is January 2013) and for some countries up to 2011. However, the variables related to public order from Eurostat, like crime rates for example, are only available up to year 2010 (last update is March 2013). The sample consists of observations over the period 1999-2011. Due to the need to control for heterogeneity in the panel data specification, we use changes of the variable value with respect to the previous year. For instance, the variable indicating the poverty rate is
dpoverty2010=( poverty2010−poverty2009)
poverty2009
. All monetary variables are expressed in real terms,
therefore the variables that enter into the regression equations measure variation in real terms. Due to this specification, the maximum number of possible observations is 12 years times 28 countries,
4.1 Effects on public expenditure and first level components
In this section public expenditure and each of its components at the first level of COFOG -
related to drug policy- are regressed against GDP growth rate, changes in poverty rates and
dummy variables indicating year 2010 and 2011, which will capture the effect of the crisis.
Recall that before we showed a decline in public expenditures only in 2010 and then a
pronounced drop in 2011. We perform panel data with fixed effects and robust standard
errors. The estimates are in table 19. Each column shows a different dependent variable. For
example, the model (1) shows the estimated coefficients of the regression of total public
expenditures (gf00). The model (2), (3) and (4) indicate the equations for the components of
public order and safety (gf03), health (gf07) and social protection (gf10), respectively. A
reader less familiar with econometrics is referred to box 2 for further explanation.
Table 19: Panel data estimates for public expenditures and first level of COFOG
(1) (2) (3) (4)
VariablesTotal pub.
expenditurePub. order and
safety Health Social protection
(gf00) (gf03) (gf07) (gf10)growth 0.2519* 0.7757*** 0.5937*** -0.3682***
(0.1395) (0.226) (0.176) (0.1017)poverty 0.1197*** 0.0749 -0.2182 0.0643
(0.0374) (0.0778) (0.2167) (0.0411)year2010 -2.4440* -2.3887* -6.1757*** -3.6843***
(1.3954) (1.2052) (1.1811) (1.0569)year2011 -4.6537*** -5.5030*** -4.9806*** -5.1172***
(0.69) (1.1304) (1.1736) (0.8803)constant 2.9383*** 2.1499*** 3.9871*** 5.0642***
(0.2746) (0.511) (0.383) (0.2462)N 250 250 250 250groups 28 28 28 28R2 (within) 0.1962 0.1824 0.1498 0.2471F 11.7168 9.7255 7.6782 16.6403rho 0.1415 0.0638 0.0538 0.2017
Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
35
As expected, GDP growth rate affects positively and significantly the variations of total
public expenditures, public order and safety and health expenditures. This means that a
growing economy can afford more public expenditures. For example, if GDP growth rate
increases one percentage point, then the growth rate of the total public expenditure increases
0.25% in average. Furthermore, the expenses in public order and safety and health will raise
0.78% and 0.60%, respectively. Although the coefficient of GDP growth rate in the social
protection equation is negative and significant, this is not surprising. When an economy is
growing, more businesses are flourishing, poverty and unemployment rates are declining, and
therefore there will be less demand for welfare payments. Of course, another effect of GDP
growth on social protection expenses may be an increase of the welfare state due to the higher
wealth of the country. In our regressions, the effect that dominates is the first one. It is worth
to mention that part of the social protection expenses corresponds to automatic stabilizers
triggered by the economic crisis, being perhaps the unemployment benefits the most
important and closely related to the economic cycle. Even we “clean” social protection
expenses from expenses in unemployment benefits (COFOG1005) we still observe similar
effects to those table 19. In a further section, we will show more specifications for social
protection expenses net of unemployment benefits.
The effect of the crisis can be observed with dummy variables for year 2010 and 2011, which
refers to the variation of values of 2010 with respect to 2009, and 2011 with respect to 2010,
respectively. We prefer these dummies instead of one referred to year 2009 because the cuts
in expenditures produced by the crisis take more time to implement. This means that the
effect of the crisis is delayed for the case of variables measuring public expenditures, such as
social programs for example. Preliminary regressions run with the 2009 year dummy confirm
this idea.
36
The results clearly show that the crisis had a negative effect on the variation of the total
public expenditure and on each component. The results of table 19 also show that the
coefficient of year 2011 is larger than that of 2010, which indicates that variations in values
occurred between year 2011 and 2010 are more important than variations occurred between
2010 and 2009. This is the case for total public expenditure, public order and safety and
social protection. In public health expenditures, the impact of the crisis is lower when one
moves from 2010 to 2011.
Furthermore, the variation of the poverty rate has a positive and significant effect on the total
public expenditure. The coefficient of poverty is not significant for the health and public
order equations because there are not direct links between poverty and those components. We
should expect that an increase of poverty and deprivation rates will induce a larger budget to
pay more welfare benefits to more families, and this is what happens in the regression of
social protection expenses but the coefficient is not significant, although p-value=0.129. We
also considered other specifications replacing the poverty rate with the unemployment rate
and young unemployment rate (persons under 25 years) and we also obtained that the effect
of the crisis is still negative and significant in each specification. Furthermore, in other
specifications not reported here, we find that total and youth unemployment rates affect
significantly and positively public expenses in social protection, as expected.
37
4.2 Effects on second level components of the public expenditure
We examine the effects of other variables that can affect the changes of public expenses.
These variables are specific to each component; for example we add variables like crime rates
to the equation measuring public expenditures on public order, and so on. Unfortunately, the
dummy for year 2011 cannot be used because the right-hand side variables of the equations
for COFOG gf03, gf07 and their sub-components (second level) are available only up to year
2010.
4.2.1 Public order and safety (gf03)
This component includes the sub-components:
38
Box 2: Interpretation of estimations
Let’s take the first column of table 19, which shows the coefficients of the variables explaining the growth rate of real public expenditures (gf00):
Dependent variable: growth rate of real public expenditures (gf00)Coefficient of independent variables: GDP growth: 0.25 poverty: 0.12 year2010: -2.44 year2011: -4.65 constant: 2.94
The GDP growth rate measures the change of real GDP from one year to another, and hence a coefficient of 0.25 indicates that one additional percentage point of GDP growth increases the growth of real public expenditures by 0.25%. Similarly, if GDP growth drops by 1%, then real public expenditures is reduced by 0.25%. The positive sign of the coefficient means that the independent variable -in this case GDP growth- affects positively the dependent variable. A similar interpretation applies for the effect of poverty. When the poverty rate increases 1%, then real public expenditures is increased by 0.12%. The variable year2010 is a dummy variable, meaning that this takes value 1 when the countries in the sample are in year 2010 and zero otherwise. The same applies for year2011. The coefficients of both dummy variables are negative which means that being either in year 2010 or 2011 has a negative effect on the growth of real public expenditures. As the coefficient for year 2011 is of a larger negative magnitude than that of year 2010, real public expenses have fallen more in 2011 than in 2010. The constant is a variable to anchor the regression estimation and captures a fixed effect for all countries and years of the sample. These interpretations can apply straightforward for the other regressions reported in table 19 and other regressions.
Police services (gf0301)
Law courts (gf0303)
Prisons (gf0304)
R&D Public order and safety (gf0305)
Public order and safety n.e.c (gf0306)
There are many country-year points of data for dependent variables gf03, gf301, gf303 and
gf304, but few for gf305 and gf306. So, we perform regression estimations only for the three
first sub-components of public expenditure in public order and law. The results of the
regressions are in table 20. We cannot use a dummy variable for year 2011 in these
regressions because the public order and safety related variables (crime rates, prison
population, etc.) are only available up to 2010. Each regression shows the total number of
observations (country-year points) with available information.
Table 20: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on public order and safety
Variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Pub. order and safety(gf03)
Police services(gf0301)
Police services(gf0301)
Law courts(gf0303)
Law courts(gf0303)
Law courts(gf0303)
Prisons(gf0304)
Prisons(gf0304)
GDP growth 0.6825** 0.4215** 0.4527** 0.6243** 0.5983** 0.6681** -0.1195 -0.2587(0.2484) (0.1739) (0.1662) (0.2897) (0.2716) (0.2761) (0.4197) (0.4559)
year2010 -1.3523 -1.7586* -1.4076 -1.5633 -2.0871** -1.6890* -2.3172 -2.2501(1.1546) (0.9312) (1.0418) (0.9569) (0.9425) (0.9367) (1.4495) (1.3176)
total crime rate 0.1984** 0.1793*** 0.0978 (0.0813) (0.0481) (0.0683)
police officers 0.0076 0.0613 0.0386 -0.0908 -0.0999 -0.0828 -0.1955 -0.1745(0.0548) (0.0693) (0.0812) (0.1613) (0.1581) (0.1610) (0.1549) (0.1313)
prisoners -0.0429 -0.0406 -0.0439 0.0166 0.0107 0.0240 0.0775 0.0552(0.0263) (0.0485) (0.0458) (0.0579) (0.0619) (0.0592) (0.0848) (0.0807)
violent crimes 0.0817* (0.0428)
robberies 0.0091 0.0333 (0.0264) (0.0239)
drug trafficking 0.1203***(0.0394)
constant 2.1298*** 1.6796*** 1.9023*** 2.4424*** 2.6865*** 2.4198*** 4.3017*** 3.7300***(0.6374) (0.2943) (0.2846) (0.6484) (0.6101) (0.5950) (0.8956) (0.7890)
N 286 234 238 236 239 237 235 234groups 28.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000R2 (within) 0.1241 0.1146 0.0866 0.1130 0.1087 0.1074 0.0088 0.0283F 2.5919 4.6622 3.1996 8.7504 6.5930 5.3941 0.8929 9.0021rho 0.1435 0.3694 0.3730 0.1122 0.1115 0.1031 0.1215 0.1376Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
39
The first column of table 20 contains the baseline regression of the public expenses on public
order (gf03). The GDP growth rate affects positively and significantly these expenses. An
increase of one percentage point in the GDP growth rate raises the expenses on public order
by 0.68%. As expected, total crime rate also affects public expenses positively and
significantly. An increase of one percentage point in these variables implies an increase of the
public expenses by 0.20%. The effect of the changes in the number of prisoners and police
officers is not significant. It is interesting to note that GDP growth rate has the most
important effect on gf03, even after controlling for factors that are specific to public order
and safety. The effect of GDP growth rate basically does not change when different
specifications are estimated for the equation of gf03; in particular we assess other measures
of crime rates like homicides and robberies rates (these results can be observed in the annex).
Note that, when significant, the dummy of year 2010 has the largest effect (negative) on
public expenditures on public order and safety. The second and third columns of table 20
show the coefficients for the sub-component of police services (gf0301). As before, the GDP
growth rate is positive and significant. An increase of one percentage point in the GDP
growth rate raises the expenses on police services by about 0.40%. However, the other
regressors are not significant, with the exception of violent crimes and the dummy of year
2010. An increase in violent crimes raises police services expenditures, although the effect is
small. For instance, an increase of one percentage point in the violent crime rate increases the
expenses on police services by 0.082%.
Columns 4, 5 and 6 of table 20 show the regressions for the sub-component of law courts
(gf0303). GDP growth rate is positive and significant across different specifications. The
increase of one percentage point in the GDP growth rate raises the expenditures by a figure
between 0.60% and 0.67%. Total crime rate also helps to explain changes in gf0303; but
40
when this variable is replaced by different types of crimes, only homicides and violent crimes
have an impact statistically significant4. The last two columns of table 20 show the
coefficients for the equation on public expenses on prisons (gf0304). Only the number of
police officers are significant and with the expected sign. The GDP growth rate is not
significant in the determination of this kind of expenses (more specifications can be observed
in the annex). Interestingly, only the crime rate of drug trafficking is significant and positive
on this expenditure. This could be explained by the rise of offences related to drug trafficking
committed during the last years. Figure 15 shows the evolution of crime rates in Europe. Note
the sharp increase of drug trafficking in first place, and a more smoothed rise of violent
crimes.
Figure 15: Evolution of crime rates in Europe (1999=100) (simple means by country in EU27+ Norway)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
total
homicides
violent
robbery
burglary
motor veh.
drug trafficking
Source: Eurostat.
Finally, in order to try to directly observe the effect of the crisis on the component, we
perform regressions without the order and safety related variables, so that both dummies for
4 If data on judicial staff would be available for most of our country-year points, we could be able to use this in the regressions. However, the availability of this data at the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) is limited to some years.
41
years 2010 and 2011 are included. Furthermore, we make use of other macro variables
available (poverty, unemployment, redistribution) with the aim of gaining explanatory power.
The results of these regressions are in table 21. We observe that GDP growth positively
affects all the components but only significantly for police services and law courts.
Furthermore, it is clear that the dummy variable for year 2010 and 2011 indicate that the
crisis contributed to the fall of the expenses in the components of public order and safety. The
effect of the crisis is larger in 2011 than 2010 for expenditure in police forces and prisons.
Contrary, expenditures in law courts are more heavily affected in 2010 than in 2011. The
addition of other macro variables do not help to better explain the model (none of these
variables is significant) but we observe that the effects of the crisis are robust to the inclusion
of those variables.
42
Table 21: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on public order and safety
Police
services Law courts Prisons
Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
growth 0.5669*** 0.5876*** 0.4093 0.4794** 0.4880** 0.8174*** 0.7455*** 0.3933 0.5209* 0.5737** 0.2043 0.2192 -1.2548 -0.7818 -0.1075
(0.1575) (0.1670) (0.2926) (0.2233) (0.2141) (0.2268) (0.2428) (0.3150) (0.2890) (0.2325) (0.3994) (0.3999) (1.6717) (1.3130) (0.4143)
year2010 -3.3940** -3.5865** -3.2555** -3.4583** -4.1081** -7.4603*** -6.9840*** -7.1202*** -7.5583*** -8.4319*** -3.8868* -4.3892* -2.2616 -3.9694* -3.2267
(1.4290) (1.3390) (1.5395) (1.4310) (1.8636) (2.2121) (2.2605) (2.1498) (2.2398) (2.8876) (2.1828) (2.4348) (1.8063) (2.1990) (2.6330)
year2011 -5.2882*** -5.4287*** -5.5595*** -5.4934*** -3.4612* -2.6562 -3.9777* -3.8691** -4.7593** -5.1964** -6.5448** -6.1294**
(1.1371) (1.4009) (1.1213) (1.0967) (1.7235) (1.9875) (1.9414) (1.8619) (1.9655) (2.1380) (3.1113) (2.8683)
poverty 0.0106 0.0456 -0.0405
(0.1479) (0.1135) (0.1014) unemployment -0.0333 -0.0771 -0.2818
(0.0340) (0.0489) (0.2434)
youth unemp. -0.0214 -0.0562 -0.2048
(0.0239) (0.0389) (0.1939)
redistribution -0.0175 -0.0210 0.0322
(0.0352) (0.0604) (0.0281)
constant 1.7809*** 1.9916*** 2.3254*** 2.1622*** 2.1518*** 2.9512*** 2.5662*** 3.8544*** 3.5889*** 3.8703*** 3.7036*** 4.2331*** 8.0752 7.0862* 4.4488***
(0.4253) (0.4117) (0.7253) (0.5617) (0.4685) (0.5987) (0.5956) (1.0165) (0.9097) (0.4887) (1.1161) (1.1333) (4.8015) (4.1371) (1.0584)
N 277 218 274 274 221 275 216 272 272 220 275 218 272 272 219
groups 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 23.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 23.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 23.0000
R2 (within) 0.1437 0.1669 0.1544 0.1525 0.0769 0.1152 0.1452 0.1607 0.1565 0.0742 0.0107 0.0123 0.0540 0.0381 0.0028
F 21.3941 13.3347 24.3045 20.6620 3.5247 8.4024 4.8115 6.9440 6.5058 6.7919 4.3945 3.1329 4.2826 4.2262 1.7666
rho 0.1862 0.1707 0.1863 0.1832 0.3025 0.1225 0.0743 0.0761 0.0720 0.1689 0.0366 0.0350 0.0673 0.0516 0.0724Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
43
4.2.2 Health (gf07)
This component includes the sub-components:
Medical products, appliances and equipment (gf0701)
Outpatient services (gf0702)
Hospital services (gf0703)
Public health services (gf704)
R&D Health (gf0705)
We tried many different regressors and specifications for the sub-components of health but
we were not successful in explaining the variability of these variables in our panel. Only the
regressions for the total component of health (gf07) have coefficients that are jointly different
from zero (the results of different specifications are in the annex). Perhaps, the decisions of
governments on specific health expenditures have not common elements in the countries of
our sample and respond to factors that we are unable to control for. We have tried all the
health related variables available and still our panels cannot explain the changes in
components of the public expenditures in health. Even with simple specifications of the sub
components of health against GDP growth rate and dummies for years 2010 and 2011
(together or separated) we obtain the correct sign for the dummy of the crisis yeas but the
variables are not jointly significant different from zero. The only exception is expenses in
hospital services (gf0703) where the dummy for year 2010 or 2011 is negative and
significant, and the variables of the equation are jointly significant different from zero. The
OECD report of health (OECD, 2012) mentions how countries have coped with the crisis
with very different measures to reduce health expenses. The examples include hospital
44
mergers, increases of out of pocket payments, increases of hospital fees, among others.
Furthermore, table 22 shows how the available variables for health indicators are poorly
correlated with the sub-components of public health expenses.
Table 22: correlations of variables related to health in sample (with yearly variations)
gf07 gf0701 gf0702 gf0703 gf0704 gf0705life expectancy at 65
cancer prevalence
hospital beds
out-of-pocket payment
neoplasms
share of public health expen.
gf07 1gf0701 0.0822 1gf0702 0.0226 0.8363* 1gf0703 0.3827* 0.6221* 0.8364* 1gf0704 0.0301 0.6410* 0.9499* 0.8936* 1gf0705 0.0358 0.0835 0.0673 -0.0201 0.0029 1life expectancy at 65 0.1215* -0.0071 -0.0359 -0.0134 -0.037 -0.0749 1cancer prevalence 0.0027 -0.054 -0.0662 -0.0428 -0.0638 0.0395 0.0567 1hospital beds 0.1047 0.0315 0.0407 0.0447 0.0245 -0.0044 0.0839 -0.1048 1out-of-pocket payment 0.1119 -0.0511 -0.0357 -0.0458 -0.029 -0.0467 0.0778 -0.0305 0.1228 1neoplasms 0.1006 -0.0286 -0.0277 -0.0381 -0.0189 0.0259 0.0027 0.062 -0.2857* -0.0063 1share of pub health exp. 0.1747* -0.0334 -0.038 -0.0137 -0.0487 -0.0049 0.0546 -0.0262 0.022 0.2280* -0.018 1** p<0.05
Paying attention only to the case of the total public expenses in health (gf07, see table 23), we
observe that GDP growth rate is positive and significant to different specifications. An
increase of one percentage point in this variable raises the expenses by about 0.42% to
0.61%. The share of public health expenditures in the total health expenditures (public plus
private estimated by WHO) is a measure of substitutability between private and public
expenses in health. Therefore, a positive sign implies that an increase of the private expenses
in health will reduce the total public expenditures in health (gf07).
45
Table 23: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on health (gf07)
Variable Total public expenditures in health (1) (2) (3) (4)growth 0.4239** 0.5697*** 0.4800*** 0.6139*** (0.1604) (0.1718) (0.1571) (0.1646)hospital beds 3.0814 4.0906 2.5487 3.0946 (18.3870) (19.4251) (18.9416) (19.9785)neoplasms 20.9147* 19.7227 (11.7351) (13.3171) share of public health expend. 34.6141*** 29.8354** (11.9583) (11.9267) year 2010 -4.7535** -5.4683** -5.1132*** -5.7454*** (2.1229) (2.3044) (1.3901) (1.4581)out-of-pocket payment -26.8540*** -25.8157*** (5.6434) (5.4043)life expectancy at 65 -48.2364 -42.1792 (52.4101) (48.8427)constant 3.3618*** 3.7017*** 4.2115*** 4.3787*** (0.7565) (0.7463) (0.5091) (0.5134)N 273 273 273 273groups 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000R2 (within) 0.1284 0.1926 0.1098 0.1760F 7.6141 16.1477 8.8621 18.5315rho 0.0466 0.0593 0.0482 0.0581
Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
4.2.3 Social protection (gf10)
Table 24 reports the estimation results for public expenditures in social protection (gf10)5.
The first column contains the main factors affecting the expenses in social protection. As we
observed before, the GDP growth rate affects negatively these expenditures as a falling GDP
growth rate can trigger unemployment and deprivation rates and hence increase welfare
claims. For similar reasons, the poverty rate affects positively and significantly public
expenditures on social protection. The effect of long-term unemployment (over one year) has
the correct sign but is not significant. A variable indicating the level of redistribution is
constructed as the Gini coefficient computed with pre tax and transfer incomes minus the
Gini computed with post tax and transfer incomes (Redistr. = Ginipre-tax – Ginipost-tax). An
increase in this difference can be interpreted as the government is more successful in
reducing inequality. This means that the government is devoting more resources to
redistribute, which implies an expansion of social protection expenditures. The coefficient 5 The sub-component “social exclusion n.e.c” (gf1007) could be more closely related to public expenses on drugs monitoring but the equations for this sub-component don’t show jointly significant coefficients. In addition, this variable suffers of sample size problems as this contains less country-year points with information.
46
estimated is positive and significant, which lends support to the previous argument. The
effect of the crisis (year 2010) on social protection expenses is negative and significant as
observed in a previous section. This indicates that the crisis had an effect in the funding of
social programs, which is plausible given the fiscal expenses cuts of some austerity plans.
Columns 2 to 4 of table 24 show some other specifications of the regression. Youth
unemployment rate affects positively public expenses. Total unemployment rate is also added
but its effects are not significant. Importantly, the negative effect of the crisis (coefficient of
year2010) is negative and significant over all these different specifications, which brings
robustness to this effect.
Table 24: Panel data estimates for public expenditures in social protection
Variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)growth -0.3898** -0.1458 -0.1605 -0.1933 -0.4272*** -0.1481 -0.1287 -0.1779 (0.1439) (0.2086) (0.2114) (0.2259) (0.1366) (0.1665) (0.1684) (0.1827)long term unempl. 0.0048 -0.0178 -0.0127 -0.0373
(0.0167) (0.0235) (0.0238) (0.0278) poverty 0.0779* 0.0660 0.0670 0.0721 0.0672 0.0561 0.0545 0.0590 (0.0427) (0.0423) (0.0437) (0.0427) (0.0439) (0.0409) (0.0431) (0.0436)redistribution 0.0619* 0.0365 0.0382 0.0466 (0.0316) (0.0308) (0.0309) (0.0305) year2010 -3.7173*** -2.8794*** -3.6492*** -3.9044*** -2.9984** -1.9495* -3.7129*** -3.8989*** (1.1438) (1.0232) (0.9875) (1.0311) (1.1062) (0.9736) (1.0300) (1.0438)year2011 -4.9682*** -4.3376*** -4.7992*** -4.8597*** (0.8611) (0.7177) (0.8564) (0.8791)youth unempl. 0.0735* 0.0560* 0.0830** 0.0515** (0.0402) (0.0327) (0.0313) (0.0247) unemployment 0.0473 0.0391 (0.0317) (0.0281)constant 4.8492*** 4.0589*** 4.1964*** 4.3518*** 5.1271*** 4.1348*** 4.2922*** 4.5058*** (0.2951) (0.5539) (0.5462) (0.5344) (0.3504) (0.4268) (0.4298) (0.4597)N 200 200 200 200 256 256 256 256groups 26.0000 26.0000 26.0000 26.0000 29.0000 29.0000 29.0000 29.0000R2 (within) 0.2310 0.2581 0.2530 0.2487 0.2533 0.2949 0.2710 0.2615F 11.3555 13.3850 15.0365 18.8723 12.2420 11.8313 14.3146 13.6946rho 0.2899 0.2428 0.2449 0.2523 0.2155 0.1736 0.1594 0.1682Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
Columns 5 to 8 of table 24 include a dummy for year 2011. We observe that the coefficient of
year 2011 is larger than that of 2010, which indicates that variations in values occurred
47
between year 2011 and 2010 are more important than variations occurred between 2010 and
2009. In order to asses the effects of year 2011, the regressions of columns 5 to 8 don’t
include a measure for redistribution because this is only available up to year 2010.
It is possible that some of the changes in public expenses in social protection are automatic
responses to the economic cycle. For instance, most of European countries have schemes of
unemployment benefits which start to pay economic transfers soon after the lost of a job. Of
course, the increase of the unemployment due to the economic crisis has triggered these
payments. As those transfers are surely not related to drug expenses and can be of a
considerable amount, it is a good idea to estimate the impact of the crisis on the social
protection expenses net of those automatic stabilizers. So, we simply rest COFOG gf1005
(expenses in unemployment benefits) from gf10 (expenses in social protection). The results
are reported in table 25. The results are similar as before, we find an important and significant
negative effect of the crisis through the dummies of year 2010 and 2011. Different from
before, we find that expenditures in social protection are more responsive to redistribution
than to poverty (columns 1 to 4). All of these results reassure us that the crisis has impacted
negatively in social protection expenses, even after subtracting automatic stabilizers. Hence,
we should worry that drug related expenses contained in social protection expenditures can
also be negatively affected by the crisis.
48
Table 25: Panel data estimates for public expenditures in social protection net of expenses in unemployment benefits
Variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)growth -0.2824* -0.1974 -0.2126 -0.3141 -0.3144** -0.1400 -0.1088 -0.2468 (0.1457) (0.2338) (0.2343) (0.2419) (0.1374) (0.1808) (0.1891) (0.1839)long term unempl. -0.0089 -0.0153 -0.0233 -0.0363
(0.0157) (0.0158) (0.0211) (0.0253) poverty 0.0475 0.0443 0.0444 0.0478 0.0319 0.0283 0.0238 0.0273 (0.0354) (0.0349) (0.0355) (0.0355) (0.0365) (0.0349) (0.0365) (0.0372)redistribution 0.0544* 0.0464* 0.0475* 0.0556** (0.0283) (0.0268) (0.0273) (0.0251) year2010 -2.5091** -2.2877** -2.9763*** -2.8080*** -2.2974** -1.7126* -3.5490*** -3.4450*** (1.0113) (0.9119) (0.8185) (0.8394) (0.9060) (0.8675) (1.0667) (1.0733)year2011 -3.9356*** -3.6374*** -4.0556*** -4.1638*** (0.7516) (0.6693) (0.8082) (0.8557)youth unempl. 0.0224 0.0075 0.0468 0.0178 (0.0355) (0.0352) (0.0323) (0.0251) unemployment -0.0127 -0.0087 (0.0317) (0.0236)constant 4.4270*** 4.1810*** 4.2960*** 4.5341*** 4.7484*** 4.1721*** 4.2799*** 4.6654*** (0.3153) (0.5751) (0.5720) (0.5556) (0.3803) (0.4693) (0.4715) (0.4862)N 173 173 173 173 218 218 218 218groups 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 25R2 (within) 0.1517 0.1550 0.1499 0.1510 0.1942 0.2115 0.1816 0.1792F 8.5466 8.6620 9.3281 7.9006 6.9678 6.4491 7.4445 7.1644rho 0.2277 0.2044 0.2043 0.2326 0.1590 0.1299 0.1124 0.1366Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
5. A classification of countries
We have observed how the economic crisis has affected countries in some important
dimensions. The unemployment rates have increased together with the recession, in particular
the youth unemployment rate, which is worrying given the association between this variable
for the most exposed group to consumption of drugs. The growth of public expenses has
fallen as well, although the effects are only clear when the year 2010 is observed. It is
important to be aware of this, and it will be interesting to have a measure that can summarize
the effects of the crisis in order to obtain a sort of ranking and be able to group countries.
