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The Hundred Years’ War1337 - 1453
Cause
• The feudal relationship between the Kings of England and France.
• The King of England was the Duke of Normandy.
• The Duke of Normandy owed homage to the King of France.
• Edward III refused homage to Philip VI.
• Philip confiscated Edward’s land in Aquitaine.
• Edward declared he was the King of France, not Philip.
• Growing English commercial dominance in Flanders.
• French influence in Scotland.
Phase 1 - 1337-1396
• 1337-1338: English establish bases in Flanders• 1338: Edward proclaims himself King of France
• 1340: Battle of Sluys; English destroy French fleet.
• 1346: English expedition into France– 26 August 1346: Battle of Crécy
Italian, c. 1400
Battle of CrécyEnglish
• Commanded by Edward III
• 3,000 knights and men-at-arms• 10,000 English archers• 4,000 Welsh light troops
– (one half were archers)
• 3,000 misc. troops
French
• Commanded by Philip VI
• 12,000 knights and men-at-arms• 6,000 Genoese crossbowmen• 17,000 light cavalry• 25,000 feudal militia
“This was probably the best-organized, most-experienced, and best-disciplined force gathered in Western Europe since the days of the Roman legion.”
English
• 2 knights • 40 men-at-arms• “A few dozen” Welsh infantrymen
• Total: c. 200 dead and wounded
French
• Philip VI WIA• King John of Bohemia KIA
• 1,542 nobles and knights • 10,000-20,000 others• “Thousands” of horses
Losses
• “In a purely military sense . . . this was one of the most decisive battles in world history. . . . Since the time of Crécy, infantry has remained the primary element of ground combat forces.”
1346-1347: Siege and capture of Calais
• 1347-1354: Truce• 1355: Resumption of the war.• August-September 1356– Raid by Prince Edward– 19 September: Battle of Poitiers
English
• Commanded by Prince Edward “The Black Prince”
• 4,000 knights and men-at-arms• 4,000 light cavalry• 3,000 English archers• 1,000 light infantry
French
• Commanded by John II
• 8,000 knights and men-at-arms• 8,000 light cavalry• 2,000 crossbowmen• 2,500 infantry• 15,000 feudal militia
English
• c. 1,000 KIA
• c. 1,000 WIA
French
• John II POW
• 2,500 KIA
• 2,600 POW
Losses
• September-October 1356: English withdraw.
• 1356-1360: English raids.
• 1360: Peace of Bretigny– John ransomed for 3 million
“gold crowns”(c. $60 million today)
• 1360-1367: Peace
• 1364: John II dies• 1376: Prince Edward dies• 1377: Edward III dies• 1380: Charles V dies
• 1396: Peace of Paris between Richard II and Charles VI
30 year peace
• 1399: Richard II deposed by Henry Bolingbrooke– becomes Henry IV
Phase II - 1396-1457
• 1402-1405: – French support for Scotland and Wales– French raid on English coast
• Burgundians assassinate Louis, Duke of Orleans
• Political chaos in France
• 1413: English alliance with Burgundy• 1415: English invasion of France– 25 October 1415: Agincourt
English
• Commanded by Henry V
• 900 knights and men-at-arms• 8,000 archers
French
• Commanded by Charles d’AlbertConstable of France
• 30,000 men– 10,000 knights and men-at-arms– 1,200 mounted
English
• 13 men-at-arms• 100 footmen
French
• Charles d’Albert, Constable of France KIA
• 5,000 nobles and knights KIA• 1,000 nobles and knights POW• c. 5,000 others KIA
Losses
• 1422: Henry V dies– Henry VI weak and eventually insane
• 1429: Charles VII crowned in Rheims.
• 1429-1431: Joan of Arc– Captured by the Burgundians– Bought by the English– Tried for heresy and executed
By October 1453 England controls only Calais.
In England:War of the Roses1455-1485