This could help to clarify how the effects of the crisis have spread over the countries in
49
Europe. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can easily be applied to some key variables
by country, which will allow us to build some groups.
The use of PCA is useful when we need to reduce multidimensional attributes to one
dimension without losing too much of the original information, which will make the analysis
more tractable. For example, it is common practice to us PCA to create an index of living
standard with the information of different variables available in a household survey.
Otherwise, it will be cumbersome to analyse the living standards looking at all the variables
at the same time. The idea of the PCA is that we look to combine different information from
individuals (countries in our case) to obtain a summary measure that can explain the
maximum amount of observed variability. This means that all the variables entering into the
analysis must be scaled somehow in a lower dimensional space, which is known as
multidimensional scaling. The PCA uses a linear transformation of all dimensions and creates
components. The first component is the one that retains the maximum amount of information
to explain the variability of the sample. The interest reader in more details of the PCA
procedure can consult Abdi and Williams (2010), Hatcher (1994) and the following box.
50
51
Box 3: Principal Component Analysis (taken and edited from Hatcher, 1994)
Principal component analysis (PCA) is appropriate when you have obtained measures on a number of observed variables and wish to develop a smaller number of artificial variables (called principal components) that will account for most of the variance in the observed variables. The principal components may then be used as predictor or criterion variables in subsequent analyses.
PCA is a variable reduction procedure. It is useful when you have obtained data on a number of variables (possibly a large number of variables), and believe that there is some redundancy in those variables. In this case, redundancy means that some of the variables are correlated with one another, possibly because they are measuring the same construct. Because of this redundancy, you believe that it should be possible to reduce the observed variables into a smaller number of principal components (artificial variables) that will account for most of the variance in the observed variables.
Technically, a principal component can be defined as a linear combination of optimally-weighted observed variables. In order to understand the meaning of this definition, it is necessary to first describe how subject scores on a principal component are computed. In the course of performing a principal component analysis, it is possible to calculate a score for each subject on a given principal component. For example, consider a dataset with p variables describing the characteristics of each individual in the sample, which can have scores on 2 components. The subject’s actual scores on the p variables would be optimally weighted and then summed to compute their scores on a given component. Below is the general form for the formula to compute scores on the first component extracted (created) in a principal component analysis:
C1 = b11 (X1) + b12 (X2) + ... b1p (Xp)
C1 = the subject’s score on principal component 1 (the first component extracted)b1p = the regression coefficient (or weight) for observed variable p, as used in creating principal component 1Xp = the subject’s score on observed variable p.
The weights are produced by Eigen equations and are optimal weights in the sense that, for a given set of data, no other set of weights could produce a set of components that are more successful in accounting for variance in the observed variables. The weights are created so as to satisfy a principle of least squares similar (but not identical) to the principle of least squares used in multiple regression.
A principal component was defined as a linear combination of optimally weighted observed variables. The words “linear combination” refers to the fact that scores on a component are created by adding together scores on the observed variables being analyzed. “Optimally weighted” refers to the fact that the observed variables are weighted in such a way that the resulting components account for a maximal amount of variance in the data set.
In most analyses, only the first few components account for meaningful amounts of variance, so only these first few components are retained, interpreted, and used in subsequent analyses (such as in multiple regression analyses). You would assume that the remaining components accounted for only trivial amounts of variance. These latter components would therefore not be retained, interpreted, or further analyzed.
We use the variables GDP growth rate, total unemployment rate, youth unemployment rate
and the growth rate of real public expenditures to perform PCA for EU-27 and Norway
during the years of recession. We use these variables because they have welfare implications
and are sensitive to the financial crisis. As it has been shown in previous sections, European
countries have experienced a fall (in levels or growth rate) in public expenditures after the
crisis, in particular in health and social protection, which have an important welfare
implication.
Table 26 reports the PCA scores when the following variables are used: GDP growth rate,
growth rate of real public expenditures, total and youth unemployment rates, all of them for
year 2011. As we order countries according to its scores, we can obtain a ranking of
countries. Note that by using variations between 2011 and 2010 for growth rates we can
observe sharper effects of the financial crisis on public expenditures and unemployment.
Recall that decreases in public expenditures are delayed with respect with the year of the
crisis (2008/2009). Furthermore, note that we use levels in unemployment rates instead of
changes which allow us to account for striking differences in labour conditions across
countries. In a previous section a great heterogeneity in total unemployment rate was
observed, and particularly in youth unemployment around and after the crisis.
52
We can divide the countries in four groups in terms of their ranking and observe how badly
they are in the recession caused by the financial crisis. For example in the worst group are the
Lithuania, Slovakia, Latvia, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Greece. The countries that have
suffered less in the recession are Norway, Austria, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg,
Malta and Sweden.
Table 26: Principal component scores for EU-27 + Norway
Group Country Score Norway 2.198 Austria 1.751 Netherlands 1.508Group 1 Germany 1.365 Luxembourg 1.324 Malta 1.198 Sweden 0.974 Belgium 0.914 Czech Republic 0.815 Denmark 0.810Group 2 Finland 0.784 Slovenia 0.650 Estonia 0.548 Romania 0.495 Cyprus 0.308 France 0.119 United Kingdom 0.099Group 3 Poland 0.011 Hungary -0.247 Bulgaria -0.303 Italy -0.356 Lithuania -0.868 Slovakia -1.118 Latvia -1.173Group 4 Portugal -1.646 Ireland -3.007 Spain -3.399 Greece -3.755
Table 27 reports the average values of the variables employed in the PCA according to the
groups previously formed with the PCA. Group 4 shows the worst indicators in all variables
for the recession years, and is the only one that has a negative growth rate in real public
expenditures. Group 2 has the highest growth rate of public expenditures, although this is
very close to that of group 1. The difference between groups 3 and 2 is not big in terms of
53
total unemployment rate, but is significant in the case of youth unemployment. Furthermore,
the difference in youth unemployment between groups 1 and 4 is remarkably large. Estonia
has been different from the other Baltic countries in 2011 because is has experienced an
improvements in all its indicators, in particular in GDP growth (8.1%).
Table 27: Average values of macro variables by groups of countries (no weighted)
Group GDP
growth rate 2011
Real Pub. Exp. Var. % 2011/2010
Total Unem.
rate 2011
Youth Unem. rate
2011
1 Norway, Austria, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, Sweden 2.14 3.42 5.27 12.31
2 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Slovenia, Estonia, Romania 2.67 3.56 8.20 18.97
3 Cyprus, France, United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy 1.69 1.32 9.40 24.61
4 Lithuania, Slovakia, Latvia, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, Greece 1.10 -5.17 16.01 35.24
Total 1.90 0.78 9.72 22.79
An interesting exploratory task is to observe the evolution of the previously presented groups
(see next graphs). The measures are simple averages of the countries within each group. The
classification of the groups corresponds to that of table 27, i.e. group 4 is the worst ranked
and group 1 is the best.
54
Figure 16: GDP growth rate by group of countries Figure 17: Unemployment rate by group of countries
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
group 1
group 2
group 3
group 4
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
group 1
group 2
group 3
group 4
Figure 18: Youth unemployment rate by group of countries Figure 19: Growth rate of public expenditures by group of countries
8.0
11.0
14.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
26.0
29.0
32.0
35.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
group 1
group 2
group 3
group 4
-9.00-8.00-7.00-6.00-5.00-4.00-3.00-2.00-1.000.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
10.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
group 1
group 2
group 3
group 4
Figure 20: Public expenditures (% GDP) by group of countries
37.0
39.0
41.0
43.0
45.0
47.0
49.0
51.0
53.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
group 1group 2group 3group 4
55
Interestingly, group 4 (composed by Lithuania, Slovakia, Latvia, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and
Greece) is the one with the largest drop in economic growth, and at the same time this is the
group that showed the highest rates of GDP growth during the 2000’s (Figure 16). Similarly,
group 2 has also exhibited high GDP growth rates in previous years and dropped
considerably in 2009, but differently from group 4, they have recovered better in year 2011.
Groups 1 and 3 performed closely to each other.
Total and youth unemployment rates have dramatically jumped for group 4 (Figure 18). The
increase of youth unemployment rate in this group from 15.7% in 2007 to 35.2% in 2011 is
particularly harmful for the accumulation of human capital. Furthermore, group 4 exhibited
the largest growth of real public expenses in the years before the crisis, and suffered the most
severe fall in 2011 (Figure 19). During the period 2004-2008, group 4 has the largest average
growth rate of real public expenses (6.3%), but during 2011 this figure was only -7.7%, the
lowest among all groups. Regarding to the relative size of public expenditures with respect to
GDP, group 3 shows the biggest size since 2005. In 2010, all groups suffered a fall in the
public expenses-to-GDP ratio which continued in 2011.
When the components of public expenditures are considered, we also observe that group 4 is
the most severely hit by the crisis. Figures 21 to 24 show the average of the yearly growth
rate of public expenses by component. It is the case of health where we observe the most
dramatic variation in public expenses. During the 2000’s group 4 had an average growth rate
of public expenses in health of 8.0%, but during year 2010 this was -7.0%. In 2011, this
continued to be negative (-4.6%).
56
Figure 21: average of yearly growth rate of public expenditure in order and safety by group of countries
Figure 22: average of yearly growth rate of public expenditure in health by group of countries
2.4
5.14.4
6.7
1.8 2.4
0.5 0.4
1.4
-2.5-1.8
-3.3-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4
2000-2007
2009-2010
2010-2011
4.04.8 4.5
8.0
1.7
-0.9
1.1
-7.0
1.60.3
-0.3
-4.6
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4
2000-2007
2009-2010
2010-2011
Figure 23: average of yearly growth rate of public expenditure in social protection by group of countries
Figure 24: average of yearly growth rate of public expenditure in social protection net of unemployment insurance expenses by group of countries
2.2
3.7 3.7 3.9
1.7
0.3
2.1
-1.1
0.7
-0.6-0.2
-2.3-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4
2000-2007
2009-2010
2010-2011
2.0
4.0 3.7
4.9
1.61.0
2.0
-2.0
1.3
0.40.0
-1.7
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4
2000-2007
2009-2010
2010-2011
Figure 22 is interesting because we can observe that our classification of countries is
consistent with the impact on public health expenses. This calls to use these groups in our
estimation equations of section 4 and assess if this classification helps us to better explain the
impact of the economic crisis on public expenses in health. We tried two ways: one is
introducing dummy variables of the interaction between groups and the dummy for year
2010, and the other is performing regressions for each group. The idea of the first method is
to explore if there are interactions between the effects of the crisis (measured by the dummy
of 2010) and the groups. We also used this method because we cannot introduce dummies of
57
groups directly into the estimation equations given that the fixed effects estimator will throw
away characteristics that do not change over time. The idea behind the second method is that
the difference in attributes among country groups is sharp enough so that it can be a good
idea to make separate estimations for each group. Again, only the estimation for the total
public expenses in health gives statistically significant and coherent results6. It is found that
the crisis affected more severely public expenditures in health in the worst ranked countries.
Unfortunately, beyond gf07 and gf0701 none of the specifications for the other sub-
components of health was satisfactory.
6. Conclusions
We first present the available data on key macroeconomics variables affected by the recent
economic crisis: growth, unemployment and public expenditure. We have also disaggregated
public expenditures according to COFOG classification and analysed those expenditures
related with drug issues: General public services, Public order and safety, Health and Social
Protection. Furthermore, we have presented the changes on the sub-functions of these
components that are more precisely related to drug public expenditures.
The analysed data allowed us to preliminarily establish some groups of countries that respond
differently in the economic crisis. For example, in almost all variables the Baltic countries
perform worse than the other European countries. This is confirmed by a Principal
Component Analysis that uses some macro economic variables that can capture the effects of
the crisis. The group worst ranked is conformed by Lithuania, Slovakia, Latvia, Portugal,
Ireland, Spain and Greece. The first group, i.e. the strongest one with respect to the effects of 6 Some regressions with public expenses in medical products, appliances and equipment (gf0701) as the dependent variable performed well, i.e. the dummy for year 2010 was negative and significant and the interaction between the dummy for group 4 and year 2010 was also significant and negative.
58
the crisis is conformed by Norway, Austria, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta and
Sweden. In a graphical analysis we showed that the proposed classification of countries is
coherent with the different effects of the economic crisis.
In general, there is negative impact of the economic crisis on the public expenditure but this
is mainly observed in year 2010 and 2011. The reason is that at the beginning of the crisis,
not many cuts could be implemented because of budgetary restrictions. The idea is that
budgets are generally foreseen and approved in advance, so that the governments face limits
to manoeuvre and change committed expenses in short and medium run. It is just one or two
years later that we are able to observe the drop of fiscal expenses once some consolidation
plans could be implemented. The negative impact of the crisis is also observed in the
components of public expenses at the first level (public order and safety, health and social
protection). However, the results are mixed when the public expenditures at the second level
of classification are analysed. The sub-components of public order and safety show
significant effects of the crisis, particularly in the cases of police services (gf0301) and law
courts (gf303). The other component (prisons) has not conclusive effects. After an exhaustive
search for adequate specifications, we were unable to find an adequate equation for the
modelling of the sub-components of health. This may be explained by the fact the decisions
of governments on specific health expenditures differ a great deal in Europe. Each country
has coped with the crisis with very different measures to reduce health expenses. The
examples include hospital mergers, increases of out of pocket payments, increases of hospital
fees, among others. Finally, we find evidence that social protection expenses have declined
with the crisis.
59
Assessing the effect of the crisis in each component and sub-component is not an easy task
because each category has different sets of relevant controls. Furthermore, countries follow
different strategies to deal with cuts in each sub-component, which makes more difficult to
find a common and robust effect of the crisis across Europe. However, the results at the first
level of COFOG classification do show that there is a negative impact of the crisis.
Therefore, it is likely that drug-related public expenditures embodied in the relevant
components analysed will suffer from the crisis as well.
60
References
Abdi, H., & Williams, L.J. (2010), “Principal component analysis”, Wiley Interdisciplinary
Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2, 433-459.
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62
ANNEX A. COFOG expenditure by country, 2000-2011
63
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Total
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27 4,878,696
5,018,160
5,088,671
5,177,472
5,280,157
5,381,985
5,552,929
5,792,591
5,830,309
5,698,850 239,662 4.3% 37,718 0.7% -131,459 -2.3%
Belgium 138,404 139,105 140,067
143,922
148,842
147,658
157,399
150,052
153,119
157,376
166,178
166,564
169,890 8,803 5.6% 386 0.2% 3,325 2.0%
Bulgaria 6,553 7,249 7,452
7,551
7,946
8,402
8,668
8,801
10,740
11,131
11,629
10,607
10,369 497 4.5% -1,022 -8.8% -238 -2.2%
Czech Republic 35,914 36,077 39,490
42,182
48,013
43,350
44,998
46,137
47,738
48,163
50,425
50,018
49,472 2,262 4.7% -406 -0.8% -547 -1.1%
Denmark 102,106 102,838 104,432
105,888
107,232
109,143
109,466
110,737
111,368
113,220
118,178
121,096
120,716 4,958 4.4% 2,918 2.5% -381 -0.3%
Germany 1,039,375 988,608 1,052,345
1,061,610
1,065,220
1,047,214
1,043,450
1,039,931
1,033,001
1,050,539
1,097,546
1,122,498
1,085,527 47,006 4.5% 24,952 2.3% -36,971 -3.3%
Estonia 2,754 2,740 2,821
3,108
3,314
3,457
3,757
4,257
4,723
5,104
5,019
4,599
4,621 -85 -1.7% -419 -8.4% 21 0.5%
Ireland 39,835 40,061 45,256
48,086
49,174
51,565
55,177
59,308
65,418
70,780
75,919
102,912
75,036 5,139 7.3% 26,993 35.6% -27,876 -27.1%
Greece 72,686 73,649
75,929
80,274
84,927
86,097
92,104
100,103
105,917
109,744
98,792
91,996 3,826 3.6% -10,952 -10.0% -6,796 -6.9%
Spain 282,587 291,144 299,927
314,220
322,729
338,676
349,501
364,824
386,308
406,993
439,093
434,617
421,150 32,101 7.9% -4,476 -1.0% -13,467 -3.1%
France 813,400 822,231 837,106
866,957
882,369
899,764
920,351
933,888
954,441
964,443
1,003,360
1,014,446
1,017,951 38,917 4.0% 11,086 1.1% 3,505 0.3%
Italy 642,923 628,088 666,427
663,856
678,364
680,633
688,251
705,044
708,391
710,146
727,942
712,296
703,066 17,796 2.5% -15,646 -2.1% -9,230 -1.3%
Cyprus 4,059 4,288 4,603
4,898
5,554
5,583
5,864
6,064
6,259
6,607
7,035
7,111
7,093 428 6.5% 77 1.1% -19 -0.3%
Latvia 3,458 3,298 3,271
3,587
3,673
4,133
4,633
5,734
6,237
6,287
5,705
5,650
5,336 -582 -9.3% -55 -1.0% -314 -5.6%
Lithuania 5,235 5,419 5,353
5,400
5,699
6,267
6,968
7,537
8,723
9,359
8,853
8,473
8,361 -507 -5.4% -379 -4.3% -113 -1.3%
Luxembourg 9,158 9,377 9,542
10,877
11,519
12,082
12,573
12,766
12,937
13,466
14,542
15,144
15,389 1,076 8.0% 602 4.1% 245 1.6%
Hungary 34,599 34,394 36,193
41,107
40,995
42,493
44,475
47,807
45,860
44,839
44,061
42,992
43,516 -778 -1.7% -1,069 -2.4% 524 1.2%
Malta 1,818 1,871
1,956
2,203
2,080
2,148
2,207
2,239
2,384
2,287
2,321
2,388 -97 -4.1% 34 1.5% 68 2.9%
Netherlands 213,109 212,687 223,146
227,712
232,046
231,023
229,965
241,204
248,648
258,983
276,272
278,901
273,407 17,289 6.7% 2,629 1.0% -5,493 -2.0%
Austria 118,536 117,960 117,765
118,884
120,785
129,408
122,585
124,553
127,324
130,368
134,443
136,903
133,916 4,075 3.1% 2,460 1.8% -2,987 -2.2%
64
Poland 94,376
98,870
100,407
106,176
113,775
117,987
125,601
133,148
138,982
137,092 7,548 6.0% 5,833 4.4% -1,890 -1.4%
Portugal 59,872 61,752 65,204
66,005
67,836
69,920
71,830
70,823
71,264
71,281
78,357
82,319
76,678 7,076 9.9% 3,962 5.1% -5,641 -6.9%
Romania 20,814 21,471 21,640
22,248
22,579
25,049
26,808
31,499
38,306
43,370
42,612
41,278
41,827 -758 -1.7% -1,334 -3.1% 549 1.3%
Slovenia 10,903 11,191 11,739
11,925
12,307
12,730
13,015
13,504
13,824
14,716
15,298
15,452
15,511 583 4.0% 154 1.0% 59 0.4%
Slovakia 14,447 16,122 14,145
15,120
13,940
13,581
14,619
14,938
15,257
16,204
18,060
18,058
17,506 1,856 11.5% -2 0.0% -553 -3.1%
Finland 71,895 69,763 70,752
72,618
75,153
77,482
79,262
79,949
81,316
83,751
86,968
87,848
88,656 3,217 3.8% 880 1.0% 808 0.9%
Sweden 152,041 150,030 149,408
154,476
157,003
157,842
160,671
163,787
164,621
165,792
167,908
169,569
171,039 2,116 1.3% 1,660 1.0% 1,470 0.9%
United Kingdom 597,138 587,105
660,509
699,372
740,652
778,258
808,764
831,696
852,333
912,627
938,553
934,851
900,803 25,925 2.8% -3,702 -0.4% -34,048 -3.6%
Norway 85,971 88,063 92,155
95,933
98,874
100,218
102,233
106,168
110,425
115,487
121,184
123,129
126,612 5,697 4.9% 1,945 1.6% 3,483 2.8%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
General public services
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27 691,668
691,013
695,407
708,193
699,729
727,246
738,311
735,564
748,550
767,093 -2,747 -0.4% 12,986 1.8% -769,840 2.5%
Belgium 30,433 30,591 29,806
29,254
28,909
27,169
26,699
24,998
26,079
25,755
27,247
25,565
25,417 1,492 5.8% -1,682 -6.2% -23,925 -0.6%
Bulgaria 1,421 1,580 1,643
1,363
871
1,195
1,409
1,195
2,080
1,450
2,088
1,009
1,124 638 44.0% -1,079 -51.7% -486 11.5%
Czech Republic 3,214 3,215 3,592
4,108
4,746
4,718
5,413
4,677
4,918
4,948
5,372
5,281
5,308 424 8.6% -91 -1.7% -4,884 0.5%
Denmark 16,302 15,946 16,027
15,431
14,675
14,326
13,964
13,983
14,243
14,776
15,265
15,993
16,553 489 3.3% 727 4.8% -16,064 3.5%
Germany 142,726 134,957 132,871
136,096
137,175
135,248
134,490
135,154
137,742
143,150
143,039
146,277
147,671 -111 -0.1% 3,238 2.3% -147,782 1.0%
Estonia 270 277 260
328
314
278
319
395
418
362
380
354
386 19 5.1% -27 -7.0% -367 9.1%
Ireland 5,006 5,158 838 14.0% 794 11.6% -7,686 11.7%
65
4,942 4,932 4,890 5,063 5,338 5,426 5,817 5,999 6,837 7,631 8,524
Greece 18,202 17,327
17,328
17,615
19,513
19,365
20,579
24,226
22,493
24,012
22,780
22,668 1,520 6.8% -1,232 -5.1% -21,148 -0.5%
Spain 43,165 42,246 43,803
44,025
43,578
42,177
43,135
44,570
45,291
46,687
50,117
49,600
52,764 3,430 7.3% -517 -1.0% -49,334 6.4%
France 119,239 119,589 118,680
118,964
118,610
121,824
124,148
112,369
122,287
120,538
116,318
113,167
117,158 -4,221 -3.5% -3,151 -2.7% -121,379 3.5%
Italy 132,661 130,990 134,424
132,170
128,930
124,436
126,210
123,057
127,086
128,596
119,382
116,960
121,388 -9,213 -7.2% -2,422 -2.0% -130,601 3.8%
Cyprus 1,014 1,096 1,159
1,195
1,394
1,380
1,491
1,526
1,679
1,701
1,819
1,643
1,707 118 6.9% -176 -9.7% -1,590 3.9%
Latvia 338 358 354
376
414
481
492
615
685
624
585
569
623 -39 -6.2% -16 -2.7% -662 9.4%
Lithuania 527 769 807
698
752
787
879
932
996
970
881
942
1,011 -89 -9.2% 61 6.9% -1,100 7.4%
Luxembourg 1,138 1,193 1,145
1,225
1,243
1,353
1,366
1,326
1,366
1,454
1,507
1,638
1,748 52 3.6% 131 8.7% -1,695 6.7%
Hungary 8,100 7,137 8,021
7,875
7,626
8,261
8,516
8,859
8,695
8,456
8,849
7,946
7,629 394 4.7% -903 -10.2% -7,235 -4.0%
Malta 302 283
297
291
346
326
342
337
367
387
353
376 20 5.5% -34 -8.8% -355 6.5%
Netherlands 35,432 34,411 32,852
31,706
30,894
30,905
31,233
30,975
31,267
32,444
30,754
32,298
30,515 -1,690 -5.2% 1,545 5.0% -32,205 -5.5%
Austria 17,776 17,832 18,341
17,728
16,878
16,904
17,298
17,592
17,865
17,083
17,511
17,744
17,504 429 2.5% 232 1.3% -17,075 -1.4%
Poland 12,791
13,868
14,804
15,276
15,515
15,635
15,815
17,254
18,108
18,380 1,439 9.1% 855 5.0% -16,941 1.5%
Portugal 8,605 8,746 9,206
8,963
9,654
9,960
10,321
10,384
11,273
10,052
11,546
13,425
13,104 1,494 14.9% 1,879 16.3% -11,610 -2.4%
Romania 5,476 4,400 3,856
3,405
2,801
2,915
2,612
2,911
4,343
5,162
4,344
4,562
5,065 -817 -15.8% 218 5.0% -5,882 11.0%
Slovenia 1,371 1,436 1,686
1,527
1,518
1,607
1,687
1,692
1,726
1,698
1,768
1,789
1,920 69 4.1% 21 1.2% -1,851 7.4%
Slovakia 2,294 2,851 2,419
2,407
1,881
2,030
2,337
1,912
1,668
1,707
2,366
2,854
2,695 658 38.6% 489 20.7% -2,036 -5.6%
Finland 10,270 10,009 10,186
9,693
9,984
10,251
10,568
10,571
10,709
11,228
11,414
11,470
11,810 185 1.7% 56 0.5% -11,625 3.0%
Sweden 24,440 25,656 22,252
23,809
21,743
21,443
22,333
23,492
23,907
24,076
22,729
22,906
24,579 -1,347 -5.6% 177 0.8% -25,927 7.3%
United Kingdom 74,006 73,251
70,281
68,115
67,500
75,363
80,970
85,474
86,315
86,637
82,241
100,819
104,607 -4,396 -5.1% 18,578 22.6% -109,003 3.8%
Norway 8,439 8,281 10,578
10,266
10,548
10,014
10,307
11,456
11,528
12,618
12,887
12,604
12,277 268 2.1% -283 -2.2% -12,008 -2.6%
66
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Public order and safety
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27 189,064
195,051
199,762
203,449
207,045
212,655
217,616
224,267
225,237
220,546 6,650 3.1% 971 0.4% -4,691 -2.1%
Belgium 4,226 4,339 4,495
5,018
5,053
4,915
5,077
5,376
5,319
5,594
5,797
5,864
5,850 202 3.6% 67 1.2% -14 -0.2%
Bulgaria 348 366 511
488
564
614
626
677
809
801
841
753
732 40 5.0% -89 -10.5% -20 -2.7%
Czech Republic 1,959 1,966 1,903
1,903
2,060
2,081
2,209
2,281
2,332
2,313
2,351
2,326
2,101 38 1.6% -24 -1.0% -225 -9.7%
Denmark 1,756 1,810 1,903
1,936
1,974
2,048
2,117
2,146
2,199
2,336
2,385
2,347
2,376 49 2.1% -37 -1.6% 29 1.2%
Germany 35,420 35,150 36,067
36,563
36,029
35,887
35,880
35,917
35,767
36,127
37,747
37,889
38,161 1,620 4.5% 142 0.4% 272 0.7%
Estonia 201 202 197
221
232
223
240
261
302
354
257
255
259 -97 -27.4% -2 -0.7% 4 1.6%
Ireland 1,885 1,988 2,188
2,179
2,183
2,307
2,350
2,599
2,836
3,021
2,932
2,868
2,782 -90 -3.0% -64 -2.2% -86 -3.0%
Greece 1,096 1,889
2,002
2,776
3,090
3,076
3,024
3,242
3,441
3,867
3,491
3,049 426 12.4% -376 -9.7% -442 -12.7%
Spain 13,006 12,928 14,676
15,012
15,540
16,041
16,490
17,492
18,950
19,876
20,222
21,256
20,368 346 1.7% 1,034 5.1% -888 -4.2%
France 22,270 22,234 24,402
25,791
26,633
26,804
26,986
26,932
27,438
29,042
31,076
31,453
31,810 2,034 7.0% 377 1.2% 357 1.1%
Italy 27,097 27,145 26,534
27,548
28,612
28,052
28,238
27,761
27,805
26,773
28,382
28,705
28,334 1,610 6.0% 323 1.1% -371 -1.3%
Cyprus 217 225 234
249
284
285
287
302
313
333
349
371
348 16 4.7% 22 6.3% -22 -6.0%
Latvia 212 211 215
234
249
280
303
416
462
372
273
254
255 -99 -26.6% -18 -6.8% 1 0.4%
Lithuania 285 285 282
298
323
350
370
408
431
477
392
405
433 -85 -17.9% 14 3.5% 27 6.8%
Luxembourg 207 215 233
263
292
301
309
311
309
326
339
367
386 12 3.8% 29 8.4% 19 5.1%
Hungary 1,315 1,449 1,575
1,848
1,790
1,807
1,815
1,982
1,820
1,858
1,703
1,639
1,692 -155 -8.4% -63 -3.7% 53 3.2%
Malta 70 1 1.6% 0 -0.5% 1 1.2%
67
73 74 79 77 76 75 77 80 81 81 82
Netherlands 7,562 7,851 8,397
9,119
9,423
9,533
9,488
10,188
10,721
11,153
11,717
11,471
11,355 564 5.1% -246 -2.1% -117 -1.0%
Austria 3,476 3,409 3,438
3,513
3,515
3,599
3,649
3,758
3,710
3,864
3,977
3,941
3,888 113 2.9% -36 -0.9% -53 -1.3%
Poland 3,185
3,750
3,719
4,182
4,710
5,105
5,656
5,824
5,892
5,751 168 3.0% 68 1.2% -140 -2.4%
Portugal 2,419 2,467 2,589
2,771
3,018
2,967
3,021
2,989
2,916
3,015
3,239
3,235
3,078 223 7.4% -4 -0.1% -156 -4.8%
Romania 867 1,252 947
1,265
1,250
1,367
1,683
2,122
2,454
2,480
2,241
2,490
2,333 -239 -9.6% 250 11.1% -157 -6.3%
Slovenia 406 441 469
485
510
519
479
511
518
524
533
551
509 10 1.8% 18 3.3% -42 -7.6%
Slovakia 803 840 878
890
673
842
788
842
844
947
1,048
1,183
1,120 101 10.6% 135 12.9% -64 -5.4%
Finland 1,918 1,952 1,996
1,940
2,050
2,044
2,138
2,111
2,137
2,249
2,312
2,437
2,402 63 2.8% 125 5.4% -35 -1.4%
Sweden 3,619 3,581 3,740
3,897
3,983
3,927
3,982
4,175
4,333
4,391
4,444
4,660
4,693 53 1.2% 216 4.9% 33 0.7%
United Kingdom 32,355 35,210
37,248
40,206
42,432
46,133
47,590
47,340
48,967
50,952
51,853
50,288
47,518 900 1.8% -1,565 -3.0% -2,770 -5.5%
Norway 2,026 2,062 2,089
2,341
2,287
2,308
2,196
2,288
2,402
2,474
2,583
2,654
2,765 109 4.4% 71 2.8% 112 4.2%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Police services
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20112009-2008
2010-2009
2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 238 233 356
322
384
387
355
411
449
441
431
376
366 -10 -2.3% -54 -12.6% -11 -2.8%
Czech Republic 1,066 1,063 1,037
1,021
1,124
1,125
1,187
1,238
1,231
1,221
1,225
1,220
1,081 4 0.3% -5 -0.4% -139 -11.4%
Denmark 959 972 1,016
1,032
1,070
1,096
1,107
1,130
1,171
1,285
1,263
1,259
1,253 -21 -1.7% -4 -0.3% -7 -0.5%
Germany 16,863 676 4.0% 134 0.8% 135 0.8%
68
17,361 17,414 17,226 17,092 17,000 16,987 16,901 16,994 17,670 17,804 17,939
Estonia 104 101 100
110
113
127
143
153
180
155
139
124
117 -16 -10.5% -14 -10.2% -7 -5.9%
Ireland 1,153 1,196 1,300
1,241
1,228
1,319
1,367
1,513
1,649
1,768
1,699
1,709
1,651 -70 -3.9% 10 0.6% -58 -3.4%
Greece 1,262
1,339
1,788
2,034
2,024
2,015
2,124
2,048
2,283
1,962
1,848 235 11.5% -321 -14.0% -114 -5.8%
Spain 8,929 8,542 9,797
9,847
10,136
10,562
10,978
11,835
12,640
13,203
13,304
13,842 101 0.8% 538 4.0%
France 13,975 13,951 14,691
15,514
15,949
15,922
15,909
15,704
15,907
16,922
18,291
18,340
18,540 1,368 8.1% 49 0.3% 201 1.1%
Italy 16,604 16,688 16,352
16,791
17,496
17,755
17,395
17,285
17,174
16,295
17,899
18,174
17,202 1,604 9.8% 275 1.5% -972 -5.4%
Cyprus 167 175 181
192
219
221
223
234
241
258
269
290
269 11 4.4% 21 7.8% -22 -7.5%
Latvia 277
202
141
134
135 -61 -30.2% -7 -5.2% 1 0.5%
Lithuania 152 139
140
147
149
159
173
180
197
171
160
152 -26 -13.1% -11 -6.6% -8 -5.0%
Luxembourg 106 120 132
146
160
171
168
169
166
176
181
200
201 5 3.1% 19 10.3% 1 0.5%
Hungary 792 862 916
1,150
1,069
992
1,012
1,195
1,104
1,101
997
949
945 -105 -9.5% -48 -4.8% -4 -0.4%
Malta 48
44
46
47
44
46
46
49
50
49
49 1 2.4% 0 -0.9% -1 -1.4%
Netherlands 3,433 3,616 3,775
3,997
4,081
4,159
4,065
4,454
4,602
4,775
4,978
4,671
4,667 204 4.3% -307 -6.2% -4 -0.1%
Austria 1,885 1,828 1,811
1,813
1,837
1,880
1,916
2,035
1,957
2,044
2,092
2,064
2,031 48 2.3% -28 -1.3% -33 -1.6%
Poland 1,344
1,575
1,618
1,820
2,024
2,190
2,515
2,741
2,727
2,698 226 9.0% -14 -0.5% -29 -1.1%
Portugal 1,568 1,606 1,708
1,695
1,839
1,870
1,877
1,837
1,824
1,864
2,013
1,963
1,871 150 8.0% -50 -2.5% -92 -4.7%
Romania
Slovenia 194 207 233
246
259
264
224
234
224
227
245
242
216 17 7.5% -3 -1.2% -25 -10.4%
Slovakia
Finland 838
894
891
933
874
881
916
919
989
978 3 0.4% 69 7.6% -11 -1.1%
Sweden 1,656
1,702
1,738
1,785
1,837
1,927
2,009
2,058
2,031
2,159
2,188 -27 -1.3% 128 6.3% 30 1.4%
United Kingdom 16,738 17,649
19,899
21,583
22,668
24,174
25,104
25,448
26,246
27,408
28,605
27,937
26,296 1,197 4.4% -668 -2.3% -1,641 -5.9%
Norway 929 952 47 3.9% 72 5.8% 41 3.1%
69
985 1,063 1,000 986 1,063 1,107 1,163 1,195 1,242 1,313 1,355
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Fire-protection services
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 52 35 60
63
44
68
86
52
60
96
109
71
80
14 14.3% -39 -35.3% 9 12.7%
Czech Republic 244 246 236
245
256
276
284
306
314
312
319
321
265
7 2.1% 3 0.9% -56 -17.4%
Denmark 169 173 211
218
189
185
192
195
198
200
205
210
206
5 2.7% 6 2.7% -4 -2.1%
Germany 4,550 4,585
4,777
4,657
4,590
4,540
4,747
4,761
4,952
5,254
5,287
5,296
302 6.1% 33 0.6% 8 0.2%
Estonia 28 27 28
34
34
34
33
36
37
49
41
36
36
-9 -17.8% -4 -10.9% 0 0.6%
Ireland 223 229 249
268
261
275
273
280
297
328
378
330
338
50 15.2% -48 -12.7% 8 2.4%
Greece 308
325
418
453
440
425
501
481
584
435
388
102 21.3% -149 -25.5% -46 -10.7%
Spain 915 998 1,190
1,214
1,223
1,112
1,155
1,244
1,418
1,338
1,355
1,654
18 1.3% 299 22.1%
France 2,281 2,424 3,497
3,753
4,022
4,118
4,396
4,700
4,918
5,175
5,247
5,323
5,374
72 1.4% 76 1.4% 51 1.0%
Italy 2,050 2,005 1,960
2,013
2,120
2,139
2,166
2,099
2,167
2,110
2,149
2,078
2,291
38 1.8% -70 -3.3% 212 10.2%
Cyprus 22 23 24
25
29
29
29
30
31
34
37
37
37
3 9.1% 0 0.9% 0 -0.6%
Latvia 38
34
28
28
23
-6 -17.5% 0 1.3% -5 -18.7%
Lithuania 32 28
41
44
47
53
65
65
71
61
58
60
-10 -14.0% -3 -4.8% 2 3.8%
Luxembourg 29 24 27
31
32
33
38
37
35
39
38
42
54
-1 -3.0% 4 9.8% 12 27.5%
Hungary 119 158 -7 -3.5% -1 -0.6% 51 25.3%
70
253 207 184 197 197 222 203 208 201 200 250
Malta 3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
1 18.5% 0 -4.9% 0 3.2%
Netherlands 982 1,077 1,173
1,221
1,324
1,345
1,376
1,548
1,528
1,528
1,630
1,710
1,621
102 6.7% 80 4.9% -89 -5.2%
Austria 381 370 342
403
406
426
436
425
440
479
490
479
450
11 2.3% -11 -2.2% -28 -5.9%
Poland 477
521
490
543
609
662
701
724
787
651
23 3.2% 64 8.8% -137 -17.4%
Portugal 197 183 177
182
163
185
189
191
188
202
254
272
261
52 25.8% 18 7.2% -11 -4.2%
Romania
Slovenia 31 29 31
35
38
40
41
44
45
50
48
53
54
-2 -3.9% 5 9.8% 1 1.4%
Slovakia
Finland 387
411
415
438
457
464
484
504
538
509
20 4.1% 35 6.9% -30 -5.5%
Sweden 646 762
793
806
686
691
710
686
692
711
726
717
19 2.8% 15 2.1% -9 -1.2%
United Kingdom 3,459 3,576
3,602 3,859
3,946
4,116
4,184
4,072
4,308
4,512
4,577
4,477
4,432
65 1.4% -100 -2.2% -45 -1.0%
Norway 304 305 295
323
327
345
398
435
450
476
496
482
518
21 4.4% -15 -2.9% 36 7.5%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Law courts
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 34 69 66
75
97
124
138
167
214
215
205
192
-10 -4.7%
Czech Republic 316 315 302
294
320
315
351
342
356
365
379
359
353
14 3.8% -20 -5.4% -6 -1.6%
Denmark 322 347 346
351
371
388
391
419
434
449
487
436
483
38 8.5% -51 -10.5% 47 10.9%
Germany 9,411 203 2.1% -27 -0.3% 39 0.4%
71
9,611 9,782 9,601 9,595 9,750 9,812 9,687 9,721 9,923 9,896 9,935
Estonia 19 19 17
17
19
27
28
30
36
45
34
24
21
-11 -24.0% -10 -30.0% -2 -9.3%
Ireland 222 238 280
300
314
349
326
389
446
475
437
444
414
-38 -7.9% 6 1.5% -29 -6.6%
Greece 319
339
447
473
487
460
481
654
856
583
555
201 30.8% -273 -31.9% -28 -4.8%
Spain 1,929 2,090 2,271
2,494
2,794
2,744
2,870
2,909
3,210
3,465
3,752
3,790
287 8.3% 38 1.0%
France 3,466 3,410 3,603
3,803
3,895
3,986
3,927
3,851
3,891
4,091
4,415
4,430
4,442
324 7.9% 14 0.3% 13 0.3%
Italy 5,283 5,301 5,089
5,402
5,529
4,734
5,249
4,964
5,030
4,954
5,072
4,977
5,409
118 2.4% -95 -1.9% 432 8.7%
Cyprus 16 17 17
19
21
21
22
23
24
23
23
23
23
1 2.3% -1 -3.1% 0 0.5%
Latvia 76
70
55
51
61
-16 -22.5% -3 -5.9% 9 18.0%
Lithuania 55 67
65
72
80
85
90
97
96
66
63
61
-31 -32.1% -2 -3.8% -2 -2.4%
Luxembourg 45 45 49
58
65
59
60
63
66
70
75
80
79
5 6.9% 6 7.5% -1 -1.9%
Hungary 246 247 256
287
309
398
419
415
375
397
373
345
350
-25 -6.3% -27 -7.3% 5 1.5%
Malta 16
19
22
19
20
17
19
19
19
18
20
0 -1.8% 0 -2.0% 2 9.1%
Netherlands 1,008 1,136 1,264
1,433
1,498
1,521
1,535
1,539
1,640
1,638
1,760
1,793
1,830
122 7.4% 33 1.8% 37 2.1%
Austria 691 686 693
704
730
722
715
712
712
750
795
781
779
45 6.0% -13 -1.7% -3 -0.4%
Poland 1,008
1,261
1,227
1,411
1,621
1,762
1,895
1,786
1,801
1,646
-109 -5.8% 16 0.9% -156 -8.6%
Portugal 373 400 413
578
669
562
606
633
581
597
613
647
624
17 2.8% 33 5.4% -23 -3.6%
Romania
Slovenia 121 141 147
148
152
159
165
156
164
174
176
180
169
2 1.2% 4 2.4% -11 -6.1%
Slovakia
Finland 401
415
408
415
408
415
427
456
453
440
29 6.7% -3 -0.7% -13 -2.9%
Sweden - 780
801
799
800
787
866
922
899
910
950
971
11 1.2% 41 4.5% 21 2.2%
United Kingdom 7,698 8,961
8,771 9,301
9,952
11,431
11,388
10,904
10,700
11,196
10,985
9,955
9,747
-211 -1.9% -1,030 -9.4% -207 -2.1%
Norway 318 321 10 2.2% -4 -0.9% 17 3.9%
72
326 379 389 390 418 404 427 433 442 439 456
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Prisons
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 23 20 27
30
38
35
36
38
43
41
42
39
37
1 2.4% -3 -7.3% -2 -4.8%
Czech Republic 198 199 191
189
206
204
224
215
221
215
225
213
200
10 4.6% -12 -5.3% -13 -6.3%
Denmark 286 290 312
299
307
339
392
368
359
364
391
405
395
27 7.5% 14 3.5% -10 -2.5%
Germany 2,420 2,576
2,565
2,528
2,584
2,550
2,369
2,356
2,351
2,474
2,469
2,468
123 5.2% -4 -0.2% -2 -0.1%
Estonia 40 39 40
50
51
18
21
21
24
80
32
26
24
-48 -59.8% -6 -18.5% -2 -8.8%
Ireland 252 287 304
323
311
291
329
369
378
385
362
333
332
-23 -6.0% -29 -8.1% -1 -0.3%
Greece - - 94
107
125
124
136
258
145
134
131
-112 -43.6% -11 -7.8% -3 -2.1%
Spain 1,020 867 961
947
937
972
1,050
1,208
1,431
1,600
1,533
1,665
-68 -4.2% 133 8.6%
France 2,083 1,994 2,130
2,217
2,255
2,263
2,242
2,184
2,215
2,327
2,522
2,758
2,827
195 8.4% 236 9.4% 69 2.5%
Italy 3,081 3,074 3,055
3,272
3,391
3,347
3,357
3,345
3,366
3,321
3,187
3,414
3,374
-134 -4.0% 228 7.2% -41 -1.2%
Cyprus 9 8 9
10
11
11
11
12
14
15
16
17
17
1 4.1% 1 9.3% 0 -0.3%
Latvia 38
37
26
21
23
-11 -30.0% -5 -18.4% 2 9.0%
Lithuania 33 32
37
42
40
42
46
47
53
47
42
41
-6 -12.1% -5 -10.4% -1 -1.4%
Luxembourg 25 24 25
28
31
35
40
38
38
37
40
41
48
3 7.9% 1 1.5% 7 17.8%
Hungary 107 117 -18 -12.2% 14 10.5% 1 0.7%
73
124 170 151 159 146 148 137 150 132 146 147
Malta 6
8
8
7
7
8
8
9
8
9
9
0 -2.8% 0 3.4% 0 0.1%
Netherlands 1,588 1,423 1,443
1,716
1,744
1,717
1,714
1,865
2,073
2,282
2,379
2,283
2,224
97 4.2% -95 -4.0% -59 -2.6%
Austria 314 308 316
314
304
313
331
327
368
354
357
368
363
2 0.6% 12 3.3% -6 -1.5%
Poland 342
377
381
405
450
484
535
562
554
575
27 5.0% -7 -1.3% 21 3.7%
Portugal 243 242 266
290
297
301
295
277
274
262
268
266
267
6 2.3% -2 -0.7% 1 0.3%
Romania
Slovenia 26 25 29
28
27
26
26
27
25
28
31
34
31
3 10.5% 3 11.1% -3 -9.5%
Slovakia
Finland 202
204
204
212
209
215
221
219
215
208
-2 -1.1% -4 -1.6% -7 -3.1%
Sweden 522
574
609
619
643
645
691
719
766
801
793
48 6.6% 35 4.5% -9 -1.1%
United Kingdom 3,772 4,348
4,246 4,758
5,141
5,603
6,065
6,025
6,741
6,726
6,609
7,025
6,040
-117 -1.7% 415 6.3% -985 -14.0%
Norway 232 229 232
240
236
246
266
283
310
319
354
366
375
35 10.9% 12 3.3% 10 2.7%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
R&D Public order and safety
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 32
7
4
5
-3 -40.4% 1 12.5%
Czech Republic 1 1 1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0 25.5% 0 -30.7% 0 19.0%
Denmark - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Germany 171 200
239
235
243
250
248
244
241
268
273
287
28 11.5% 5 1.8% 13 4.8%
74
Estonia - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Ireland - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Greece - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Spain - 2 1
1
- - - - - - - - 0 0
France 6 6 7
6
6
5
5
5
5
6
6
8
8
0 0.1% 3 48.2% 0 -1.7%
Italy - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Cyprus - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Latvia - - - - - 0 0 0
Lithuania 1 3
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 -18.3% 0 -20.8% 0 -3.5%
Luxembourg - - - - 0
- 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 96.4% 0 46.9% 0 29.5%
Hungary 1 1 1
1
- - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Malta - - - - - - - - - 0
0
0 0 0 -50.4%
Netherlands 52 51 55
57
55
57
55
52
55
57
55
56
54
-2 -3.8% 0 0.5% -2 -3.2%
Austria 21 21 22
25
24
26
27
24
25
26
25
26
27
0 -1.7% 1 4.0% 1 2.2%
Poland 3
3
3
3
6
7
6
4
4
3
-2 -29.0% 0 -8.0% 0 -5.9%
Portugal 9 22 12
13
15
14
22
15
16
17
18
17
16
1 7.1% -1 -4.1% -2 -10.2%
Romania
Slovenia 0 0 0
0
1
- - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Slovakia
Finland - - - - - - 4
3
3
3
-1 -26.4% 0 -2.0% 0 -3.5%
Sweden - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
United Kingdom 66 79
58 51
45
72
67
48
39
78
46
34
27
-33 -41.7% -11 -25.2% -7 -21.5%
Norway - - - - - - - - - 0
0
0
0
0 3.0% 0 11.6% 0 -4.7%
75
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Public order and safety n.e.c.
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 2 8 2
- 2
0
12
9
12
8
47
262
53
39 477.0% 215 460.4% -209 -79.9%
Czech Republic 135 142 138
153
153
161
163
179
210
197
201
212
201
4 1.9% 11 5.5% -12 -5.4%
Denmark 19 27 19
35
36
39
34
35
38
40
39
37
40
-1 -1.9% -1 -3.5% 2 6.5%
Germany 1,734 1,735
1,786
1,781
1,783
1,790
1,754
1,818
1,869
2,157
2,158
2,237
288 15.4% 1 0.1% 78 3.6%
Estonia 10 16 12
10
15
17
15
20
25
25
11
44
60
-13 -54.6% 33 295.8% 16 35.4%
Ireland 35 39 56
47
68
72
56
48
65
65
56
53
47
-9 -13.9% -3 -5.0% -6 -10.7%
Greece - - 29
22
- - - - - 378
126
0 378 -252 -66.6%
Spain 214 429 455
509
450
651
437
295
252
271
278
304
7 2.7% 26 9.5%
France 462 449 475
496
506
508
507
489
501
523
594
594
617
71 13.5% -1 -0.1% 23 3.9%
Italy 79 78 79
70
76
77
71
68
69
93
76
61
58
-17 -18.4% -15 -19.4% -3 -5.0%
Cyprus 3 2 3
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
0 -1.3% 0 -9.5% 0 -8.7%
Latvia 33
29
24
20
14
-5 -18.5% -3 -14.8% -6 -28.4%
Lithuania 11 12
13
13
35
31
34
42
59
47
82
117
-12 -20.1% 35 74.4% 35 43.0%
Luxembourg 0 1 0
0
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
0 4.7% 0 0.0% 0 9.1%
Hungary 50 65 26
34
77
61
42
3
1
1
1
- - 0 24.1% -1 -100.0% 0
Malta - - - - - - - - - - 0
0 0 0
Netherlands 500 548 688
694
721
733
743
730
823
873
915
958
959
42 4.8% 44 4.8% 1 0.1%
Austria 184 196 255
256
214
232
223
235
208
212
219
223
239
7 3.4% 4 1.7% 16 7.1%
76
Poland 11
14
- - - - 4
8
18
179
4 100.1% 10 125.1% 161 874.3
%
Portugal 29 14 12
13
35
35
33
35
33
75
73
70
41
-2 -3.0% -3 -4.1% -29 -41.5%
Romania
Slovenia 33 39 29
29
34
29
23
50
59
44
34
42
38
-11 -24.0% 8 23.4% -4 -8.4%
Slovakia
Finland 111
126
126
140
164
163
198
212
240
265
14 7.2% 27 12.9% 26 10.7%
Sweden - 20
27
31
36
24
26
25
23
26
24
24
3 11.4% -3 -9.6% 0 0.7%
United Kingdom 622 597
671 654
679
737
782
843
934
1,033
1,031
861
976
-2 -0.1% -170 -16.5% 115 13.4%
Norway 242 255 250
338
335
341
51
59
51
50
48
54
61
-3 -5.2% 6 12.9% 7 13.1%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Health
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27 671,470
698,006
719,616
743,398
774,906
792,494
818,644
859,913
858,727
850,209
41,269 5.0% -1,186 -0.1% -8,518 -1.0%
Belgium 17,325 17,865 18,574
18,768
20,453
20,753
21,016
20,808
21,559
22,839
24,156
24,474
25,128
1,316 5.8% 319 1.3% 653 2.7%
Bulgaria 528 628 456
950
1,081
1,125
1,107
1,036
1,123
1,315
1,187
1,328
1,339
-128 -9.7% 141 11.9% 11 0.8%
Czech Republic 5,926 5,839 6,267
6,642
7,060
7,038
7,220
7,568
7,987
8,092
8,695
8,904
8,937
603 7.5% 209 2.4% 33 0.4%
Denmark 12,445 12,633 13,120
13,641
13,799
14,283
14,916
15,662
16,380
16,913
17,823
17,712
17,498
910 5.4% -111 -0.6% -214 -1.2%
Germany 134,838 145,353 148,812
152,461
153,705
147,254
149,320
151,625
154,976
158,671
167,114
168,219
168,678
8,444 5.3% 1,105 0.7% 460 0.3%
Estonia 332 324 329
363
390
411
456
528
601
669
622
601
615
-47 -7.0% -20 -3.3% 13 2.2%
Ireland 6,624 7,095 8,465
9,396
10,087
10,866
10,634
11,166
12,124
12,554
13,022
12,494
11,711
469 3.7% -528 -4.1% -783 -6.3%
77
Greece 6,091 8,273
8,376
9,364
10,198
11,388
13,173
13,397
14,927
15,106
13,676
10,624
178 1.2% -1,430 -9.5% -3,052 -22.3%
Spain 36,830 38,866 39,847
41,855
43,828
47,776
51,585
53,719
56,218
59,587
64,709
62,176
59,211
5,123 8.6% -2,533 -3.9% -2,966 -4.8%
France 107,881 112,236 115,155
120,891
125,825
129,584
133,208
135,920
138,252
138,322
143,219
146,645
150,029
4,897 3.5% 3,426 2.4% 3,384 2.3%
Italy 76,839 81,917 87,337
89,314
89,717
96,173
99,689
102,644
101,535
104,835
106,271
106,526
103,653
1,436 1.4% 255 0.2% -2,873 -2.7%
Cyprus 315 308 347
380
421
409
414
444
439
468
499
510
521
31 6.6% 11 2.2% 11 2.2%
Latvia 329 347 302
371
358
404
557
731
746
741
614
544
571
-127 -17.2% -70 -11.4% 27 5.0%
Lithuania 650 564 680
667
736
781
1,037
1,027
1,163
1,249
1,126
1,129
1,173
-124 -9.9% 3 0.3% 44 3.9%
Luxembourg 1,018 1,023 1,205
1,223
1,320
1,449
1,573
1,537
1,580
1,615
1,735
1,754
1,748
120 7.4% 19 1.1% -7 -0.4%
Hungary 3,575 3,574 3,695
4,361
4,743
4,753
4,998
5,139
4,479
4,469
4,349
4,453
4,509
-119 -2.7% 104 2.4% 56 1.3%
Malta 219 222
260
276
281
309
320
304
293
291
302
318
-3 -0.9% 11 3.7% 16 5.4%
Netherlands 22,572 23,782 24,932
26,919
28,313
28,779
29,366
38,124
39,963
40,840
44,435
45,350
46,459
3,595 8.8% 915 2.1% 1,109 2.4%
Austria 19,072 18,985 16,072
16,701
17,911
18,261
18,697
19,157
19,762
20,505
21,027
21,202
20,548
522 2.5% 175 0.8% -654 -3.1%
Poland 9,291
9,499
9,779
10,815
12,025
12,720
14,672
15,307
15,271
14,918
636 4.3% -36 -0.2% -353 -2.3%
Portugal 8,691 9,221 9,728
9,939
10,149
10,682
11,054
10,468
10,588
10,456
11,418
10,784
10,609
962 9.2% -633 -5.5% -176 -1.6%
Romania 2,004 2,328 2,444
2,618
2,331
1,900
2,148
2,387
3,104
3,559
3,974
3,724
3,596
414 11.6% -250 -6.3% -128 -3.4%
Slovenia 1,525 1,545 1,637
1,684
1,718
1,784
1,813
1,899
1,928
2,053
2,189
2,121
2,097
136 6.6% -68 -3.1% -23 -1.1%
Slovakia 1,632 1,615 1,562
1,686
2,247
1,679
1,865
2,391
2,859
3,228
3,393
2,888
2,716
165 5.1% -505 -14.9% -172 -6.0%
Finland 8,077 8,287 8,653
9,158
9,683
10,223
10,784
11,172
11,365
11,925
12,317
12,449
12,610
392 3.3% 133 1.1% 160 1.3%
Sweden 16,234 16,546 17,830
18,840
19,612
19,610
20,062
20,592
21,391
21,969
22,548
22,810
23,490
580 2.6% 262 1.2% 680 3.0%
United Kingdom 85,502 90,514
97,071 104,731
111,056
121,940
127,369
134,069
137,627
143,537
153,401
152,490
148,681
9,864 6.9% -911 -0.6% -3,809 -2.5%
Norway 13,851 14,345 14,989
16,086
16,764
17,092
17,645
18,105
18,950
19,250
19,821
20,264
20,932
571 3.0% 443 2.2% 668 3.3%
78
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Medical products, appliances and equipment
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 133
123
124
134
147
203
10 8.2% 13 10.0% 56 37.7%
Czech Republic 1,076 1,069 1,119
1,228
1,336
1,425
1,463
1,269
1,248
1,201
1,317
1,253
1,262
116 9.7% -64 -4.8% 9 0.7%
Denmark 700 713 774
863
882
894
908
954
1,136
1,115
1,075
1,058
991
-40 -3.6% -17 -1.6% -67 -6.3%
Germany 33,854 35,899
35,857
36,459
32,675
34,440
34,985
36,872
37,977
39,885
39,538
38,078
1,908 5.0% -347 -0.9% -1,461 -3.7%
Estonia 37 40 52
58
52
62
63
66
73
77
84
84
83
7 9.0% 0 0.3% -2 -2.1%
Ireland 618 713 882
991
1,070
1,200
1,419
1,605
1,736
2,095
1,993
2,062
1,896
-102 -4.9% 69 3.5% -166 -8.0%
Greece 1,449
1,708
1,968
2,728
2,637
3,759
3,819
5,075
5,335
4,670
3,697
261 5.1% -666 -12.5% -973 -20.8%
Spain 8,259 8,559 9,002
9,736
10,177
10,941
11,422
11,346
11,372
11,708
12,391
12,127
684 5.8% -264 -2.1%
France 17,649 19,176 20,628
21,495
22,407
23,241
23,503
23,294
24,208
23,969
28,450
28,775
29,146
4,481 18.7% 325 1.1% 371 1.3%
Italy 9,464 10,754 13,822
13,499
12,549
13,182
12,820
12,985
12,008
11,430
11,387
10,987
9,948
-44 -0.4% -400 -3.5% -1,039 -9.5%
Cyprus 71 57 76
87
86
71
77
89
96
105
108
110
112
4 3.4% 1 1.2% 2 2.0%
Latvia 64
75
67
73
72
-8 -10.3% 6 9.2% -1 -0.9%
Lithuania 109 137
148
148
153
178
183
200
198
203
187
187
6 2.8% -16 -7.9% 0 -0.3%
Luxembourg 953 963 1,061
1,133
1,197
1,279
1,364
1,372
1,433
1,469
1,547
1,569
1,555
78 5.3% 22 1.4% -15 -0.9%
Hungary 983 954 1,024
1,109
1,236
1,360
1,493
1,612
1,287
1,252
1,283
1,261
1,301
31 2.5% -22 -1.7% 40 3.2%
Malta 15
18
19
23
33
56
67
22
44
34
44
22 96.8% -10 -21.7% 10 29.5%
79
Netherlands 2,865 3,671 3,853
4,002
4,221
4,231
4,293
5,879
6,265
6,025
6,675
6,862
6,884
649 10.8% 187 2.8% 22 0.3%
Austria 2,497 2,565 2,593
2,739
2,838
2,900
2,841
2,915
3,069
3,214
3,049
3,013
2,978
-164 -5.1% -37 -1.2% -35 -1.2%
Poland 131
145
135
149
168
183
169
167
168
172
-2 -1.1% 1 0.4% 4 2.5%
Portugal 1,461 1,463 1,899
1,647
2,649
3,039
3,164
1,870
1,839
1,869
2,119
2,245
2,139
250 13.4% 126 5.9% -106 -4.7%
Romania
Slovenia 247 261 292
304
320
328
341
348
342
341
349
341
336
8 2.4% -9 -2.5% -5 -1.4%
Slovakia
Finland 896
949
1,041
1,085
1,082
1,100
1,191
1,133
1,097
1,090
-58 -4.8% -36 -3.2% -7 -0.6%
Sweden 117 2,462
2,597
2,679
2,692
2,725
2,752
2,738
2,743
2,744
2,757
2,710
1 0.0% 13 0.5% -47 -1.7%
United Kingdom 83 56
1,373 1,921
1,993
2,032
2,023
2,141
2,449
1,288
914
854
844
-374 -29.1% -59 -6.5% -10 -1.2%
Norway 1,137 1,221 565
1,729
1,715
1,654
1,646
1,583
1,556
1,473
1,449
1,484
1,423
-23 -1.6% 35 2.4% -61 -4.1%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Outpatient services
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 42 69 209
31
105
299
260
235
279
343
288
337
350
-55 -16.0% 49 17.0% 12 3.7%
Czech Republic 1,143 1,138 1,199
1,250
1,436
1,460
1,496
1,531
1,619
1,710
1,885
1,934
1,996
175 10.2% 49 2.6% 62 3.2%
Denmark 1,694 1,736 1,787
1,835
1,893
1,943
2,025
2,096
2,357
2,432
2,543
2,561
2,585
111 4.6% 18 0.7% 24 0.9%
Germany 41,734 42,303
44,455
45,169
42,817
42,680
43,726
44,653
45,954
48,341
48,454
48,909
2,388 5.2% 113 0.2% 455 0.9%
Estonia 49 44 43
39
42
36
40
43
54
56
55
52
52
-1 -1.4% -3 -5.9% 0 -0.2%
80
Ireland 2,338 2,511 2,911
3,441
3,634
3,899
4,937
5,306
5,767
6,199
6,249
6,188
5,469
50 0.8% -61 -1.0% -719 -11.6%
Greece 890
895
1,006
1,188
1,106
1,508
1,456
1,761
1,662
1,376
1,185
-99 -5.6% -286 -17.2% -191 -13.9%
Spain 27,176 28,930 29,278
30,409
32,210
35,230
38,546
40,494
42,740
45,681
49,697
47,874
4,017 8.8% -1,824 -3.7%
France 37,295 38,899 39,419
41,616
43,887
45,741
46,459
48,552
49,734
50,076
48,339
49,657
50,678
-1,737 -3.5% 1,318 2.7% 1,020 2.1%
Italy 21,601 23,925 25,032
26,120
26,586
28,231
30,556
30,966
31,179
32,271
33,604
34,148
33,338
1,333 4.1% 545 1.6% -810 -2.4%
Cyprus 12 12 13
14
16
16
16
17
18
19
21
20
20
2 9.4% -1 -5.3% 0 -0.8%
Latvia 161
163
122
77
80
-41 -25.3% -44 -36.4% 2 3.2%
Lithuania 167 205
196
210
226
320
303
343
378
343
352
356
-34 -9.1% 8 2.4% 5 1.3%
Luxembourg 25 22 24
28
35
38
44
44
51
51
58
63
74
7 13.7% 5 8.6% 11 17.2%
Hungary 727 708 741
849
977
970
963
938
919
1,053
1,030
1,212
1,222
-23 -2.2% 182 17.6% 11 0.9%
Malta 28
29
31
32
32
32
35
43
47
50
55
5 10.7% 3 5.5% 5 9.9%
Netherlands 8,213 7,766 8,325
9,148
10,158
8,340
9,746
10,400
10,790
10,917
12,382
12,423
12,944
1,465 13.4% 41 0.3% 521 4.2%
Austria 3,426 3,436 3,454
3,580
3,620
3,740
3,719
3,880
4,021
4,032
4,121
4,104
4,096
90 2.2% -18 -0.4% -7 -0.2%
Poland 3,762
3,092
3,556
4,074
4,502
4,476
4,939
4,517
5,097
4,979
-422 -8.5% 580 12.8% -119 -2.3%
Portugal 2,570 2,632 2,483
2,887
3,533
3,606
3,571
5,514
6,274
6,256
7,499
7,544
7,373
1,243 19.9% 45 0.6% -171 -2.3%
Romania
Slovenia 516 526 551
566
563
593
602
634
657
693
741
732
720
48 6.9% -9 -1.2% -12 -1.6%
Slovakia
Finland 3,689
3,893
4,108
4,362
4,590
4,813
5,054
5,335
5,439
5,566
281 5.6% 103 1.9% 128 2.3%
Sweden 133 202 7,405
7,769
8,109
8,138
8,395
8,815
9,329
9,740
9,845
10,236
10,532
105 1.1% 391 4.0% 296 2.9%
United Kingdom 709 401
4,837 6,711
7,368
7,835
8,302
9,000
9,015
9,200
9,584
9,495
9,242
383 4.2% -88 -0.9% -253 -2.7%
Norway 3,554 3,725 2,066
2,026
3,057
3,364
3,849
3,961
4,076
4,190
4,425
4,758
4,944
235 5.6% 333 7.5% 186 3.9%
81
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Hospital services
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 272 215 104
530
635
689
747
587
618
628
726
805
670
98 15.7% 79 10.9% -136 -16.9%
Czech Republic 2,742 2,727 2,959
3,162
2,666
2,690
2,762
3,036
3,255
3,339
3,610
3,741
3,742
271 8.1% 131 3.6% 1 0.0%
Denmark 9,453 9,562 9,887
10,290
10,533
10,931
11,460
12,074
12,063
12,564
13,352
13,257
13,107
788 6.3% -95 -0.7% -150 -1.1%
Germany 57,420 58,223
59,252
59,110
59,078
59,430
60,476
61,007
61,879
65,283
66,409
67,116
3,404 5.5% 1,126 1.7% 707 1.1%
Estonia 234 227 223
254
281
296
332
399
448
509
460
438
457
-49 -9.6% -22 -4.7% 19 4.3%
Ireland 3,128 3,192 3,819
4,152
4,464
4,799
4,021
3,987
4,284
3,895
3,958
3,574
3,499
63 1.6% -384 -9.7% -75 -2.1%
Greece 5,120
4,939
5,352
5,179
6,759
6,977
7,226
7,123
7,379
7,083
5,270
256 3.6% -296 -4.0% -1,813 -25.6%
Spain
France 50,665 51,731 52,644
54,548
56,355
57,313
59,592
60,341
60,481
60,492
61,977
63,502
65,695
1,485 2.5% 1,525 2.5% 2,193 3.5%
Italy 43,169 45,337 46,498
47,623
48,530
52,448
54,103
56,366
55,914
58,555
58,775
58,882
57,971
220 0.4% 107 0.2% -911 -1.5%
Cyprus 231 238 257
278
317
321
319
336
321
340
363
374
380
23 6.7% 11 3.0% 6 1.6%
Latvia 460
443
381
338
347
-62 -14.0% -43 -11.3% 8 2.5%
Lithuania 254 317
298
332
353
477
468
526
570
514
521
528
-56 -9.8% 7 1.3% 8 1.5%
Luxembourg 19 14 14
7
11
8
9
8
11
10
6
10
9
-4 -39.1% 4 72.5% -2 -16.8%
Hungary 1,467 1,494 1,456
1,701
1,915
1,797
1,844
1,902
1,655
1,658
1,537
1,641
1,650
-120 -7.3% 104 6.8% 9 0.6%
Malta 160
188
203
206
227
216
180
207
171
194
191
-36 -17.3% 23 13.6% -3 -1.8%
Netherlands 9,564 10,257 1,194 5.8% 611 2.8% 494 2.2%
82
10,644 11,608 11,772 14,089 12,792 19,378 19,730 20,467 21,661 22,271 22,766
Austria 11,659 11,482 8,585
8,970
9,943
9,980
10,397
10,597
10,804
11,409
11,963
12,135
11,567
554 4.9% 172 1.4% -568 -4.7%
Poland 5,021
5,154
5,599
6,005
6,661
7,299
8,817
9,231
9,237
9,089
414 4.7% 6 0.1% -148 -1.6%
Portugal 4,526 4,996 5,191
5,249
3,726
3,783
4,063
2,767
2,093
2,023
1,573
693
807
-450 -22.2% -880 -56.0% 114 16.5%
Romania
Slovenia 623 625 658
678
698
720
724
760
785
869
946
882
876
77 8.9% -64 -6.7% -6 -0.7%
Slovakia
Finland 4,062
4,351
4,590
4,840
4,998
4,873
5,099
5,302
5,404
5,445
203 4.0% 102 1.9% 40 0.7%
Sweden 794 679 6,933
7,365
7,824
7,744
7,787
7,886
8,065
8,187
8,513
8,331
8,617
326 4.0% -182 -2.1% 286 3.4%
United Kingdom 83,688 88,463
88,873 94,032
99,536
109,697
114,158
120,284
123,503
130,569
139,526
138,574
135,231
8,957 6.9% -952 -0.7% -3,343 -2.4%
Norway 8,478 8,719 11,728
11,486
11,132
11,230
11,310
11,719
12,398
12,568
12,776
12,633
13,153
208 1.7% -144 -1.1% 520 4.1%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Public health services
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 46 78 41
17
27
32
38
30
35
68
31
32
58
-36 -53.8% 1 2.4% 26 81.2%
Czech Republic 586 569 598
606
1,253
1,195
1,199
1,471
1,592
1,532
1,536
1,629
1,624
4 0.2% 92 6.0% -4 -0.3%
Denmark 149 152 155
166
172
195
190
185
221
225
263
271
263
38 16.9% 8 3.0% -7 -2.7%
Germany 1,071 1,062
997
1,075
983
960
922
802
713
1,141
773
795
428 60.0% -368 -32.3% 22 2.8%
Estonia 1 2 5
4
5
4
5
1
3
3
3
3
2
0 9.6% -1 -16.7% 0 -10.0%
Ireland 231 350 31 76.5% -12 -16.8% -44 -75.9%
83
464 391 414 447 21 23 24 40 70 59 14 Greece - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Spain 750 592 810
896
716
797
822
929
1,044
980
1,337
970
357 36.4% -367 -27.5%
France 900 967 934
1,559
1,378
1,418
1,678
1,583
1,526
1,357
2,359
2,006
1,904
1,002 73.9% -353 -15.0% -102 -5.1%
Italy 584 654 685
739
544
760
681
709
658
685
651
675
657
-34 -4.9% 24 3.7% -17 -2.6%
Cyprus - - - - - - - - - - 0
0
0
0 0 -1.9% 0 -3.3%
Latvia 25
22
12
7
6
-10 -46.2% -5 -44.6% -1 -15.1%
Lithuania 2
4
7
16
17
18
22
23
17
15
15
-6 -24.7% -3 -14.4% 0 -0.1%
Luxembourg 8 9 20
8
5
6
7
6
7
7
27
25
24
19 267.9% -1 -5.0% -1 -3.9%
Hungary 156 156 206
243
258
241
248
215
191
189
176
129
124
-13 -7.0% -47 -26.9% -5 -3.5%
Malta 6
6
6
6
6
6
7
5
6
7
7
1 14.9% 1 23.9% -1 -9.2%
Netherlands 711 774 788
801
765
750
750
786
822
842
910
940
923
68 8.1% 30 3.3% -16 -1.7%
Austria 336 339 361
348
415
403
440
467
501
484
488
507
492
4 0.8% 19 3.8% -15 -3.0%
Poland 195
909
209
273
354
444
404
1,043
371
258
639 158.0% -671 -64.4% -114 -30.6%
Portugal 19 14 18
32
59
69
71
49
46
40
40
45
47
0 0.8% 5 11.9% 2 3.6%
Romania
Slovenia 51 50 52
53
52
55
57
59
60
62
64
64
44
3 4.2% 0 -0.5% -20 -30.7%
Slovakia
Finland 23
24
27
30
32
34
36
37
39
40
1 3.1% 2 5.1% 1 3.1%
Sweden 2 466
503
422
384
447
446
509
547
649
581
636
102 18.6% -68 -10.4% 55 9.4%
United Kingdom 38 70
106 119
110
143
307
238
217
251
367
502
404
116 46.0% 136 37.0% -99 -19.7%
Norway 443 424 443
471
495
515
486
513
574
593
683
698
725
90 15.2% 14 2.1% 28 3.9%
84
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
R&D Health
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic 47 46 46
56
46
28
27
24
24
26
27
27
23
0 1.3% 0 -0.1% -4 -13.8%
Denmark 259 270 311
287
113
118
128
132
22
28
4
13
18
-24 -84.5% 9 196.9% 5 37.0%
Germany 1,049 1,188
1,329
1,269
1,287
1,290
1,318
1,310
1,387
1,477
1,480
1,534
89 6.4% 3 0.2% 54 3.7%
Estonia 3 0 1
1
3
6
7
12
16
14
9
15
15
-5 -33.7% 6 62.1% 0 -2.2%
Ireland 30 37 48
62
65
67
29
31
36
37
36
35
33
-1 -2.7% -1 -1.8% -2 -5.9%
Greece - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0
Spain 134 143 172
226
227
285
286
334
413
527
611
651
84 16.0% 39 6.5%
France 895 969 1,025
1,138
1,238
1,296
1,384
1,522
1,667
1,731
1,293
1,271
1,247
-438 -25.3% -22 -1.7% -24 -1.9%
Italy 634 686 680
712
755
789
706
809
896
923
890
884
836
-33 -3.6% -6 -0.6% -48 -5.5%
Cyprus 1 1 1
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
6
6
7
3 89.0% 0 -0.5% 1 16.6%
Latvia 0
0
0
0
0
0 0.3% 0 -48.8% 0 -4.7%
Lithuania 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
4
3
0 -12.9% 3 506.1% 0 -7.4%
Luxembourg 3 4 4
5
6
14
12
14
15
21
27
27
28
6 28.5% 0 1.6% 1 3.2%
Hungary - - 0
0
0
0
- - - - - 13
18
0 13 5 40.0%
Malta - - - - - - - - - - 1
0 0 1
Netherlands 812 885 919
934
939
911
898
890
925
977
1,000
1,018
1,046
23 2.3% 18 1.8% 29 2.8%
Austria 373 375 362
369
362
453
467
451
464
479
517
535
524
38 8.0% 18 3.4% -11 -2.1%
85
Poland 27
36
37
67
67
52
48
47
53
56
-1 -2.1% 7 14.1% 3 6.2%
Portugal 18 19 21
23
17
25
34
29
30
31
30
27
24
-1 -2.0% -3 -11.0% -3 -10.9%
Romania
Slovenia 5 5 5
5
7
9
11
16
6
5
5
6
23
0 -8.6% 1 19.0% 18 319.1%
Slovakia
Finland 129
124
134
133
127
161
156
112
105
105
-44 -28.4% -7 -6.0% 1 0.6%
Sweden - 147
142
133
206
240
255
260
275
286
358
374
11 4.0% 72 25.3% 16 4.5%
United Kingdom 334 380
628 760
781
764
877
928
975
1,108
1,043
2,242
1,413
-66 -5.9% 1,199 115.0% -829 -37.0%
Norway 95 101 37
103
94
112
67
77
77
77
82
73
76
4 5.7% -8 -10.2% 3 3.5%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Health n.e.c.
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 168 265 102
373
316
105
63
50
68
153
8
6
59
-145 -95.0% -1 -16.4% 53 815.7%
Czech Republic 333 290 345
340
323
240
273
237
248
284
320
320
288
36 12.8% 0 0.1% -32 -10.0%
Denmark 191 200 206
201
205
202
205
221
582
548
586
552
535
37 6.8% -34 -5.7% -17 -3.1%
Germany 10,225 10,137
10,571
10,624
10,415
10,520
10,198
10,332
10,761
10,988
11,565
12,246
226 2.1% 577 5.3% 681 5.9%
Estonia 9 10 6
6
6
7
9
8
8
11
11
10
6
0 -2.5% -1 -9.0% -3 -35.6%
Ireland 280 292 341
359
440
455
206
214
277
288
715
577
800
428 148.5% -139 -19.4% 223 38.7%
Greece 814
835
1,039
1,103
886
929
896
969
730
547
472
-239 -24.7% -183 -25.0% -75 -13.7%
86
Spain 512 642 585
588
498
524
509
617
648
691
672
555
-19 -2.8% -117 -17.4%
France 476 495 503
533
560
574
592
627
635
698
801
1,433
1,359
104 14.9% 632 78.9% -74 -5.2%
Italy 1,386 561 620
620
754
763
823
809
880
971
964
949
903
-7 -0.7% -15 -1.6% -46 -4.9%
Cyprus - 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0 -1.3% 0 -1.9% 2 1398%
Latvia 36
38
32
48
67
-6 -15.9% 17 51.9% 18 37.2%
Lithuania 34 20
21
39
34
45
56
71
80
47
51
83
-34 -42.0% 4 9.1% 32 63.0%
Luxembourg 10 11 81
42
65
104
138
93
64
56
70
59
58
13 23.9% -11 -16.0% -1 -1.7%
Hungary 242 262 268
459
357
384
449
473
427
318
324
199
194
6 1.8% -125 -38.6% -5 -2.3%
Malta 12
19
18
15
10
10
14
16
23
16
20
6 38.4% -7 -31.1% 4 28.5%
Netherlands 408 430 403
426
458
458
887
789
1,430
1,612
1,807
1,836
1,895
195 12.1% 29 1.6% 59 3.2%
Austria 781 788 717
695
733
784
833
847
903
887
889
910
892
1 0.1% 21 2.4% -18 -1.9%
Poland 154
163
243
248
273
266
295
303
344
364
8 2.6% 42 13.8% 20 5.7%
Portugal 98 98 116
101
166
159
151
240
306
237
156
231
220
-81 -34.2% 75 48.0% -12 -5.0%
Romania
Slovenia 84 77 80
79
77
79
76
81
78
82
84
96
97
1 1.7% 13 15.1% 1 1.1%
Slovakia
Finland 359
342
323
334
341
384
390
397
366
363
8 2.0% -32 -8.0% -3 -0.7%
Sweden (4)
(104)
417
464
445
446
468
436
490
477
511
546
620
35 7.3% 34 6.7% 75 13.7%
United Kingdom 650 1,145
1,254 1,188
1,268
1,469
1,702
1,478
1,468
1,120
1,968
823
1,547
848 75.7% -1,145 -58.2% 725 88.1%
Norway 144 155 150
271
271
218
287
252
269
349
406
618
610
56 16.2% 212 52.3% -7 -1.2%
87
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Social protection
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27 1,902,136
1,964,930
1,993,542
2,018,796
2,047,135
2,074,827
2,126,509
2,268,039
2,290,893
2,275,793
141,530 6.7% 22,854 1.0% -15,100 -0.7%
Belgium 48,303 48,179 49,128
51,044
52,501
54,352
54,493
55,191
55,465
57,013
61,239
61,409
62,246
4,226 7.4% 170 0.3% 837 1.4%
Bulgaria 1,980 2,314 2,486
2,452
2,508
2,624
2,557
2,788
2,923
3,239
3,817
3,814
3,752
578 17.8% -3 -0.1% -62 -1.6%
Czech Republic 10,707 11,229 11,597
12,962
13,214
12,558
12,877
13,510
14,514
14,588
15,475
15,513
15,659
886 6.1% 38 0.2% 147 0.9%
Denmark 42,701 43,162 44,176
45,086
47,000
47,947
48,150
48,223
48,151
48,694
51,107
53,034
52,837
2,413 5.0% 1,928 3.8% -197 -0.4%
Germany 463,308 461,060 463,775
470,447
476,991
474,539
474,520
470,000
459,648
459,470
483,269
482,385
469,750
23,799 5.2% -885 -0.2% -12,634 -2.6%
Estonia 818 810 823
863
940
1,035
1,094
1,192
1,297
1,493
1,742
1,649
1,580
249 16.7% -93 -5.3% -69 -4.2%
Ireland 12,840 10,662 11,944
13,494
14,128
15,222
17,506
18,710
20,693
22,826
26,347
26,902
26,931
3,521 15.4% 555 2.1% 29 0.1%
Greece 26,451 26,915
28,538
27,154
26,931
29,538
30,669
33,743
35,554
37,524
36,303
36,174
1,970 5.5% -1,221 -3.3% -129 -0.4%
Spain 93,949 97,012 99,506
104,749
108,852
113,151
117,316
122,318
128,603
138,017
155,145
159,477
157,382
17,128 12.4% 4,332 2.8% -2,096 -1.3%
France 328,839 326,526 332,486
342,826
355,007
363,939
371,774
387,306
396,171
402,668
421,787
428,277
433,303
19,120 4.7% 6,490 1.5% 5,026 1.2%
Italy 239,334 238,370 241,671
248,350
252,944
256,441
258,310
261,807
269,146
273,381
286,414
289,159
288,428
13,032 4.8% 2,746 1.0% -731 -0.3%
Cyprus 856 912 959
1,062
1,175
1,313
1,449
1,467
1,438
1,537
1,671
1,801
1,853
135 8.8% 129 7.7% 52 2.9%
Latvia 1,279 1,158 1,126
1,149
1,141
1,204
1,279
1,430
1,478
1,548
1,846
1,787
1,682
299 19.3% -59 -3.2% -105 -5.9%
Lithuania 1,765 1,749 1,702
1,676
1,774
1,924
2,072
2,213
2,740
3,092
3,395
3,002
2,829
302 9.8% -393 -11.6% -173 -5.7%
Luxembourg 3,788 3,912 4,119
4,504
4,886
5,026
5,260
5,422
5,461
5,794
6,311
6,546
6,643
517 8.9% 235 3.7% 97 1.5%
Hungary 10,797 10,744 11,026
12,363
13,270
13,947
15,081
16,187
15,954
16,201
15,931
15,284
14,992
-270 -1.7% -647 -4.1% -292 -1.9%
Malta 562 597
628
653
656
676
702
743
757
786
793
819
28 3.7% 8 1.0% 26 3.2%
Netherlands 75,548 75,262 76,885
78,288
79,962
80,439
79,740
80,730
82,106
85,488
91,271
93,848
94,242
5,783 6.8% 2,577 2.8% 393 0.4%
Austria 47,340 47,858 2,761 5.2% 956 1.7% -847 -1.5%
88
48,052 49,654 50,187 50,322 50,502 51,116 51,796 52,843 55,604 56,560 55,713
Poland 39,109
41,637
41,419
41,459
43,757
43,700
45,317
49,088
51,561
50,110
3,771 8.3% 2,473 5.0% -1,451 -2.8%
Portugal 16,921 17,867 18,842
20,136
21,500
22,508
23,380
24,153
24,558
25,042
28,149
28,790
28,154
3,107 12.4% 641 2.3% -636 -2.2%
Romania 6,396 6,068 6,659
6,430
6,782
8,188
8,837
9,746
11,243
13,704
15,139
15,350
15,007
1,435 10.5% 211 1.4% -342 -2.2%
Slovenia 4,008 4,150 4,249
4,398
4,528
4,697
4,843
4,962
5,044
5,269
5,604
5,718
5,792
335 6.4% 114 2.0% 73 1.3%
Slovakia 4,487 4,482 4,633
5,010
4,454
4,376
5,080
5,050
4,728
4,712
5,345
5,525
5,479
633 13.4% 180 3.4% -45 -0.8%
Finland 30,641 29,352 29,638
30,814
31,949
32,915
33,445
33,672
34,313
34,709
37,163
37,811
38,209
2,453 7.1% 648 1.7% 399 1.1%
Sweden 62,248 63,307 62,960
64,090
67,349
68,546
68,591
69,176
68,331
67,570
69,935
69,948
69,288
2,365 3.5% 13 0.0% -660 -0.9%
United Kingdom 229,531 236,444
249,697 260,966
273,596
283,622
288,969
288,903
297,575
305,270
328,044
333,370
331,746
22,774 7.5% 5,326 1.6% -1,624 -0.5%
Norway 31,371 32,576 34,473
36,250
37,599
38,942
39,718
40,784
42,351
44,220
46,990
48,259
50,410
2,770 6.3% 1,268 2.7% 2,152 4.5%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Unemployment
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 141 151 183
31
97
80
73
76
64
85
24
20
21
-61 -71.5% -4 -16.3% 0 2.1%
Czech Republic 303 304 317
313
323
338
328
321
301
283
517
481
381
234 82.7% -36 -6.9% -101 -20.9%
Denmark 8,033 7,697 7,426
7,710
8,227
8,480
7,790
6,748
5,670
5,262
6,172
7,145
7,128
910 17.3% 973 15.8% -18 -0.2%
Germany 56,060 56,204
59,429
62,139
61,672
77,100
75,887
65,582
61,291
70,738
67,474
58,078
9,447 15.4% -3,264 -4.6% -9,396 -13.9%
Estonia 35 34 33
29
40
40
36
39
50
81
229
167
134
148 183.0% -62 -27.0% -33 -19.9%
Ireland 2,185 1,925 2,001 69.3% 790 16.2% -422 -7.4%
89
1,850 1,900 1,901 1,886 1,873 2,032 2,250 2,886 4,887 5,677 5,255
Greece 1,275
1,376
1,249
1,603
1,526
1,533
1,814
1,625
2,086
1,953
1,980
461 28.4% -133 -6.4% 26 1.3%
Spain 10,639 10,915 11,604
12,960
13,273
13,941
14,301
14,987
15,881
20,520
29,922
30,479
9,402 45.8% 557 1.9%
France 27,340 27,424 28,128
31,157
34,608
34,896
33,907
31,054
29,277
27,896
33,062
33,831
34,071
5,166 18.5% 770 2.3% 239 0.7%
Italy 7,055 6,070 5,844
6,491
6,760
7,205
7,521
7,640
6,899
7,645
11,382
12,146
11,979
3,738 48.9% 763 6.7% -167 -1.4%
Cyprus 53 56 57
62
64
72
80
81
76
80
87
101
111
7 9.3% 13 15.4% 10 9.9%
Latvia 55
59
143
108
59
83 139.8% -34 -24.0% -49 -45.1%
Lithuania 32 80
56
68
70
81
81
103
137
197
157
116
60 43.5% -40 -20.3% -40 -25.8%
Luxembourg 168 211 166
192
245
285
319
316
320
324
437
446
440
113 34.9% 9 2.1% -6 -1.3%
Hungary 540 456 398
376
387
419
458
458
526
580
626
661
614
47 8.0% 35 5.6% -47 -7.1%
Malta 18
38
32
30
30
30
25
26
28
28
28
3 9.8% 0 -1.1% 0 0.7%
Netherlands 8,737 7,903 8,033
8,898
10,277
10,574
10,456
9,322
8,123
7,499
10,367
10,504
9,783
2,869 38.3% 136 1.3% -721 -6.9%
Austria 2,851 2,638 2,621
3,070
3,268
3,182
3,175
3,218
3,242
2,897
3,613
3,763
3,563
715 24.7% 150 4.2% -199 -5.3%
Poland 1,939
1,989
2,463
2,155
2,511
2,749
2,181
2,452
2,652
1,936
271 12.4% 200 8.1% -716 -27.0%
Portugal 880 928 971
1,035
1,562
1,656
1,815
1,789
1,607
1,467
1,927
2,099
2,037
461 31.4% 172 8.9% -62 -3.0%
Romania
Slovenia 267 217 212
190
182
208
205
150
124
118
210
266
314
92 78.0% 57 26.9% 47 17.8%
Slovakia
Finland 3,992
4,294
4,329
4,107
3,840
3,597
3,385
4,399
3,870
3,340
1,014 30.0% -530 -12.0% -529 -13.7%
Sweden 18 592 5,617
5,557
5,858
6,249
6,258
6,075
4,607
3,643
4,700
5,248
4,642
1,057 29.0% 548 11.7% -606 -11.5%
United Kingdom 5,897 6,846
5,125 5,769
6,278
5,877
6,068
6,449
6,188
6,401
8,877
8,473
7,039
2,476 38.7% -405 -4.6% -1,433 -16.9%
Norway 907 1,071 1,180
1,384
1,764
1,842
1,504
953
687
621
1,166
1,398
1,228
545 87.7% 232 19.9% -170 -12.2%
90
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
Social exclusion n.e.c.
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 41 82 55
58
49
49
42
31
19
2
3
4
-16 -87.5% 0 14.8% 1 44.2%
Czech Republic 443 465 479
557
554
730
462
482
410
406
462
503
529
55 13.6% 42 9.0% 26 5.1%
Denmark 2,363 2,590 2,934
2,880
2,851
2,915
2,622
2,067
2,373
2,417
2,724
2,891
3,043
307 12.7% 168 6.2% 152 5.3%
Germany 19,133 17,403
17,040
18,137
18,197
9,300
9,068
8,133
7,341
7,258
7,700
7,745
-83 -1.1% 442 6.1% 45 0.6%
Estonia 3 3 3
3
2
17
19
15
12
12
14
18
20
2 18.0% 4 30.3% 1 7.8%
Ireland 565 602 662
746
848
834
862
907
953
1,080
1,233
1,197
1,147
153 14.2% -36 -2.9% -50 -4.2%
Greece 89
71
69
76
136
133
134
171
192
92
185
20 11.9% -99 -51.8% 92 99.9%
Spain 2,039 1,226 1,148
2,145
2,345
2,694
2,727
2,362
2,374
2,182
2,332
2,404
149 6.8% 72 3.1%
France 16,014 15,817 15,636
16,542
17,188
10,470
10,767
12,818
13,333
13,159
13,620
14,180
13,787
461 3.5% 559 4.1% -393 -2.8%
Italy 691 710 860
960
1,097
914
895
719
841
968
1,280
1,269
1,311
312 32.3% -11 -0.9% 43 3.4%
Cyprus 101 106 120
139
170
182
194
195
215
249
324
338
343
74 29.9% 14 4.3% 5 1.6%
Latvia 45
50
52
61
70
1 2.5% 10 18.4% 9 14.0%
Lithuania 44
43
43
46
57
75
147
169
18 31.8% 72 95.4% 22 15.2%
Luxembourg 143 144 158
162
219
221
231
227
225
229
260
277
283
31 13.6% 17 6.4% 6 2.1%
Hungary 1,091 1,080 911
1,079
1,053
1,192
1,441
1,668
1,341
1,164
1,228
653
633
64 5.5% -575 -46.8% -20 -3.0%
Malta 8
8
10
10
12
15
18
20
21
21
21
1 7.2% 0 -1.7% 0 -0.9%
Netherlands 6,691 6,775 539 5.5% 974 9.5% 11 0.1%
91
7,035 6,868 6,448 6,385 6,632 8,771 8,998 9,722 10,261 11,234 11,245
Austria 1,762 1,793 1,743
1,837
1,622
1,647
1,872
1,871
1,967
2,131
2,247
2,310
2,353
116 5.5% 63 2.8% 43 1.9%
Poland 543
500
475
494
615
647
717
789
947
893
72 10.0% 159 20.1% -54 -5.7%
Portugal 420 413 389
413
370
376
424
435
453
520
608
602
578
88 16.9% -5 -0.9% -25 -4.1%
Romania
Slovenia 136 140 146
165
184
212
215
209
183
175
213
235
231
37 21.1% 22 10.4% -4 -1.7%
Slovakia
Finland 556
570
818
830
883
972
1,065
1,241
1,261
1,252
176 16.5% 20 1.6% -9 -0.7%
Sweden 5 739 2,489
2,431
2,588
2,579
2,565
2,523
2,628
2,765
2,947
3,118
3,151
182 6.6% 172 5.8% 32 1.0%
United Kingdom 13,170 18,171
18,526 18,596
18,820
18,256
16,751
15,140
21,407
26,300
30,674
32,920
33,635
4,375 16.6% 2,245 7.3% 715 2.2%
Norway 929 950 1,429
1,221
1,407
1,416
1,593
1,582
1,626
1,783
2,015
2,123
2,107
233 13.0% 108 5.3% -16 -0.7%
General government expenditure by function (COFOG) [gov_a_exp]
gf10 - gf1005
country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009-2008 2010-2009 2011-2010
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria 1,839 2,163 2,303
2,420
2,412
2,544
2,485
2,712
2,859
3,154
3,793
3,794
3,731
639 20.2% 1 0.0% -63 -1.7%
Czech Republic 10,405 10,925 11,280
12,650
12,891
12,220
12,549
13,189
14,212
14,305
14,958
15,031
15,279
652 4.6% 74 0.5% 247 1.6%
Denmark 34,667 35,465 36,750
37,376
38,773
39,467
40,360
41,474
42,482
43,432
44,935
45,889
45,709
1,503 3.5% 954 2.1% -180 -0.4%
Germany 405,000 407,571
411,018
414,852
412,867
397,420
394,113
394,066
398,179
412,531
414,910
411,673
14,352 3.6% 2,379 0.6% -3,238 -0.8%
Estonia 783 776 790
834
900
995
1,057
1,154
1,247
1,412
1,513
1,482
1,446
101 7.2% -31 -2.1% -36 -2.4%
Ireland 10,654 8,737 1,520 7.6% -235 -1.1% 451 2.1%
92
10,093 11,594 12,227 13,337 15,633 16,678 18,443 19,940 21,460 21,225 21,676
Greece 25,640
27,161
25,905
25,327
28,012
29,137
31,929
33,929
35,438
34,349
34,194
1,508 4.4% -1,088 -3.1% -155 -0.5%
Spain 83,310 86,097 87,902
91,788
95,579
99,210
103,015
107,330
112,722
117,497
125,223
128,998
7,726 6.6% 3,775 3.0%
France 301,499 299,102 304,359
311,668
320,400
329,043
337,867
356,252
366,894
374,772
388,725
394,445
399,232
13,954 3.7% 5,720 1.5% 4,787 1.2%
Italy 232,280 232,301 235,826
241,858
246,184
249,236
250,789
254,167
262,248
265,737
275,031
277,014
276,450
9,295 3.5% 1,982 0.7% -564 -0.2%
Cyprus 804 856 902
1,001
1,110
1,241
1,368
1,385
1,362
1,457
1,584
1,700
1,742
127 8.7% 116 7.3% 42 2.5%
Latvia 1,423
1,488
1,704
1,679
1,622
215 14.5% -25 -1.5% -57 -3.4%
Lithuania 1,717 1,622
1,620
1,705
1,854
1,991
2,132
2,637
2,955
3,198
2,845
2,713
243 8.2% -353 -11.0% -132 -4.6%
Luxembourg 3,621 3,701 3,953
4,312
4,641
4,741
4,940
5,105
5,141
5,471
5,875
6,100
6,203
404 7.4% 225 3.8% 103 1.7%
Hungary 10,258 10,288 10,628
11,987
12,883
13,528
14,624
15,729
15,428
15,621
15,305
14,623
14,378
-316 -2.0% -682 -4.5% -245 -1.7%
Malta 579
590
621
626
646
672
718
732
757
765
791
26 3.5% 8 1.0% 26 3.3%
Netherlands 66,811 67,358 68,852
69,390
69,685
69,864
69,284
71,409
73,983
77,990
80,903
83,344
84,459
2,914 3.7% 2,441 3.0% 1,114 1.3%
Austria 44,490 45,220 45,431
46,584
46,919
47,140
47,326
47,898
48,554
49,946
51,992
52,797
52,150
2,046 4.1% 806 1.6% -648 -1.2%
Poland 37,170
39,648
38,956
39,304
41,245
40,950
43,135
46,636
48,909
48,174
3,500 8.1% 2,274 4.9% -735 -1.5%
Portugal 16,041 16,939 17,871
19,101
19,938
20,852
21,565
22,364
22,951
23,575
26,221
26,691
26,117
2,646 11.2% 470 1.8% -574 -2.1%
Romania
Slovenia 3,741 3,933 4,038
4,208
4,345
4,489
4,638
4,812
4,919
5,151
5,394
5,452
5,478
244 4.7% 58 1.1% 26 0.5%
Slovakia
Finland 26,822
27,655
28,586
29,338
29,831
30,716
31,324
32,763
33,941
34,869
1,439 4.6% 1,177 3.6% 928 2.7%
Sweden 62,230 62,715 57,342
58,533
61,492
62,298
62,333
63,101
63,725
63,927
65,235
64,700
64,646
1,308 2.0% -535 -0.8% -54 -0.1%
United Kingdom 223,634 229,598
244,572 255,197
267,319
277,744
282,901
282,454
291,388
298,869
319,167
324,898
324,707
20,298 6.8% 5,731 1.8% -190 -0.1%
Norway 30,464 31,506 33,292
34,866
35,835
37,101
38,214
39,831
41,664
43,599
45,824
46,860
49,182
2,225 5.1% 1,036 2.3% 2,322 5.0%
93
ANNEX B. COFOG expenditure (% GDP) by country, 2000-2011
94
General government (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 46.65 47.23 46.78 46.76 46.25 45.59 47.10 51.05 50.62 49.13Austria 51.94 51.29 50.67 51.32 53.76 49.99 49.14 48.60 49.34 52.63 52.58 50.54Belgium 49.08 49.11 49.77 51.04 49.17 51.87 48.48 48.24 49.80 53.70 52.53 53.27Bulgaria 41.27 40.58 39.56 39.14 38.57 37.27 34.37 39.19 38.39 41.45 37.42 35.63Cyprus 37.07 37.96 40.00 44.56 42.42 43.12 42.57 41.33 42.13 46.25 46.17 46.12Czech Republic 41.65 43.90 45.60 50.00 43.28 43.01 41.97 41.04 41.15 44.68 43.84 43.24Denmark 53.67 54.19 54.57 55.07 54.55 52.79 51.59 50.81 51.52 58.09 57.66 57.63Estonia 36.12 34.80 35.77 34.82 33.98 33.60 33.60 33.98 39.67 45.48 40.69 38.30Finland 48.34 47.95 48.99 50.30 50.22 50.35 49.19 47.39 49.21 56.12 55.77 55.02France 51.69 51.66 52.87 53.40 53.26 53.57 52.98 52.61 53.28 56.77 56.57 55.90Germany 45.10 47.61 47.95 48.46 47.07 46.91 45.35 43.51 44.08 48.21 47.71 45.30Greece 46.74 45.37 45.09 44.74 45.52 44.60 45.25 47.50 50.60 53.95 51.45 51.79Hungary 47.76 47.84 51.51 49.66 49.06 50.10 52.19 50.69 49.24 51.43 49.81 49.61Ireland 31.21 33.16 33.47 33.17 33.58 33.84 34.37 36.85 43.05 48.70 66.09 47.53Italy 45.86 47.71 47.12 48.08 47.53 47.92 48.45 47.63 48.60 51.88 50.40 49.93Latvia 37.61 34.96 35.99 34.91 35.90 35.83 38.32 35.95 39.09 43.71 43.41 38.41Lithuania 38.87 36.64 34.57 33.04 33.22 33.23 33.46 34.63 37.25 43.71 40.82 37.40Luxembourg 37.59 38.13 41.55 41.80 42.57 41.54 38.58 36.26 39.13 44.64 42.85 41.95Malta 39.45 41.22 41.66 45.63 43.60 43.57 43.15 41.77 43.06 42.45 41.96 41.97Netherlands 44.17 45.35 46.21 47.10 46.09 44.79 45.54 45.27 46.22 51.42 51.16 49.82Norway 42.30 44.11 47.06 48.16 45.13 41.80 40.04 40.34 39.77 46.22 45.17 43.92Poland 44.26 44.68 42.62 43.44 43.86 42.19 43.23 44.61 45.42 43.58Portugal 41.62 43.16 43.06 44.68 45.42 46.56 45.22 44.36 44.80 49.75 51.48 49.35Romania 38.56 36.21 35.01 33.45 33.55 33.59 35.54 38.24 39.29 41.10 40.11 39.37Slovakia 52.14 44.46 45.06 40.13 37.67 37.98 36.52 34.21 34.92 41.53 39.97 38.17Slovenia 46.51 47.31 46.20 46.24 45.73 45.30 44.58 42.44 44.33 49.09 50.25 50.73Spain 39.19 38.66 38.91 38.41 38.89 38.44 38.35 39.21 41.46 46.25 46.28 45.15Sweden 55.09 54.52 55.60 55.67 54.18 53.85 52.71 50.95 51.74 54.94 52.33 51.23United Kingdom 36.80 40.24 41.36 42.21 43.05 43.80 44.02 43.70 47.66 51.30 50.36 48.58
95
General public services (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 6.61 6.50 6.39 6.40 6.13 6.16 6.26 6.48 6.50 6.61Austria 7.85 7.99 7.56 7.17 7.02 7.05 6.94 6.82 6.46 6.85 6.81 6.61Belgium 10.79 10.45 10.12 9.91 9.05 8.80 8.08 8.22 8.15 8.80 8.06 7.97Bulgaria 8.99 8.95 7.14 4.29 5.49 6.06 4.67 7.59 5.00 7.44 3.56 3.86Cyprus 9.48 9.55 9.76 11.19 10.48 10.96 10.71 11.09 10.85 11.96 10.66 11.10Czech Republic 3.71 3.99 4.44 4.94 4.71 5.17 4.25 4.23 4.23 4.76 4.63 4.64Denmark 8.32 8.32 7.95 7.54 7.16 6.73 6.51 6.50 6.72 7.50 7.61 7.90Estonia 3.66 3.21 3.78 3.30 2.73 2.85 3.12 3.01 2.81 3.44 3.13 3.20Finland 6.94 6.90 6.54 6.68 6.64 6.71 6.50 6.24 6.60 7.37 7.28 7.33France 7.52 7.32 7.26 7.18 7.21 7.23 6.37 6.74 6.66 6.58 6.31 6.43Germany 6.16 6.01 6.15 6.24 6.08 6.05 5.89 5.80 6.01 6.28 6.22 6.16Greece 11.71 10.67 10.29 9.82 10.46 10.03 10.11 11.50 10.74 11.80 11.86 12.76Hungary 9.91 10.60 9.87 9.24 9.54 9.59 9.67 9.61 9.29 10.33 9.21 8.70Ireland 4.02 3.62 3.43 3.30 3.30 3.27 3.14 3.28 3.65 4.39 4.90 5.40Italy 9.56 9.62 9.38 9.14 8.69 8.79 8.46 8.54 8.80 8.51 8.28 8.62Latvia 4.08 3.78 3.78 3.93 4.18 3.81 4.11 3.95 3.88 4.48 4.37 4.49Lithuania 5.51 5.52 4.47 4.36 4.17 4.19 4.14 3.96 3.86 4.35 4.54 4.52Luxembourg 4.78 4.58 4.68 4.51 4.77 4.51 4.01 3.83 4.23 4.63 4.63 4.76Malta 6.55 6.23 6.32 6.03 7.25 6.61 6.68 6.29 6.62 7.18 6.38 6.60Netherlands 7.15 6.68 6.43 6.27 6.17 6.08 5.85 5.69 5.79 5.72 5.92 5.56Norway 3.98 5.06 5.04 5.14 4.51 4.21 4.32 4.21 4.35 4.91 4.62 4.26Poland 6.00 6.27 6.28 6.25 5.98 5.59 5.44 5.78 5.92 5.84Portugal 5.89 6.09 5.85 6.36 6.47 6.69 6.63 7.02 6.32 7.33 8.40 8.43Romania 7.90 6.45 5.36 4.15 3.91 3.27 3.29 4.33 4.68 4.19 4.43 4.77Slovakia 9.22 7.60 7.17 5.42 5.63 6.07 4.67 3.74 3.68 5.44 6.32 5.88Slovenia 5.97 6.79 5.91 5.70 5.77 5.87 5.59 5.30 5.12 5.67 5.82 6.28Spain 5.69 5.65 5.45 5.19 4.84 4.74 4.69 4.60 4.76 5.28 5.28 5.66Sweden 9.42 8.12 8.57 7.71 7.36 7.49 7.56 7.40 7.51 7.44 7.07 7.36United Kingdom 4.59 4.28 4.03 3.85 4.17 4.38 4.52 4.43 4.52 4.50 5.43 5.64
96
Public order and safety (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 1.81 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.81 1.80 1.85 1.98 1.96 1.90Austria 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.42 1.46 1.56 1.51 1.47Belgium 1.53 1.58 1.74 1.73 1.64 1.67 1.74 1.68 1.77 1.87 1.85 1.83Bulgaria 2.08 2.78 2.56 2.78 2.82 2.69 2.64 2.95 2.76 3.00 2.66 2.52Cyprus 1.94 1.93 2.03 2.28 2.17 2.11 2.12 2.06 2.12 2.29 2.41 2.26Czech Republic 2.27 2.12 2.06 2.15 2.08 2.11 2.07 2.00 1.98 2.08 2.04 1.84Denmark 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.17 1.12 1.13Estonia 2.67 2.43 2.54 2.44 2.19 2.15 2.06 2.17 2.75 2.33 2.25 2.14Finland 1.35 1.35 1.31 1.37 1.32 1.36 1.30 1.25 1.32 1.49 1.55 1.49France 1.40 1.51 1.57 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.53 1.51 1.60 1.76 1.75 1.75Germany 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.64 1.61 1.61 1.57 1.51 1.52 1.66 1.61 1.59Greece 0.70 1.16 1.19 1.55 1.66 1.59 1.49 1.54 1.64 1.90 1.82 1.72Hungary 2.01 2.08 2.32 2.17 2.09 2.04 2.16 2.01 2.04 1.99 1.90 1.93Ireland 1.55 1.60 1.52 1.47 1.50 1.44 1.51 1.60 1.84 1.88 1.84 1.76Italy 1.98 1.90 1.96 2.03 1.96 1.97 1.91 1.87 1.83 2.02 2.03 2.01Latvia 2.41 2.29 2.35 2.36 2.43 2.35 2.78 2.66 2.31 2.09 1.95 1.84Lithuania 2.04 1.93 1.91 1.87 1.86 1.76 1.81 1.71 1.90 1.93 1.95 1.93Luxembourg 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.06 1.06 1.02 0.94 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.04 1.05Malta 1.53 1.61 1.57 1.64 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.44 1.45 1.51 1.46 1.44Netherlands 1.63 1.71 1.85 1.91 1.90 1.85 1.92 1.95 1.99 2.18 2.10 2.07Norway 0.99 1.00 1.15 1.11 1.04 0.90 0.86 0.88 0.85 0.99 0.97 0.96Poland 1.49 1.69 1.58 1.71 1.82 1.83 1.95 1.95 1.93 1.83Portugal 1.66 1.71 1.81 1.99 1.93 1.96 1.91 1.82 1.90 2.06 2.02 1.98Romania 2.25 1.58 1.99 1.85 1.83 2.11 2.39 2.45 2.25 2.16 2.42 2.20Slovakia 2.72 2.76 2.65 1.94 2.34 2.05 2.06 1.89 2.04 2.41 2.62 2.44Slovenia 1.83 1.89 1.88 1.92 1.86 1.67 1.69 1.59 1.58 1.71 1.79 1.66Spain 1.74 1.89 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.81 1.84 1.92 2.02 2.13 2.26 2.18Sweden 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.41 1.35 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.37 1.45 1.44 1.41United Kingdom 2.21 2.27 2.38 2.42 2.55 2.58 2.51 2.51 2.66 2.83 2.71 2.56
97
Police services (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.75 0.77 0.82 0.79 0.77Belgium Bulgaria 1.33 1.94 1.68 1.89 1.78 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.52 1.53 1.33 1.26Cyprus 1.51 1.49 1.57 1.76 1.68 1.64 1.64 1.59 1.64 1.77 1.88 1.75Czech Republic 1.23 1.15 1.10 1.17 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.06 1.04 1.09 1.07 0.94Denmark 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.60 0.60Estonia 1.34 1.23 1.27 1.19 1.25 1.28 1.21 1.30 1.20 1.26 1.10 0.97Finland 0.57 0.60 0.58 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.61France 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.89 0.88 0.93 1.03 1.02 1.02Germany 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.71 0.78 0.76 0.75Greece 0.78 0.79 1.00 1.09 1.05 0.99 1.01 0.98 1.12 1.02 1.04Hungary 1.20 1.21 1.44 1.29 1.14 1.14 1.30 1.22 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.08Ireland 0.93 0.95 0.86 0.83 0.86 0.84 0.88 0.93 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.05Italy 1.22 1.17 1.19 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.15 1.12 1.28 1.29 1.22Latvia 1.60 1.26 1.08 1.03 0.97Lithuania 1.09 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.79 0.76 0.77 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.77 0.68Luxembourg 0.48 0.53 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.56 0.51 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.57 0.55Malta 1.06 0.93 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.89 0.85 0.88 0.93 0.89 0.86Netherlands 0.75 0.77 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.79 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.93 0.86 0.85Norway 0.46 0.47 0.52 0.49 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.47 0.48 0.47Poland 0.63 0.71 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.78 0.87 0.92 0.89 0.86Portugal 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.17 1.14 1.17 1.28 1.23 1.20Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.86 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.78 0.77 0.69 0.68 0.78 0.79 0.71Spain 1.15 1.26 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.24 1.28 1.34 1.40 1.47 Sweden 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.66United Kingdom 1.11 1.21 1.28 1.29 1.34 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.43 1.56 1.51 1.42
98
Fire-protection services (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.17Belgium Bulgaria 0.20 0.32 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.37 0.20 0.22 0.33 0.39 0.25 0.27Cyprus 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.24Czech Republic 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.23Denmark 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10Estonia 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.38 0.37 0.32 0.30Finland 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.34 0.32France 0.15 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30Germany 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.22Greece 0.19 0.19 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.24 0.23 0.29 0.23 0.22Hungary 0.22 0.33 0.26 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29Ireland 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.21Italy 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16Latvia 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.16Lithuania 0.23 0.19 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.28 0.27Luxembourg 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.15Malta 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08Netherlands 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.30Norway 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.18Poland 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.21Portugal 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.17Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.18Spain 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.18 Sweden 0.24 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.21United Kingdom 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.24
99
Law courts (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.29Belgium Bulgaria 0.39 0.36 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.59 0.65 0.78 0.74 0.73 0.66Cyprus 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15Czech Republic 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.34 0.31 0.31Denmark 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.23Estonia 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.31 0.21 0.18Finland 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.27France 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.24Germany 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.41Greece 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.31 0.42 0.30 0.31Hungary 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.41 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.40Ireland 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.26Italy 0.39 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.38Latvia 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.39 0.44Lithuania 0.39 0.46 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.32 0.30 0.27Luxembourg 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.23 0.21Malta 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.41 0.41 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.33 0.35Netherlands 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.33Norway 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.16Poland 0.47 0.57 0.52 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.60 0.59 0.52Portugal 0.27 0.27 0.38 0.44 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.40Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.52 0.56 0.59 0.55Spain 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.40 0.40 Sweden 0.00 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.29United Kingdom 0.56 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.63 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.54 0.53
100
Prisons (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14Belgium Bulgaria 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13Cyprus 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11Czech Republic 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.17Denmark 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19Estonia 0.51 0.49 0.57 0.54 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.62 0.29 0.23 0.20Finland 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13France 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16Germany 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10Greece 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.07Hungary 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.17Ireland 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.21Italy 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24Latvia 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.16 0.16Lithuania 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.20 0.19Luxembourg 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13Malta 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.15Netherlands 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.41Norway 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13Poland 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18Portugal 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.10Spain 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18 Sweden 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.24United Kingdom 0.27 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.33
101
R&D Public order and safety (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Belgium Bulgaria 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.02Cyprus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Czech Republic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Denmark 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Estonia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00France 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Germany 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hungary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Ireland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Italy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Latvia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Lithuania 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Luxembourg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00Netherlands 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Norway 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Poland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Portugal 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Spain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sweden 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00United Kingdom 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
102
Public order and safety n.e.c. (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09Belgium Bulgaria 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.92 0.18Cyprus 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Czech Republic 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.18Denmark 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Estonia 0.21 0.14 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.10 0.39 0.50Finland 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.16France 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Germany 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09Greece 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.07Hungary 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Ireland 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03Italy 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00Latvia 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.10Lithuania 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.23 0.23 0.40 0.53Luxembourg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Netherlands 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.17Norway 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Poland 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06Portugal 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12Spain 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Sweden 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01United Kingdom 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05
103
Health (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 6.42 6.57 6.62 6.71 6.79 6.71 6.94 7.58 7.46 7.33Austria 8.36 7.00 7.12 7.61 7.59 7.62 7.56 7.54 7.76 8.23 8.14 7.76Belgium 6.30 6.51 6.49 7.01 6.91 6.93 6.72 6.79 7.23 7.81 7.72 7.88Bulgaria 3.57 2.49 4.98 5.33 5.16 4.76 4.04 4.10 4.53 4.23 4.69 4.60Cyprus 2.67 2.86 3.11 3.38 3.11 3.05 3.12 2.90 2.98 3.28 3.31 3.39Czech Republic 6.74 6.97 7.18 7.35 7.03 6.90 6.88 6.87 6.91 7.70 7.80 7.81Denmark 6.59 6.81 7.03 7.09 7.14 7.19 7.30 7.47 7.70 8.76 8.43 8.35Estonia 4.27 4.06 4.18 4.10 4.04 4.08 4.17 4.33 5.20 5.64 5.32 5.09Finland 5.74 5.86 6.18 6.48 6.63 6.85 6.87 6.62 7.01 7.95 7.90 7.83France 7.06 7.11 7.37 7.61 7.67 7.75 7.71 7.62 7.64 8.10 8.18 8.24Germany 6.63 6.73 6.89 6.99 6.62 6.71 6.61 6.53 6.66 7.34 7.15 7.04Greece 3.92 5.10 4.97 5.22 5.47 5.90 6.47 6.36 7.13 7.43 7.12 5.98Hungary 4.96 4.88 5.46 5.75 5.49 5.63 5.61 4.95 4.91 5.08 5.16 5.14Ireland 5.53 6.20 6.54 6.80 7.08 6.52 6.47 6.83 7.64 8.35 8.02 7.42Italy 5.98 6.25 6.34 6.36 6.72 6.94 7.05 6.83 7.17 7.57 7.54 7.36Latvia 3.96 3.23 3.72 3.40 3.51 4.31 4.89 4.30 4.61 4.70 4.18 4.11Lithuania 4.05 4.66 4.27 4.26 4.14 4.95 4.56 4.62 4.97 5.56 5.44 5.25Luxembourg 4.10 4.81 4.67 4.79 5.10 5.20 4.64 4.43 4.69 5.33 4.96 4.76Malta 4.76 4.88 5.53 5.73 5.89 6.26 6.25 5.66 5.30 5.40 5.45 5.59Netherlands 4.94 5.07 5.46 5.75 5.74 5.72 7.20 7.28 7.29 8.27 8.32 8.47Norway 6.89 7.17 7.89 8.17 7.70 7.21 6.83 6.92 6.63 7.56 7.43 7.26Poland 4.36 4.29 4.15 4.42 4.64 4.55 5.05 5.13 4.99 4.74Portugal 6.21 6.44 6.48 6.68 6.94 7.17 6.68 6.59 6.57 7.25 6.74 6.83Romania 4.18 4.09 4.12 3.45 2.54 2.69 2.69 3.10 3.22 3.83 3.62 3.38Slovakia 5.22 4.91 5.02 6.47 4.66 4.85 5.84 6.41 6.95 7.80 6.39 5.92Slovenia 6.42 6.60 6.53 6.45 6.41 6.31 6.27 5.92 6.18 7.02 6.90 6.86Spain 5.23 5.14 5.18 5.22 5.49 5.67 5.65 5.71 6.07 6.82 6.62 6.35Sweden 6.08 6.51 6.78 6.95 6.73 6.72 6.63 6.62 6.86 7.38 7.04 7.04United Kingdom 5.67 5.91 6.19 6.33 6.75 6.90 7.10 7.06 7.50 8.38 8.21 8.02
104
Medical products, appliances and equipment (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 1.13 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.22 1.19 1.16 1.12Belgium Bulgaria 0.52 0.45 0.43 0.48 0.52 0.70Cyprus 0.49 0.63 0.71 0.69 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.71 0.73Czech Republic 1.23 1.24 1.33 1.39 1.42 1.40 1.15 1.07 1.03 1.17 1.10 1.10Denmark 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.50 0.47Estonia 0.53 0.64 0.67 0.54 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.53 0.60 0.76 0.75 0.68Finland 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.70 0.73 0.70 0.68France 1.21 1.27 1.31 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.61 1.60 1.60Germany 1.54 1.62 1.62 1.66 1.47 1.55 1.53 1.55 1.59 1.75 1.68 1.59Greece 0.89 1.01 1.10 1.46 1.37 1.85 1.81 2.42 2.62 2.43 2.08Hungary 1.32 1.35 1.39 1.50 1.57 1.68 1.76 1.42 1.37 1.50 1.46 1.48Ireland 0.56 0.65 0.69 0.72 0.78 0.87 0.93 0.98 1.27 1.28 1.32 1.20Italy 0.79 0.99 0.96 0.89 0.92 0.89 0.89 0.81 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.71Latvia 0.37 0.46 0.51 0.56 0.52Lithuania 0.78 0.93 0.95 0.86 0.81 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.79 1.00 0.90 0.84Luxembourg 3.86 4.24 4.33 4.35 4.51 4.51 4.15 4.02 4.27 4.75 4.44 4.24Malta 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.47 0.67 1.09 1.25 0.40 0.81 0.62 0.78Netherlands 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.86 0.84 0.84 1.11 1.14 1.08 1.24 1.26 1.25Norway 0.59 0.27 0.85 0.84 0.74 0.67 0.60 0.57 0.51 0.55 0.54 0.49Poland 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05Portugal 0.99 1.26 1.07 1.75 1.97 2.05 1.19 1.14 1.17 1.35 1.40 1.38Romania Slovakia Slovenia 1.08 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.18 1.19 1.15 1.05 1.03 1.12 1.11 1.10Spain 1.15 1.16 1.21 1.21 1.26 1.26 1.19 1.15 1.19 1.31 1.29 Sweden 0.04 0.90 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.86 0.90 0.85 0.81United Kingdom 0.00 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05
105
Outpatient services (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 1.51 1.50 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.52 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.61 1.58 1.55Belgium Bulgaria 0.39 1.14 0.16 0.52 1.37 1.12 0.92 1.02 1.18 1.03 1.19 1.20Cyprus 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13Czech Republic 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.50 1.46 1.43 1.39 1.39 1.46 1.67 1.69 1.74Denmark 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.08 1.11 1.25 1.22 1.23Estonia 0.58 0.53 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.36 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.50 0.46 0.43Finland 2.49 2.61 2.66 2.77 2.82 2.80 2.97 3.44 3.45 3.45France 2.45 2.43 2.54 2.66 2.71 2.70 2.75 2.74 2.77 2.74 2.77 2.78Germany 1.90 1.91 2.01 2.05 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.88 1.93 2.12 2.06 2.04Greece 0.55 0.53 0.56 0.64 0.57 0.74 0.69 0.84 0.82 0.72 0.67Hungary 0.98 0.98 1.06 1.18 1.12 1.09 1.02 1.02 1.16 1.20 1.40 1.39Ireland 1.96 2.13 2.39 2.45 2.54 3.03 3.07 3.25 3.77 4.01 3.97 3.46Italy 1.75 1.79 1.85 1.88 1.97 2.13 2.13 2.10 2.21 2.39 2.42 2.37Latvia 0.93 1.01 0.93 0.59 0.57Lithuania 1.20 1.40 1.26 1.22 1.20 1.53 1.35 1.36 1.50 1.70 1.69 1.59Luxembourg 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.20Malta 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.67 0.64 0.63 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.90 0.97Netherlands 1.61 1.69 1.86 2.06 1.66 1.90 1.96 1.96 1.95 2.30 2.28 2.36Norway 1.79 0.99 0.99 1.49 1.51 1.57 1.49 1.49 1.44 1.69 1.75 1.71Poland 1.76 1.40 1.51 1.67 1.74 1.60 1.70 1.51 1.67 1.58Portugal 1.77 1.64 1.88 2.33 2.34 2.31 3.52 3.91 3.93 4.76 4.72 4.75Romania Slovakia Slovenia 2.19 2.22 2.19 2.11 2.13 2.10 2.09 2.02 2.09 2.38 2.38 2.36Spain 3.89 3.77 3.77 3.83 4.05 4.24 4.26 4.34 4.65 5.24 5.10 Sweden 0.07 2.70 2.80 2.88 2.79 2.81 2.84 2.89 3.04 3.22 3.16 3.15United Kingdom 0.03 0.29 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.51 0.50
106
Hospital services (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 5.06 3.74 3.82 4.22 4.15 4.24 4.18 4.12 4.32 4.68 4.66 4.37Belgium Bulgaria 1.22 0.57 2.77 3.13 3.16 3.21 2.29 2.26 2.16 2.59 2.84 2.30Cyprus 2.06 2.12 2.27 2.54 2.44 2.35 2.36 2.12 2.17 2.39 2.43 2.47Czech Republic 3.15 3.29 3.42 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.76 2.80 2.85 3.20 3.28 3.27Denmark 4.99 5.13 5.30 5.41 5.46 5.53 5.62 5.50 5.72 6.56 6.31 6.26Estonia 3.00 2.75 2.92 2.95 2.91 2.97 3.15 3.22 3.95 4.17 3.88 3.79Finland 2.74 2.91 2.98 3.07 3.08 2.84 3.00 3.42 3.43 3.38France 3.25 3.25 3.33 3.41 3.39 3.47 3.42 3.33 3.34 3.51 3.54 3.61Germany 2.62 2.63 2.68 2.69 2.66 2.67 2.64 2.57 2.60 2.87 2.82 2.80Greece 3.15 2.93 2.98 2.78 3.50 3.43 3.43 3.40 3.63 3.69 2.97Hungary 2.07 1.92 2.13 2.32 2.08 2.08 2.08 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.90 1.88Ireland 2.49 2.80 2.89 3.01 3.12 2.47 2.31 2.41 2.37 2.54 2.30 2.22Italy 3.31 3.33 3.38 3.44 3.66 3.77 3.87 3.76 4.01 4.19 4.17 4.12Latvia 2.65 2.76 2.92 2.60 2.49Lithuania 1.82 2.17 1.91 1.92 1.87 2.28 2.08 2.09 2.27 2.54 2.51 2.36Luxembourg 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02Malta 3.53 4.00 4.20 4.31 4.61 4.22 3.36 3.74 3.17 3.51 3.35Netherlands 2.13 2.16 2.36 2.39 2.81 2.49 3.66 3.59 3.65 4.03 4.09 4.15Norway 4.19 5.61 5.63 5.42 5.06 4.62 4.42 4.53 4.33 4.87 4.63 4.56Poland 2.35 2.33 2.38 2.46 2.57 2.61 3.03 3.09 3.02 2.89Portugal 3.37 3.44 3.42 2.45 2.46 2.63 1.77 1.30 1.27 1.00 0.43 0.52Romania Slovakia Slovenia 2.60 2.65 2.63 2.62 2.58 2.52 2.51 2.41 2.62 3.04 2.87 2.87Spain Sweden 0.25 2.53 2.65 2.77 2.66 2.61 2.54 2.50 2.56 2.79 2.57 2.58United Kingdom 5.54 5.41 5.56 5.67 6.07 6.18 6.37 6.33 6.82 7.63 7.47 7.29
107
Public health services (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19Belgium Bulgaria 0.44 0.23 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.23 0.11 0.11 0.20Cyprus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Czech Republic 0.66 0.67 0.66 1.30 1.19 1.15 1.34 1.37 1.31 1.36 1.43 1.42Denmark 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.13Estonia 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02Finland 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02France 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.10Germany 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hungary 0.22 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.15 0.14Ireland 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.01Italy 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Latvia 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.04Lithuania 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07Luxembourg 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.07Malta 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.12Netherlands 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.17Norway 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.26 0.26 0.25Poland 0.09 0.41 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.35 0.12 0.08Portugal 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.14Spain 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.14 0.10 Sweden 0.00 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.18 0.19United Kingdom 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
108
R&D Health (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.20Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.05Czech Republic 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Denmark 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01Estonia 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.12Finland 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07France 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.07Germany 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hungary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02Ireland 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Italy 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Latvia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Lithuania 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02Luxembourg 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02Netherlands 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19Norway 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Poland 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Portugal 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.08Spain 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Sweden 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.11United Kingdom 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.08
109
Social protection (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 18.19 18.49 18.33 18.23 17.93 17.58 18.04 19.99 19.89 19.62Austria 21.07 20.93 21.17 21.32 20.90 20.59 20.17 19.77 20.00 21.77 21.72 21.03Belgium 17.00 17.23 17.65 18.00 18.10 17.96 17.83 17.47 18.04 19.79 19.37 19.52Bulgaria 13.17 13.54 12.84 12.35 12.05 11.00 10.89 10.67 11.17 13.60 13.46 12.89Cyprus 7.88 7.91 8.68 9.42 9.98 10.65 10.30 9.49 9.80 10.99 11.69 12.05Czech Republic 12.96 12.89 14.01 13.76 12.54 12.31 12.29 12.48 12.46 13.71 13.60 13.69Denmark 22.53 22.92 23.23 24.14 23.97 23.22 22.46 21.97 22.16 25.12 25.25 25.23Estonia 10.67 10.15 9.93 9.87 10.17 9.78 9.41 9.33 11.60 15.79 14.59 13.09Finland 20.34 20.09 20.79 21.38 21.34 21.24 20.72 20.00 20.40 23.98 24.00 23.71France 20.53 20.52 20.91 21.49 21.54 21.64 21.97 21.84 22.25 23.87 23.88 23.79Germany 21.03 20.98 21.25 21.70 21.33 21.33 20.49 19.36 19.28 21.23 20.50 19.60Greece 17.01 16.58 16.95 15.13 14.43 15.30 15.07 16.01 16.98 18.45 18.91 20.37Hungary 14.92 14.57 15.49 16.07 16.10 16.99 17.67 17.64 17.79 18.59 17.71 17.09Ireland 8.31 8.75 9.39 9.53 9.91 10.74 10.84 11.66 13.88 16.90 17.28 17.06Italy 17.41 17.30 17.63 17.93 17.91 17.98 17.99 18.10 18.71 20.41 20.46 20.48Latvia 13.21 12.03 11.53 10.85 10.46 9.89 9.55 8.52 9.62 14.14 13.73 12.11Lithuania 12.55 11.65 10.73 10.28 10.20 9.88 9.82 10.88 12.31 16.76 14.46 12.65Luxembourg 15.68 16.46 17.21 17.73 17.71 17.38 16.39 15.31 16.84 19.38 18.52 18.11Malta 12.20 13.15 13.38 13.53 13.75 13.71 13.72 13.86 13.68 14.58 14.34 14.39Netherlands 15.63 15.63 15.89 16.23 16.05 15.53 15.24 14.95 15.26 16.99 17.22 17.17Norway 15.65 16.50 17.78 18.31 17.54 16.24 15.38 15.47 15.23 17.92 17.70 17.49Poland 18.34 18.82 17.58 16.96 16.87 15.62 15.60 16.45 16.85 15.93Portugal 12.04 12.47 13.14 14.16 14.62 15.16 15.42 15.29 15.74 17.87 18.00 18.12Romania 10.90 11.14 10.12 10.05 10.97 11.07 11.00 11.22 12.41 14.60 14.91 14.12Slovakia 14.50 14.56 14.93 12.82 12.14 13.20 12.35 10.60 10.15 12.29 12.23 11.95Slovenia 17.25 17.12 17.04 17.01 16.87 16.86 16.38 15.48 15.87 17.98 18.60 18.94Spain 13.06 12.83 12.97 12.96 12.99 12.90 12.86 13.05 14.06 16.34 16.98 16.87Sweden 23.25 22.98 23.07 23.88 23.53 22.99 22.26 21.15 21.09 22.88 21.59 20.75United Kingdom 14.82 15.21 15.43 15.59 15.69 15.65 15.29 15.26 15.94 17.93 17.96 17.89
110
Social exclusion n.e.c. (% GDP)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.79 0.76 0.78 0.69 0.68 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.89 0.89Belgium Bulgaria 0.47 0.30 0.28 0.22 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01Cyprus 0.92 0.99 1.13 1.36 1.38 1.43 1.37 1.42 1.59 2.13 2.19 2.23Czech Republic 0.54 0.53 0.60 0.58 0.73 0.44 0.44 0.35 0.35 0.41 0.44 0.46Denmark 1.35 1.52 1.48 1.46 1.46 1.26 0.96 1.08 1.10 1.34 1.38 1.45Estonia 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.16Finland 0.38 0.38 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.63 0.80 0.80 0.78France 0.99 0.96 1.01 1.04 0.62 0.63 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.76Germany 0.87 0.79 0.77 0.83 0.82 0.42 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.32Greece 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.10Hungary 1.50 1.20 1.35 1.28 1.38 1.62 1.82 1.48 1.28 1.43 0.76 0.72Ireland 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.66 0.79 0.77 0.73Italy 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.09Latvia 0.26 0.31 0.40 0.47 0.50Lithuania 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.23 0.37 0.71 0.76Luxembourg 0.58 0.63 0.62 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.68 0.63 0.67 0.80 0.78 0.77Malta 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.36Netherlands 1.41 1.43 1.39 1.31 1.27 1.29 1.66 1.64 1.74 1.91 2.06 2.05Norway 0.46 0.68 0.60 0.69 0.64 0.65 0.60 0.59 0.61 0.77 0.78 0.73Poland 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.31 0.28Portugal 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.38 0.37Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.58 0.59 0.64 0.69 0.76 0.75 0.69 0.56 0.53 0.68 0.76 0.75Spain 0.17 0.15 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.26 Sweden 0.27 0.91 0.88 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.81 0.86 0.96 0.96 0.94United Kingdom 1.14 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.01 0.91 0.80 1.10 1.37 1.68 1.77 1.81
111
ANNEX C. COFOG expenditure (% total public expenditure) by country, 2000-2011
112
General public services (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 14.18 13.77 13.67 13.68 13.25 13.51 13.30 12.70 12.84 13.46Austria 15.12 15.57 14.91 13.97 13.06 14.11 14.12 14.03 13.10 13.03 12.96 13.07Belgium 21.99 21.28 20.33 19.42 18.40 16.96 16.66 17.03 16.37 16.40 15.35 14.96Bulgaria 21.79 22.05 18.05 10.96 14.23 16.26 13.58 19.37 13.02 17.95 9.51 10.84Cyprus 25.57 25.17 24.40 25.11 24.71 25.42 25.16 26.83 25.75 25.86 23.10 24.07Czech Republic 8.91 9.10 9.74 9.88 10.88 12.03 10.14 10.30 10.27 10.65 10.56 10.73Denmark 15.51 15.35 14.57 13.69 13.13 12.76 12.63 12.79 13.05 12.92 13.21 13.71Estonia 10.13 9.22 10.56 9.46 8.04 8.48 9.29 8.86 7.08 7.57 7.69 8.35Finland 14.35 14.40 13.35 13.28 13.23 13.33 13.22 13.17 13.41 13.12 13.06 13.32France 14.54 14.18 13.72 13.44 13.54 13.49 12.03 12.81 12.50 11.59 11.16 11.51Germany 13.65 12.63 12.82 12.88 12.92 12.89 13.00 13.33 13.63 13.03 13.03 13.60Greece 25.04 23.53 22.82 21.94 22.98 22.49 22.34 24.20 21.24 21.88 23.06 24.64Hungary 20.75 22.16 19.16 18.60 19.44 19.15 18.53 18.96 18.86 20.08 18.48 17.53Ireland 12.87 10.92 10.26 9.94 9.82 9.67 9.15 8.89 8.48 9.01 7.42 11.36Italy 20.86 20.17 19.91 19.01 18.28 18.34 17.45 17.94 18.11 16.40 16.42 17.27Latvia 10.85 10.82 10.49 11.26 11.64 10.62 10.72 10.98 9.92 10.25 10.08 11.68Lithuania 14.19 15.07 12.93 13.19 12.56 12.61 12.37 11.42 10.36 9.95 11.11 12.09Luxembourg 12.72 12.00 11.26 10.79 11.20 10.86 10.39 10.56 10.80 10.36 10.82 11.36Malta 16.60 15.12 15.18 13.22 16.62 15.18 15.49 15.06 15.38 16.91 15.20 15.73Netherlands 16.18 14.72 13.92 13.31 13.38 13.58 12.84 12.57 12.53 11.13 11.58 11.16Norway 9.40 11.48 10.70 10.67 9.99 10.08 10.79 10.44 10.93 10.63 10.24 9.70Poland 13.55 14.03 14.74 14.39 13.64 13.25 12.59 12.96 13.03 13.41Portugal 14.16 14.12 13.58 14.23 14.24 14.37 14.66 15.82 14.10 14.74 16.31 17.09Romania 20.49 17.82 15.30 12.41 11.64 9.74 9.24 11.34 11.90 10.19 11.05 12.11Slovakia 17.68 17.10 15.92 13.49 14.95 15.98 12.80 10.93 10.54 13.10 15.81 15.39Slovenia 12.83 14.36 12.80 12.34 12.62 12.96 12.53 12.48 11.54 11.55 11.58 12.38Spain 14.51 14.60 14.01 13.50 12.45 12.34 12.22 11.72 11.47 11.41 11.41 12.53Sweden 17.10 14.89 15.41 13.85 13.59 13.90 14.34 14.52 14.52 13.54 13.51 14.37United Kingdom 12.48 10.64 9.74 9.11 9.68 10.01 10.28 10.13 9.49 8.76 10.78 11.61
113
Public order and safety (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 3.88 3.89 3.93 3.93 3.92 3.95 3.92 3.87 3.86 3.87Austria 2.89 2.92 2.96 2.91 2.78 2.98 3.02 2.91 2.96 2.96 2.88 2.90Belgium 3.12 3.21 3.49 3.40 3.33 3.23 3.58 3.47 3.55 3.49 3.52 3.44Bulgaria 5.05 6.86 6.47 7.09 7.31 7.23 7.69 7.54 7.20 7.23 7.10 7.06Cyprus 5.24 5.08 5.08 5.11 5.11 4.90 4.98 5.00 5.04 4.96 5.21 4.91Czech Republic 5.45 4.82 4.51 4.29 4.80 4.91 4.94 4.89 4.80 4.66 4.65 4.25Denmark 1.76 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.88 1.93 1.94 1.97 2.06 2.02 1.94 1.97Estonia 7.38 6.97 7.11 7.01 6.44 6.40 6.12 6.40 6.93 5.11 5.54 5.60Finland 2.80 2.82 2.67 2.73 2.64 2.70 2.64 2.63 2.69 2.66 2.77 2.71France 2.70 2.92 2.97 3.02 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.87 3.01 3.10 3.10 3.12Germany 3.56 3.43 3.44 3.38 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.44 3.44 3.38 3.52Greece 1.51 2.57 2.64 3.46 3.64 3.57 3.28 3.24 3.25 3.52 3.53 3.31Hungary 4.21 4.35 4.50 4.37 4.25 4.08 4.15 3.97 4.14 3.86 3.81 3.89Ireland 4.96 4.84 4.53 4.44 4.47 4.26 4.38 4.33 4.27 3.86 2.79 3.71Italy 4.32 3.98 4.15 4.22 4.12 4.10 3.94 3.93 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.03Latvia 6.40 6.56 6.53 6.77 6.76 6.55 7.26 7.41 5.92 4.78 4.50 4.79Lithuania 5.26 5.26 5.53 5.67 5.59 5.31 5.42 4.94 5.09 4.42 4.78 5.17Luxembourg 2.29 2.44 2.42 2.53 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.39 2.42 2.33 2.43 2.51Malta 3.87 3.91 3.78 3.59 3.71 3.54 3.38 3.45 3.36 3.56 3.49 3.43Netherlands 3.69 3.76 4.00 4.06 4.13 4.13 4.22 4.31 4.31 4.24 4.11 4.15Norway 2.34 2.27 2.44 2.31 2.30 2.15 2.16 2.18 2.14 2.13 2.16 2.18Poland 3.37 3.79 3.70 3.94 4.14 4.33 4.50 4.37 4.24 4.20Portugal 4.00 3.97 4.20 4.45 4.24 4.21 4.22 4.09 4.23 4.13 3.93 4.01Romania 5.83 4.38 5.69 5.54 5.46 6.28 6.74 6.41 5.72 5.26 6.03 5.58Slovakia 5.21 6.21 5.89 4.83 6.20 5.39 5.63 5.53 5.84 5.80 6.55 6.40Slovenia 3.94 4.00 4.07 4.14 4.07 3.68 3.78 3.75 3.56 3.48 3.56 3.28Spain 4.44 4.89 4.78 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.79 4.91 4.88 4.61 4.89 4.84Sweden 2.39 2.50 2.52 2.54 2.49 2.48 2.55 2.63 2.65 2.65 2.75 2.74United Kingdom 6.00 5.64 5.75 5.73 5.93 5.88 5.69 5.75 5.58 5.52 5.38 5.28
114
Police services (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 1.55 1.54 1.52 1.52 1.45 1.56 1.63 1.54 1.57 1.56 1.51 1.52Belgium Bulgaria 3.21 4.78 4.26 4.83 4.61 4.09 4.67 4.18 3.96 3.70 3.55 3.53Cyprus 4.08 3.93 3.92 3.95 3.96 3.80 3.86 3.85 3.90 3.83 4.08 3.79Czech Republic 2.95 2.63 2.42 2.34 2.60 2.64 2.68 2.58 2.54 2.43 2.44 2.18Denmark 0.95 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.13 1.07 1.04 1.04Estonia 3.70 3.53 3.54 3.42 3.67 3.80 3.59 3.81 3.03 2.76 2.71 2.53Finland 1.15 1.19 1.15 1.18 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.06 1.13 1.10France 1.70 1.76 1.79 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.68 1.67 1.75 1.82 1.81 1.82Germany 1.71 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.65Greece 1.71 1.76 2.23 2.40 2.35 2.19 2.12 1.93 2.08 1.99 2.01Hungary 2.51 2.53 2.80 2.61 2.33 2.27 2.50 2.41 2.46 2.26 2.21 2.17Ireland 2.98 2.87 2.58 2.50 2.56 2.48 2.55 2.52 2.50 2.24 1.66 2.20Italy 2.66 2.45 2.53 2.58 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.42 2.29 2.46 2.55 2.45Latvia 4.44 3.22 2.47 2.37 2.52Lithuania 2.80 2.59 2.60 2.58 2.37 2.28 2.30 2.07 2.10 1.93 1.88 1.81Luxembourg 1.28 1.38 1.34 1.39 1.41 1.34 1.32 1.28 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.30Malta 2.57 2.23 2.07 2.26 2.06 2.07 2.04 2.04 2.18 2.13 2.04Netherlands 1.70 1.69 1.76 1.76 1.80 1.77 1.85 1.85 1.84 1.80 1.67 1.71Norway 1.08 1.07 1.11 1.01 0.98 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.07Poland 1.42 1.59 1.61 1.71 1.78 1.86 2.00 2.06 1.96 1.97Portugal 2.60 2.62 2.57 2.71 2.67 2.61 2.59 2.56 2.61 2.57 2.38 2.44Romania Slovakia Slovenia 1.85 1.98 2.06 2.10 2.08 1.72 1.73 1.62 1.55 1.60 1.56 1.40Spain 2.93 3.27 3.13 3.14 3.12 3.14 3.24 3.27 3.24 3.03 3.18 Sweden 1.11 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.24 1.21 1.27 1.28United Kingdom 3.01 3.01 3.09 3.06 3.11 3.10 3.06 3.08 3.00 3.05 2.99 2.92
115
Fire-protection services (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.31 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34Belgium Bulgaria 0.49 0.80 0.83 0.55 0.81 0.99 0.59 0.56 0.86 0.94 0.67 0.77Cyprus 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52Czech Republic 0.68 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.64 0.63 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.64 0.54Denmark 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17Estonia 0.99 1.01 1.10 1.02 0.97 0.88 0.85 0.79 0.97 0.81 0.79 0.79Finland 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.61 0.57France 0.29 0.42 0.43 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.53Germany 0.46 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.49Greece 0.42 0.43 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.46 0.50 0.45 0.53 0.44 0.42Hungary 0.46 0.70 0.50 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.58Ireland 0.57 0.55 0.56 0.53 0.53 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.46 0.50 0.32 0.45Italy 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.33Latvia 0.61 0.54 0.49 0.50 0.43Lithuania 0.60 0.53 0.75 0.77 0.74 0.76 0.87 0.74 0.76 0.69 0.68 0.72Luxembourg 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.28 0.35Malta 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.19Netherlands 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.59Norway 0.35 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.39 0.41Poland 0.51 0.53 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.57 0.47Portugal 0.30 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.34 0.35Spain 0.34 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.38 Sweden 0.43 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42United Kingdom 0.61 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.49 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49
116
Law courts (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.57 0.58Belgium Bulgaria 0.96 0.88 0.99 1.22 1.47 1.59 1.89 1.99 1.93 1.76 1.85Cyprus 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32Czech Republic 0.87 0.76 0.70 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.72 0.71Denmark 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.36 0.40Estonia 0.70 0.62 0.56 0.57 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.76 0.87 0.67 0.51 0.46Finland 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.50France 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44Germany 0.95 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.92Greece 0.43 0.45 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.50 0.48 0.62 0.78 0.59 0.60Hungary 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.75 0.94 0.94 0.87 0.82 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.81Ireland 0.59 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.68 0.59 0.66 0.68 0.67 0.58 0.43 0.55Italy 0.84 0.76 0.81 0.82 0.70 0.76 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.77Latvia 1.22 1.12 0.96 0.91 1.14Lithuania 1.01 1.26 1.20 1.27 1.27 1.22 1.19 1.12 1.03 0.74 0.74 0.74Luxembourg 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.51Malta 0.84 0.96 0.99 0.93 0.94 0.79 0.85 0.80 0.82 0.79 0.84Netherlands 0.53 0.57 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.64 0.66 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.67Norway 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.38 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36Poland 1.07 1.27 1.22 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.51 1.34 1.30 1.20Portugal 0.65 0.63 0.88 0.99 0.80 0.84 0.89 0.82 0.84 0.78 0.79 0.81Romania Slovakia Slovenia 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.16 1.19 1.18 1.15 1.17 1.09Spain 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.87 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.87 Sweden 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.53 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.57United Kingdom 1.53 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.47 1.41 1.31 1.26 1.23 1.17 1.06 1.08
117
Prisons (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27Belgium Bulgaria 0.27 0.37 0.39 0.47 0.42 0.41 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36Cyprus 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.24Czech Republic 0.55 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.40Denmark 0.28 0.30 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33Estonia 1.42 1.40 1.60 1.55 0.51 0.56 0.50 0.52 1.57 0.64 0.57 0.52Finland 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23France 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28Germany 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23Greece 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.24 0.13 0.14 0.14Hungary 0.34 0.34 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.34 0.30 0.34 0.34Ireland 0.72 0.67 0.67 0.63 0.56 0.60 0.62 0.58 0.54 0.48 0.32 0.44Italy 0.49 0.46 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.48 0.48Latvia 0.61 0.58 0.45 0.37 0.43Lithuania 0.62 0.60 0.68 0.74 0.64 0.61 0.62 0.54 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.50Luxembourg 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.31Malta 0.34 0.41 0.38 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.36Netherlands 0.67 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.86 0.82 0.81Norway 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30Poland 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.42Portugal 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.35Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.20Spain 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.39 0.35 0.38 Sweden 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.42 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.46United Kingdom 0.74 0.64 0.68 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.72 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.75 0.67
118
R&D Public order and safety (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Belgium Bulgaria 0.30 0.06 0.04 0.05Cyprus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Czech Republic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Denmark 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Estonia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00France 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Germany 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hungary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Ireland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Italy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Latvia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Lithuania 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Luxembourg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01Netherlands 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Norway 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Poland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Portugal 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Spain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sweden 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00United Kingdom 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
119
Public order and safety n.e.c. (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18Belgium Bulgaria 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.07 0.40 2.47 0.51Cyprus 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04Czech Republic 0.39 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.37 0.36 0.39 0.44 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.41Denmark 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Estonia 0.58 0.41 0.31 0.45 0.50 0.41 0.47 0.53 0.48 0.22 0.96 1.29Finland 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.30France 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06Germany 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.21Greece 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.14Hungary 0.19 0.07 0.08 0.19 0.14 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Ireland 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.06Italy 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Latvia 0.52 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.27Lithuania 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.56 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.63 0.53 0.97 1.41Luxembourg 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Netherlands 0.26 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.35Norway 0.29 0.27 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05Poland 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.13Portugal 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.05Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.35 0.25 0.24 0.27 0.23 0.18 0.37 0.43 0.30 0.22 0.27 0.25Spain 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 Sweden 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01United Kingdom 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11
120
Health (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 13.76 13.91 14.14 14.36 14.68 14.72 14.74 14.85 14.73 14.92Austria 16.09 13.65 14.05 14.83 14.11 15.25 15.38 15.52 15.73 15.64 15.49 15.34Belgium 12.84 13.26 13.04 13.74 14.05 13.35 13.87 14.08 14.51 14.54 14.69 14.79Bulgaria 8.66 6.12 12.59 13.61 13.39 12.77 11.77 10.46 11.81 10.21 12.52 12.92Cyprus 7.19 7.54 7.77 7.58 7.32 7.06 7.32 7.01 7.08 7.09 7.17 7.35Czech Republic 16.18 15.87 15.74 14.70 16.23 16.05 16.40 16.73 16.80 17.24 17.80 18.06Denmark 12.28 12.56 12.88 12.87 13.09 13.63 14.14 14.71 14.94 15.08 14.63 14.50Estonia 11.82 11.66 11.68 11.77 11.89 12.14 12.41 12.73 13.11 12.39 13.08 13.30Finland 11.88 12.23 12.61 12.88 13.19 13.61 13.97 13.98 14.24 14.16 14.17 14.22France 13.65 13.76 13.94 14.26 14.40 14.47 14.55 14.49 14.34 14.27 14.46 14.74Germany 14.70 14.14 14.36 14.43 14.06 14.31 14.58 15.00 15.10 15.23 14.99 15.54Greece 8.38 11.23 11.03 11.67 12.01 13.23 14.30 13.38 14.09 13.76 13.84 11.55Hungary 10.39 10.21 10.61 11.57 11.18 11.24 10.75 9.77 9.97 9.87 10.36 10.36Ireland 17.71 18.70 19.54 20.51 21.07 19.27 18.83 18.53 17.74 17.15 12.14 15.61Italy 13.04 13.11 13.45 13.23 14.13 14.48 14.56 14.33 14.76 14.60 14.96 14.74Latvia 10.53 9.24 10.34 9.74 9.77 12.03 12.76 11.97 11.79 10.76 9.62 10.70Lithuania 10.41 12.70 12.35 12.91 12.46 14.88 13.63 13.33 13.35 12.72 13.32 14.03Luxembourg 10.91 12.63 11.24 11.46 11.99 12.51 12.04 12.22 11.99 11.93 11.59 11.36Malta 12.07 11.85 13.27 12.55 13.51 14.37 14.49 13.56 12.31 12.72 13.00 13.32Netherlands 11.18 11.17 11.82 12.20 12.46 12.77 15.81 16.07 15.77 16.08 16.26 16.99Norway 16.29 16.26 16.77 16.96 17.06 17.26 17.05 17.16 16.67 16.36 16.46 16.53Poland 9.84 9.61 9.74 10.19 10.57 10.78 11.68 11.50 10.99 10.88Portugal 14.93 14.92 15.06 14.96 15.28 15.39 14.78 14.86 14.67 14.57 13.10 13.84Romania 10.84 11.30 11.77 10.32 7.58 8.01 7.58 8.10 8.21 9.33 9.02 8.60Slovakia 10.01 11.04 11.15 16.12 12.36 12.76 16.00 18.74 19.92 18.78 15.99 15.51Slovenia 13.80 13.94 14.12 13.96 14.02 13.93 14.06 13.95 13.95 14.31 13.72 13.52Spain 13.35 13.29 13.32 13.58 14.11 14.76 14.72 14.55 14.64 14.74 14.31 14.06Sweden 11.03 11.93 12.20 12.49 12.42 12.49 12.57 12.99 13.25 13.43 13.45 13.73United Kingdom 15.42 14.70 14.97 14.99 15.67 15.75 16.12 16.15 15.73 16.34 16.31 16.51
121
Medical products, appliances and equipment (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 2.17 2.20 2.30 2.35 2.24 2.32 2.34 2.41 2.46 2.27 2.20 2.22Belgium Bulgaria 1.52 1.15 1.11 1.15 1.39 1.96Cyprus 1.32 1.65 1.77 1.56 1.27 1.32 1.46 1.54 1.59 1.54 1.54 1.58Czech Republic 2.96 2.83 2.91 2.78 3.29 3.25 2.75 2.62 2.49 2.61 2.51 2.55Denmark 0.69 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.86 1.02 0.98 0.91 0.87 0.82Estonia 1.46 1.84 1.88 1.56 1.80 1.67 1.55 1.55 1.51 1.67 1.83 1.79Finland 1.23 1.26 1.34 1.37 1.35 1.35 1.42 1.30 1.25 1.23France 2.33 2.46 2.48 2.54 2.58 2.55 2.49 2.54 2.49 2.84 2.84 2.86Germany 3.42 3.41 3.38 3.42 3.12 3.30 3.36 3.57 3.61 3.63 3.52 3.51Greece 1.97 2.25 2.45 3.21 3.06 4.08 3.81 4.79 4.86 4.73 4.02Hungary 2.77 2.83 2.70 3.01 3.20 3.36 3.37 2.81 2.79 2.91 2.93 2.99Ireland 1.78 1.95 2.06 2.18 2.33 2.57 2.71 2.65 2.96 2.63 2.00 2.53Italy 1.71 2.07 2.03 1.85 1.94 1.86 1.84 1.70 1.61 1.56 1.54 1.41Latvia 1.03 1.19 1.17 1.29 1.36Lithuania 2.01 2.55 2.74 2.59 2.44 2.55 2.42 2.29 2.11 2.30 2.21 2.23Luxembourg 10.27 11.12 10.42 10.39 10.59 10.85 10.75 11.07 10.91 10.64 10.36 10.10Malta 0.79 0.92 0.88 1.09 1.54 2.53 3.00 0.93 1.92 1.48 1.86Netherlands 1.73 1.73 1.76 1.82 1.83 1.87 2.44 2.52 2.33 2.42 2.46 2.52Norway 1.39 0.61 1.80 1.73 1.65 1.61 1.49 1.41 1.28 1.20 1.21 1.12Poland 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13Portugal 2.37 2.91 2.50 3.91 4.35 4.41 2.64 2.58 2.62 2.70 2.73 2.79Romania Slovakia Slovenia 2.33 2.48 2.55 2.60 2.58 2.62 2.58 2.47 2.32 2.28 2.20 2.17Spain 2.94 3.00 3.10 3.15 3.23 3.27 3.11 2.94 2.88 2.82 2.79 Sweden 0.08 1.65 1.68 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.63 1.63 1.58United Kingdom 0.01 0.21 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.09
122
Outpatient services (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 2.91 2.93 3.01 3.00 2.89 3.03 3.12 3.16 3.09 3.07 3.00 3.06Belgium Bulgaria 0.95 2.81 0.41 1.32 3.56 3.00 2.66 2.59 3.08 2.48 3.18 3.37Cyprus 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.28 0.28Czech Republic 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.99 3.37 3.32 3.32 3.39 3.55 3.74 3.87 4.04Denmark 1.69 1.71 1.73 1.77 1.78 1.85 1.89 2.12 2.15 2.15 2.12 2.14Estonia 1.62 1.53 1.25 1.27 1.05 1.07 1.00 1.14 1.09 1.10 1.13 1.12Finland 5.08 5.18 5.30 5.50 5.74 5.92 6.03 6.13 6.19 6.28France 4.73 4.71 4.80 4.97 5.08 5.05 5.20 5.21 5.19 4.82 4.90 4.98Germany 4.22 4.02 4.19 4.24 4.09 4.09 4.20 4.32 4.37 4.40 4.32 4.51Greece 1.21 1.18 1.25 1.40 1.28 1.64 1.45 1.66 1.51 1.39 1.29Hungary 2.06 2.05 2.06 2.38 2.28 2.17 1.96 2.00 2.35 2.34 2.82 2.81Ireland 6.27 6.43 7.16 7.39 7.56 8.95 8.95 8.82 8.76 8.23 6.01 7.29Italy 3.81 3.76 3.93 3.92 4.15 4.44 4.39 4.40 4.54 4.62 4.79 4.74Latvia 2.58 2.59 2.13 1.37 1.50Lithuania 3.08 3.83 3.63 3.69 3.60 4.59 4.02 3.93 4.04 3.88 4.15 4.26Luxembourg 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.39 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.48Malta 1.51 1.46 1.39 1.54 1.47 1.47 1.57 1.80 2.07 2.15 2.30Netherlands 3.65 3.73 4.02 4.38 3.61 4.24 4.31 4.34 4.22 4.48 4.45 4.73Norway 4.23 2.24 2.11 3.09 3.36 3.76 3.73 3.69 3.63 3.65 3.86 3.90Poland 3.99 3.13 3.54 3.84 3.96 3.79 3.93 3.39 3.67 3.63Portugal 4.26 3.81 4.37 5.21 5.16 4.97 7.78 8.80 8.78 9.57 9.16 9.62Romania Slovakia Slovenia 4.70 4.69 4.74 4.57 4.66 4.63 4.70 4.75 4.71 4.84 4.74 4.64Spain 9.94 9.76 9.68 9.98 10.40 11.03 11.10 11.06 11.22 11.32 11.02 Sweden 0.13 4.96 5.03 5.16 5.16 5.22 5.38 5.67 5.87 5.86 6.04 6.16United Kingdom 0.07 0.73 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03
123
Hospital services (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 9.73 7.29 7.55 8.23 7.71 8.48 8.51 8.49 8.75 8.90 8.86 8.64Belgium Bulgaria 2.97 1.39 7.01 7.99 8.20 8.61 6.67 5.76 5.64 6.24 7.59 6.46Cyprus 5.56 5.58 5.68 5.71 5.75 5.44 5.54 5.13 5.15 5.16 5.26 5.36Czech Republic 7.56 7.49 7.50 5.55 6.21 6.14 6.58 6.82 6.93 7.16 7.48 7.56Denmark 9.30 9.47 9.72 9.82 10.02 10.47 10.90 10.83 11.10 11.30 10.95 10.86Estonia 8.30 7.89 8.18 8.49 8.56 8.85 9.38 9.49 9.96 9.16 9.53 9.89Finland 5.59 5.79 5.92 6.11 6.25 5.99 6.09 6.10 6.15 6.14France 6.29 6.29 6.29 6.39 6.37 6.47 6.46 6.34 6.27 6.18 6.26 6.45Germany 5.81 5.53 5.58 5.55 5.64 5.70 5.82 5.91 5.89 5.95 5.92 6.18Greece 6.95 6.50 6.67 6.10 7.85 7.57 7.22 6.73 6.72 7.17 5.73Hungary 4.34 4.02 4.14 4.67 4.23 4.15 3.98 3.61 3.70 3.49 3.82 3.79Ireland 7.97 8.44 8.63 9.08 9.31 7.29 6.72 6.55 5.50 5.21 3.47 4.66Italy 7.22 6.98 7.17 7.15 7.71 7.86 7.99 7.89 8.25 8.07 8.27 8.25Latvia 7.37 7.05 6.68 5.98 6.49Lithuania 4.69 5.92 5.52 5.82 5.63 6.85 6.20 6.03 6.09 5.81 6.15 6.32Luxembourg 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.06Malta 8.57 9.61 9.20 9.88 10.58 9.78 8.05 8.68 7.48 8.37 7.99Netherlands 4.82 4.77 5.10 5.07 6.10 5.56 8.03 7.93 7.90 7.84 7.99 8.33Norway 9.90 12.73 11.97 11.26 11.21 11.06 11.04 11.23 10.88 10.54 10.26 10.39Poland 5.32 5.21 5.58 5.66 5.85 6.19 7.02 6.93 6.65 6.63Portugal 8.09 7.96 7.95 5.49 5.41 5.66 3.91 2.94 2.84 2.01 0.84 1.05Romania Slovakia Slovenia 5.58 5.60 5.68 5.67 5.65 5.56 5.63 5.68 5.91 6.18 5.71 5.65Spain Sweden 0.45 4.64 4.77 4.98 4.91 4.85 4.82 4.90 4.94 5.07 4.91 5.04United Kingdom 15.07 13.46 13.45 13.44 14.10 14.12 14.46 14.49 14.31 14.87 14.82 15.01
124
Public health services (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.34 0.31 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.37Belgium Bulgaria 1.08 0.56 0.23 0.33 0.39 0.43 0.35 0.32 0.61 0.27 0.30 0.56Cyprus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Czech Republic 1.58 1.52 1.44 2.61 2.76 2.67 3.19 3.34 3.18 3.05 3.26 3.28Denmark 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.22Estonia 0.07 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05Finland 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05France 0.12 0.11 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.24 0.20 0.19Germany 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.07Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hungary 0.45 0.57 0.59 0.63 0.57 0.56 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.30 0.28Ireland 0.87 1.03 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.02Italy 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09Latvia 0.40 0.35 0.21 0.12 0.11Lithuania 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.20 0.18 0.18Luxembourg 0.09 0.21 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.18 0.17 0.16Malta 0.35 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.29 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.28Netherlands 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.34Norway 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.51 0.56 0.57 0.57Poland 0.21 0.92 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.32 0.78 0.27 0.19Portugal 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.29Spain 0.20 0.27 0.29 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.30 0.22 Sweden 0.00 0.31 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.28 0.27 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.34 0.37United Kingdom 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04
125
R&D Health (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.35 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.39Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.10Czech Republic 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Denmark 0.26 0.30 0.27 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01Estonia 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.19 0.28 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.33 0.32Finland 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.20 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12France 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12Germany 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hungary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04Ireland 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04Italy 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12Latvia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Lithuania 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04Luxembourg 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04Netherlands 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.38Norway 0.12 0.04 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06Poland 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04Portugal 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03Romania Slovakia Slovenia 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.15Spain 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 Sweden 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.21 0.22United Kingdom 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.24 0.16
126
Social protection (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 38.99 39.16 39.18 38.99 38.77 38.55 38.30 39.15 39.29 39.93Austria 40.57 40.80 41.77 41.55 38.89 41.20 41.04 40.68 40.53 41.36 41.31 41.60Belgium 34.64 35.07 35.47 35.27 36.81 34.62 36.78 36.22 36.23 36.85 36.87 36.64Bulgaria 31.93 33.36 32.47 31.57 31.23 29.50 31.68 27.22 29.10 32.82 35.96 36.18Cyprus 21.27 20.83 21.69 21.15 23.52 24.70 24.19 22.97 23.26 23.76 25.32 26.12Czech Republic 31.13 29.37 30.73 27.52 28.97 28.62 29.28 30.40 30.29 30.69 31.01 31.65Denmark 41.97 42.30 42.58 43.83 43.93 43.99 43.55 43.24 43.01 43.25 43.80 43.77Estonia 29.55 29.17 27.76 28.35 29.94 29.11 28.01 27.46 29.25 34.71 35.85 34.18Finland 42.07 41.89 42.43 42.51 42.48 42.20 42.12 42.20 41.44 42.73 43.04 43.10France 39.71 39.72 39.54 40.23 40.45 40.39 41.47 41.51 41.75 42.04 42.22 42.57Germany 46.64 44.07 44.31 44.78 45.31 45.48 45.20 44.50 43.74 44.03 42.97 43.27Greece 36.39 36.54 37.58 33.83 31.71 34.31 33.30 33.71 33.57 34.19 36.75 39.32Hungary 31.24 30.46 30.08 32.37 32.82 33.91 33.86 34.79 36.13 36.16 35.55 34.45Ireland 26.61 26.39 28.06 28.73 29.52 31.73 31.55 31.63 32.25 34.70 26.14 35.89Italy 37.95 36.26 37.41 37.29 37.68 37.53 37.13 37.99 38.50 39.35 40.60 41.02Latvia 35.13 34.42 32.05 31.07 29.13 27.60 24.94 23.70 24.62 32.36 31.63 31.52Lithuania 32.28 31.79 31.04 31.13 30.70 29.74 29.35 31.41 33.04 38.35 35.42 33.84Luxembourg 41.72 43.17 41.41 42.42 41.60 41.83 42.47 42.22 43.03 43.40 43.22 43.17Malta 30.94 31.91 32.11 29.66 31.53 31.47 31.80 33.19 31.77 34.36 34.18 34.29Netherlands 35.39 34.45 34.38 34.46 34.82 34.67 33.47 33.02 33.01 33.04 33.65 34.47Norway 36.99 37.41 37.79 38.03 38.86 38.85 38.41 38.35 38.29 38.78 39.19 39.81Poland 41.44 42.11 41.25 39.05 38.46 37.04 36.08 36.87 37.10 36.55Portugal 28.93 28.90 30.51 31.69 32.19 32.55 34.10 34.46 35.13 35.92 34.97 36.72Romania 28.26 30.77 28.90 30.04 32.69 32.97 30.94 29.35 31.60 35.53 37.19 35.88Slovakia 27.80 32.75 33.14 31.95 32.22 34.75 33.80 30.99 29.08 29.60 30.59 31.30Slovenia 37.08 36.20 36.88 36.79 36.89 37.21 36.75 36.49 35.80 36.63 37.01 37.34Spain 33.32 33.18 33.34 33.73 33.41 33.57 33.53 33.29 33.91 35.33 36.69 37.37Sweden 42.20 42.14 41.49 42.90 43.43 42.69 42.24 41.51 40.76 41.65 41.25 40.51United Kingdom 40.27 37.80 37.31 36.94 36.44 35.73 34.74 34.91 33.45 34.95 35.66 36.83
127
Social exclusion n.e.c. (% public expenditures)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 EU27 Austria 1.52 1.48 1.54 1.34 1.27 1.53 1.50 1.54 1.63 1.67 1.69 1.76Belgium Bulgaria 1.13 0.73 0.73 0.58 0.57 0.48 0.29 0.17 0.02 0.03 0.04Cyprus 2.47 2.61 2.83 3.06 3.25 3.31 3.22 3.44 3.78 4.60 4.75 4.84Czech Republic 1.29 1.21 1.32 1.15 1.68 1.03 1.04 0.86 0.84 0.92 1.01 1.07Denmark 2.52 2.81 2.72 2.66 2.67 2.40 1.87 2.13 2.13 2.30 2.39 2.52Estonia 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.48 0.50 0.36 0.26 0.23 0.28 0.40 0.43Finland 0.77 0.76 1.06 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.27 1.43 1.44 1.41France 1.92 1.87 1.91 1.95 1.16 1.17 1.37 1.40 1.36 1.36 1.40 1.35Germany 1.94 1.65 1.61 1.70 1.74 0.89 0.87 0.79 0.70 0.66 0.69 0.71Greece 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.09 0.20Hungary 3.14 2.52 2.63 2.57 2.80 3.24 3.49 2.92 2.60 2.79 1.52 1.46Ireland 1.50 1.46 1.55 1.72 1.62 1.56 1.53 1.46 1.53 1.62 1.16 1.53Italy 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.19Latvia 0.72 0.80 0.91 1.08 1.31Lithuania 0.70 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.61 0.85 1.73 2.02Luxembourg 1.54 1.66 1.49 1.90 1.83 1.84 1.77 1.74 1.70 1.79 1.83 1.84Malta 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.70 0.82 0.83 0.93 0.90 0.86Netherlands 3.19 3.15 3.02 2.78 2.76 2.88 3.64 3.62 3.75 3.71 4.03 4.11Norway 1.08 1.55 1.27 1.42 1.41 1.56 1.49 1.47 1.54 1.66 1.72 1.66Poland 0.58 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.68 0.65Portugal 0.67 0.60 0.63 0.55 0.54 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.75Romania Slovakia Slovenia 1.25 1.24 1.38 1.50 1.66 1.65 1.55 1.32 1.19 1.39 1.52 1.49Spain 0.42 0.38 0.68 0.73 0.80 0.78 0.65 0.61 0.54 0.53 0.55 Sweden 0.49 1.67 1.57 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.54 1.60 1.67 1.75 1.84 1.84United Kingdom 3.10 2.80 2.66 2.54 2.35 2.07 1.82 2.51 2.88 3.27 3.52 3.73
128
ANNEX D. Complete results from econometric estimations
129
Table D1: Descriptive statistics of the sample (variables expressed in variation with respect to the value of previous year)
Variable 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sdgeneral government (gf00) 1.28 3.90 3.20 4.80 4.49 3.78 3.79 4.23 2.69 4.61 3.76 3.59 4.50 5.67 4.79 6.18 4.10 3.24 3.37 4.56 0.81 7.61 -2.03 5.47 2.90 5.25general public services (gf01) 2.70 11.92 0.73 9.24 -0.36 8.45 -1.31 10.43 4.07 9.19 3.87 6.26 1.57 9.40 7.54 16.20 -0.33 8.56 4.49 12.31 0.11 12.90 3.40 4.98 2.23 10.53public order and safety (gf03) 4.22 8.96 6.95 16.34 6.31 7.49 5.05 9.87 3.30 6.10 2.60 5.70 5.91 8.40 4.26 5.94 3.76 6.13 0.18 9.55 0.91 5.28 -1.78 4.38 3.43 8.59police services (gf301) 2.42 4.56 6.96 12.56 3.43 7.39 6.09 8.54 2.68 4.32 1.40 6.03 4.76 5.78 2.73 5.28 1.79 8.20 0.47 8.92 -0.97 6.13 -2.79 3.77 2.30 7.46
fire-protection services (gf302) 0.02 13.09 12.12 22.03 8.11 10.84 1.62 10.96 4.64 12.50 4.84 6.91 2.79 11.45 3.79 6.40 6.44 13.83 3.39 10.63 -1.03 11.42 0.25 11.30 3.85 12.39
law courts (gf303) 10.97 25.41 3.71 7.97 8.28 9.66 9.67 8.96 3.96 13.78 3.91 4.97 2.33 8.15 5.21 7.89 4.52 8.75 -0.26 12.34 -3.73 9.46 0.31 6.49 3.87 11.46prisons (gf304) -1.10 8.35 6.07 9.16 9.08 10.86 4.11 7.79 -1.74 15.22 5.73 6.70 2.27 6.27 5.36 7.04 15.80 47.91 -3.90 17.03 -0.07 8.31 -0.95 6.12 3.40 17.85
R&D Public order and safety (gf305) 22.72 50.49 3.54 41.66 3.80 12.46 -16.70 40.60 -
14.02 60.39 -1.11 30.68 29.75
66.95 -2.83 20.83 13.08 34.68 1.88 35.32 -1.41 26.43 -2.62 18.66 2.03 39.30
public order and safety n.e.c. (gf306) 48.85 106.28 -7.62 33.38 7.78 35.40 62.36 184.82 -0.29 47.46 478.1
12317.0
4 5.04 36.56 2.83 24.01 8.01 30.89 21.97 102.8
2 36.69 117.12 34.83 189.6
4 59.53 686.90
health (gf07) 3.32 6.13 4.73 11.66 10.46 20.32 5.95 7.14 2.27 7.79 6.95 8.86 6.61 9.44 4.62 7.56 5.12 5.21 2.69 6.48 -0.95 5.12 -0.77 5.16 4.22 9.60
medical prod, appl. and equip. (gf0701) 2.55 13.81 239.50 687.92 18.36 44.24 6.43 13.14 5.43 11.16 6.04 10.44 7.18 20.59 3.55 8.76 -1.53 19.15 5.52 21.10 -1.26 6.48 0.41 11.44 21.10 188.42
outpatient services (gf0702) 4.73 22.67 245.73 820.33 2.66 21.94 18.90 48.83 11.00 38.02 6.65 11.27 6.87 12.93 6.71 7.05 6.53 6.79 2.19 9.86 0.57 10.54 0.78 5.98 23.34 224.25
hospital services (gf0703) -1.41 9.80 50.40 211.50 22.04 89.96 6.37 15.03 2.40 8.65 5.53 10.57 2.85 14.89 2.38 11.87 3.59 6.79 -1.18 12.18 1.05 19.87 -1.38 8.26 7.07 62.66
public health services (gf0704) 14.61 31.49 1520.31
6340.26 7.55 36.73 29.35 84.14 8.28 33.70 6.82 33.68 -3.84 21.8
3 12.77 32.45 5.72 25.59 29.33 68.19 -7.26 21.59 -4.92 25.85 114.56
1679.47
R&D Health (gf0705) 3.86 25.72 11.62 28.95 16.57 44.54 11.66 51.46 16.91 35.07 1.26 36.34 9.76 19.38 2.58 29.62 5.66 13.95 -2.29 30.88 41.47 118.2
6 16.46 71.17 11.47 51.15
social protection (gf10) 0.57 5.99 3.18 3.35 4.68 4.14 3.47 4.12 3.62 4.84 3.97 4.58 3.69 3.41 3.61 5.90 4.76 5.15 8.41 4.73 0.76 3.59 -0.60 2.39 3.37 4.92
social exclusion n.e.c. (gf1007) 887.70
3733.23 16.24 55.99 7.86 21.01 3.62 15.64 37.36 167.0
0 3.61 22.22 1.44 14.99 2.06 14.47 5.20 13.96 9.07 21.93 6.23 25.38 7.52 22.10 66.84 960.02
poverty rate -1.14 4.54 0.58 6.43 -1.49 8.96 2.35 6.75 2.51 6.24 -1.39 6.63 2.50 10.41 -0.94 8.61 0.72 6.10 0.61 4.53 -0.52 7.11 3.09 5.58 0.68 7.13
unemployment rate -5.36 11.10 -2.95 9.13 3.89 12.54 4.72 13.99 3.15 9.57 -3.05 10.54 -9.74 10.02
-12.00 9.19 -0.10 16.83 40.54 39.63 12.06 14.19 -0.95 13.27 2.70 20.94
youth unemployment rate (<25 years) -5.75 10.76 2.91 14.93 2.59 11.80 8.35 15.75 4.60 12.62 -1.25 13.54 -9.26 10.98
-10.43 10.59 4.09 19.93 39.56 37.13 8.51 13.26 0.67 13.78 3.91 20.97
long term unemployment rate (>1 year) -2.97 24.01 -5.03 15.46 1.99 15.29 5.73 18.02 6.70 15.02 -2.73 14.29 -9.98 15.15
-17.25 12.24 -
10.83 18.75 30.15 50.88 46.70 39.18 7.45 17.47 4.41 29.65
growth rate of real GDP 4.64 1.98 2.72 2.41 3.02 2.12 3.10 2.67 4.23 2.26 4.07 2.47 4.94 2.38 4.76 2.47 1.22 2.67 -5.47 3.91 1.80 2.54 2.05 2.83 2.58 3.73gini coefficient (after transfers & taxes) -0.38 2.60 0.22 1.79 0.56 1.86 0.58 2.17 0.49 2.56 -0.03 2.67 -0.25 2.40 -0.08 2.02 -0.38 1.53 -4.19 20.62 -6.52 22.94 -0.80 9.07gini coefficient (before transfers & taxes) 1.16 3.82 0.20 3.11 1.19 2.92 0.69 2.95 1.60 2.91 -0.15 3.57 0.43 3.30 -0.34 2.56 -0.16 2.49 -0.29 1.30 -0.56 2.60 0.35 2.97
crime rate x 100,000 inhab. 3.52 22.11 -3.24 19.54 -1.51 24.27 8.82 77.93 -2.96 18.62 -4.40 26.88 -4.51 33.34 3.36 26.78 -3.86 18.66 -3.61 19.67 -2.02 19.85 -0.97 32.26
drug related crime rate x 100,000 inhab. 4.18 33.60 28.81 49.82 6.74 19.27 5.16 30.85 9.35 25.11 10.36 15.79 5.50 23.01 10.09 21.06 6.40 17.65 6.04 30.73 4.60 14.27 8.88 27.54
number of police officers x 100,000 inhab. 1.29 3.02 0.19 3.57 0.14 1.74 -0.28 3.82 0.76 2.07 2.11 11.39 0.50 2.54 0.15 4.28 -2.14 12.49 1.57 5.57 1.36 8.92 0.51 6.49
number of prison pop. x 100,000 inhab. 0.76 11.83 4.68 8.83 3.01 6.81 1.66 7.24 5.10 12.03 2.24 7.12 0.47 10.71 1.28 10.28 3.97 14.87 0.78 7.14 3.29 6.11 2.48 9.70
life expectancy at 65 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02cancer incidence x 100,000 inhab. 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.05hospital beds x 100,000 inhab. -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.08 -0.02 0.04 -0.02 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.02 0.03 -0.01 0.03 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.04 0.09 -0.02 0.04 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.04out-of-pocket payment on health 1/ 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.07 -0.01 0.08 -0.04 0.11 0.08 0.29 -0.01 0.09 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 -0.01 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.12neoplasms discharges x 100,000 inhab. 0.04 0.15 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.02 0.05 -0.02 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.08 -0.01 0.07 0.01 0.09share of public health expenditure in total 2/ 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.04 -0.01 0.05 -0.01 0.06 0.01 0.06
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1/ This is private households' out-of-pocket payment on health as % of total health expenditure. 2/ This is public sector health expenditure as % of total health expenditure, WHO estimates.
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Table D2: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on public order and safety
Variables Total Police services
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)growth 0.6825** 0.6525** 0.6579** 0.6734** 0.6553** 0.6548** 0.4448** 0.4420** 0.4215** 0.4527** 0.4387** 0.4557** (0.2484) (0.2490) (0.2573) (0.2549) (0.2444) (0.2639) (0.1749) (0.1702) (0.1739) (0.1662) (0.1673) (0.1865)year2010 -1.3523 -1.7586* -1.4076 -1.5633 -2.0871** -1.6890* -2.3172 -2.2501 -2.1127 -2.2630 -2.4922* -2.3304* (1.1546) (0.9312) (1.0418) (0.9569) (0.9425) (0.9367) (1.4495) (1.3176) (1.3525) (1.3827) (1.2889) (1.3266)total crime rate 0.1984** 0.0056 (0.0813) (0.0852) police officers 0.0076 0.0135 0.0289 0.0196 0.0227 0.0161 0.0285 0.0365 0.0613 0.0386 0.0434 0.0369 (0.0548) (0.0606) (0.0675) (0.0613) (0.0644) (0.0633) (0.0845) (0.0854) (0.0693) (0.0812) (0.0854) (0.0848)prisoners -0.0429 -0.0533* -0.0440 -0.0452 -0.0522* -0.0488 -0.0496 -0.0466 -0.0406 -0.0439 -0.0419 -0.0449 (0.0263) (0.0273) (0.0327) (0.0279) (0.0266) (0.0292) (0.0434) (0.0437) (0.0485) (0.0458) (0.0419) (0.0449)homicides 0.0101 0.0053 (0.0087) (0.0114) violent crimes 0.1014* 0.0817* (0.0521) (0.0428) robberies 0.0239 0.0091 (0.0214) (0.0264) motor vehicle theft -0.0617** -0.0478** (0.0225) (0.0185) drug trafficking 0.0186 0.0037 (0.0250) (0.0205)
constant2.1298***
2.4088***
2.0816***
2.2774***
2.1657***
2.2613***
1.9223***
1.9616*** 1.6796*** 1.9023***
1.7884***
1.9757***
(0.6374) (0.6006) (0.5992) (0.6087) (0.5877) (0.5125) (0.3003) (0.3221) (0.2943) (0.2846) (0.3297) (0.2711)N 286 289 282 287 291 284 237 240 234 238 242 236groups 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000R2 (within) 0.1241 0.0988 0.1166 0.0965 0.1154 0.1010 0.0839 0.0894 0.1146 0.0866 0.1094 0.0937F 2.5919 2.0988 3.4134 1.7904 3.7182 4.8880 3.7945 2.9695 4.6622 3.1996 3.0306 5.7266rho 0.1435 0.1349 0.1432 0.1347 0.1658 0.1346 0.3742 0.3746 0.3694 0.3730 0.3920 0.3745Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
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Table D3: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on public order and safety
Variables Law courts Prisons (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24)growth 0.6243** 0.5983** 0.6042** 0.6681** 0.6201** 0.5569** -0.1195 -0.0859 -0.2120 -0.0561 -0.0628 -0.2587 (0.2897) (0.2716) (0.2755) (0.2761) (0.2691) (0.2568) (0.4197) (0.4117) (0.5275) (0.3729) (0.4084) (0.4559)
year2010-5.7975***
-5.7345***
-4.8094***
-5.7682***
-5.9059***
-5.3963*** -2.1000 -2.4791 -0.1769 -1.5505 -2.5366 -1.7713
(1.7070) (1.5041) (1.2794) (1.6047) (1.5561) (1.5909) (1.5801) (1.6193) (2.3410) (1.4195) (1.5311) (1.5928)total crime rate 0.1793*** 0.0978 (0.0481) (0.0683) police officers -0.0908 -0.0999 -0.0558 -0.0828 -0.0773 -0.0753 -0.1955 -0.2155 -0.0903 -0.1941 -0.1921 -0.1745 (0.1613) (0.1581) (0.1134) (0.1610) (0.1584) (0.1585) (0.1549) (0.1530) (0.1065) (0.1432) (0.1581) (0.1313)prisoners 0.0166 0.0107 0.0241 0.0240 0.0162 0.0206 0.0775 0.0664 0.0608 0.0881 0.0746 0.0552 (0.0579) (0.0619) (0.0551) (0.0592) (0.0591) (0.0523) (0.0848) (0.0863) (0.0789) (0.1003) (0.0853) (0.0807)homicides 0.0174* 0.0070 (0.0099) (0.0187) violent crimes 0.1850* 0.4878 (0.1033) (0.3730) robberies 0.0333 0.0701 (0.0239) (0.0889) motor vehicle theft -0.0229 -0.0266 (0.0255) (0.0539)
drug trafficking 0.0605 0.1203***
(0.0386) (0.0394)
constant 2.4424*** 2.6865*** 1.9259*** 2.4198*** 2.5031*** 2.2067***4.3017***
4.3445***
2.6537*** 3.8523***
4.0871***
3.7300***
(0.6484) (0.6101) (0.6485) (0.5950) (0.5747) (0.6231) (0.8956) (0.8791) (0.8166) (0.7053) (0.9938) (0.7890)N 236 239 233 237 241 235 235 238 232 236 240 234groups 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000R2 (within) 0.1130 0.1087 0.1684 0.1074 0.1056 0.1298 0.0088 0.0085 0.0930 0.0103 0.0083 0.0283F 8.7504 6.5930 3.4355 5.3941 4.8027 6.5178 0.8929 1.6656 5.4179 1.4841 6.6532 9.0021rho 0.1122 0.1115 0.1167 0.1031 0.1156 0.1438 0.1215 0.1208 0.1147 0.1164 0.1244 0.1376Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
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Table D4: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on health
Variable Total Medical products, appliances and equipment Outpatient services (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)growth 0.4239** 0.5697*** 0.4800*** 0.6139*** 1.4234 0.2053 0.9855 -0.1240 0.8380 -0.5904 0.2124 -1.0633 (0.1604) (0.1718) (0.1571) (0.1646) (1.7781) (1.3285) (1.6750) (1.3512) (0.9142) (2.0195) (1.2097) (2.2660)hospital beds 3.0814 4.0906 2.5487 3.0946 -187.8962 -163.7607 -192.1827 -159.4197 -588.3713 -531.4642 -598.0880 -532.1667
(18.3870) (19.4251) (18.9416) (19.9785)(482.1974) (406.9369)
(488.6550) (405.8772) (752.7038) (646.4924) (760.5040) (644.3447)
neoplasms 20.9147* 19.7227 -33.1980 13.5507 17.6176 27.1896 (11.7351) (13.3171) (44.3831) (42.7940) (20.3696) (33.6266) share of public health expend.
34.6141*** 29.8354** -80.4054 -76.6432 108.5450 115.1640
(11.9583) (11.9267) (329.7768)
(323.7222) (245.7769) (247.6767)
year 2010 -4.7535** -5.4683**-5.1132*** -5.7454*** -37.7077 -45.5566 -34.8329 -35.8373 -20.0965 -38.7135 -32.0987 -37.8551
(2.1229) (2.3044) (1.3901) (1.4581) (33.2854) (34.0164) (22.2883) (23.3636) (22.4851) (33.1057) (22.3158) (29.8752)
out-of-pocket payment -26.8540***
-25.8157*** 437.7017 425.1463 686.6752 666.0587
(5.6434) (5.4043) (447.1389) (433.6980) (728.7955) (711.7525)life expectancy at 65 -48.2364 -42.1792 -176.6969 -156.0877 8.8320 -13.2024
(52.4101) (48.8427) (197.5415) (236.2033) (160.5377) (309.6658)
constant 3.3618*** 3.7017*** 4.2115*** 4.3787*** 21.4424*23.4123*** 24.6070**
26.6867*** 13.6552 18.2446 16.0048 20.5408**
(0.7565) (0.7463) (0.5091) (0.5134) (11.7342) (7.8522) (10.7370) (7.2320) (17.0124) (11.5543) (13.2563) (8.7921)N 273 273 273 273 219 219 226 226 227 227 234 234groups 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 28.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000R2 (within) 0.1284 0.1926 0.1098 0.1760 0.0034 0.0232 0.0042 0.0235 0.0093 0.0449 0.0107 0.0447F 7.6141 16.1477 8.8621 18.5315 1.1988 0.3911 1.1061 0.6373 1.2725 0.4366 0.9090 0.3885rho 0.0466 0.0593 0.0482 0.0581 0.0769 0.0816 0.0722 0.0766 0.0814 0.0867 0.0723 0.0774Robust standard errors are in parenthesis. * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
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Table D5: Panel data estimates for public expenditures on health
Variable Hospital services Public health services R&D Health (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24)growth 0.2373 0.3255 0.2802 0.3983 1.0587 -7.1674 -4.8654 -12.3245 0.3150 0.6588 0.0853 0.2614 (0.2272) (0.6032) (0.3469) (0.6945) (3.25) (12.25) (5.75) (15.1) (1.1669) (1.4156) (1.0766) (1.2604)hospital beds -252.9351 -231.0163 -252.3481 -229.0861 -5164 -4726 -5231 -4714 217.8528 226.4550 223.3011 218.7916 (239.9440) (223.0393) (241.4911) (222.1545) (6000) (5194) (6119) (5217) (198.9098) (174.0319) (179.7495) (166.5636)neoplasms 32.2158* 25.2982 -13.8 -81.3 68.1172 46.2760 (17.9446) (15.0424) (167) (353) (47.1853) (47.7198) share of public health expend. 161.9123* 157.6580* 1583 1633 41.5743 -0.5615 (80.2600) (80.2209) (1854) (1917) (92.9741) (56.4981) year 2010 -4.9729 -11.6694 -6.5734 -9.9559 -2.464 -165.5 -174.39 -231.59 100.5972 101.1136 33.3560 33.8923 (7.8081) (7.8113) (8.3344) (9.2432) (98.34) (216.7) (163.6) (233) (68.9385) (67.9702) (33.3715) (32.8429)out-of-pocket payment 89.7339 87.6967 5150 5033 -81.1023 -64.3271 (194.5179) (189.6143) (5806) (5695) (52.2835) (39.5918)life expectancy at 65 -133.1369 -155.8073 -441.4 -842.5 -20.7067 -26.2299 (110.9937) (115.8478) (908) (2554) (131.6849) (135.2664)constant 1.3150 3.1077 3.6844 5.3010 8.0297 44.8 39.39 77.26 9.0007 8.7238 12.2320** 11.6624** (5.4058) (4.4716) (4.1348) (3.2371) (146.98) (104) (123.7) (84.92) (6.2775) (5.8526) (5.2293) (4.8778)N 217 217 223 223 210 210 214 214 192 192 197 197groups 24.0000 24.0000 24.0000 24.0000 23.0000 23.0000 24.0000 24.0000 22.0000 22.0000 22.0000 22.0000R2 (within) 0.0368 0.0289 0.0373 0.0299 0.0144 0.0500 0.0160 0.0503 0.1774 0.1880 0.0629 0.0721F 4.0403 1.1855 4.9549 1.1178 0.2409 0.1771 0.2666 0.2459 1.0454 2.6374 0.5225 2.2044rho 0.0730 0.0772 0.0639 0.0673 0.0999 0.1038 0.0804 0.0837 0.1479 0.1535 0.1461 0.1518
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ANNEX E. Country profiles 2000-2011
Available online in Excel sheets
136
![Economic Recession[2]](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/55566aa9d8b42a144c8b4edd/economic-recession2.jpg)
