The Human BodyChapter 4 Page 92

The Planes of the Body: page 92

• Anterior

• Posterior

• Midline

• Midclavicular line

• Midaxillary

Directional terms: page 93

Right

Left

Superior

Inferior

Lateral

Medial

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

Ventral

Dorsal

Palmar

Plantar

Bilateral

Quadrants

Movement terms: page 94

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Anatomic positions: page 95

• Prone

• Supine

• Trendelenberg (shock)

• Fowlers

The Skeletal System: page 96

• Gives form to the body

• Protects vital organs

• Consists of 206 bones

• Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles

• Designed to permit motion of the body

The Skull: Cranium

Foramen magnum

Occiput

Tempral regions

Parietal regions

Frontal region

Scalp

Maxilla

Zygomas

Mandible

Orbit

Pinna

Mastoid process

Temporomandibular joint

The Neck: Trachea

Adams apple

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Cricothyroid membrain

Sternomastoid muscle

Sternum

Atlas

axes

The Spinal Column: page 99

atlas

axes

vertebre

cervical spine

thorasic spine

lumbar spine

sacrum

coccyx

spinal cord

The Thorax: page 100

thorax

clavicle

scapula

thoracic cage

mandubrium

xyphoid process

angle of Louis

costal arch

floating ribs

diaphragm

lumbar vertebrae

The Abdomen: page 102

• The abdomen is the second major body cavity

• It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion

• Retroperitoneal

• Pubic symphysis

• Anterior superior iliac spines

• Inguinal ligament

The Pelvis: page 104

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Acetabulum

Iliac crest

The Lower Extremity: Page 105

Greater trochanter

Femur

Femoral head

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Malleolus

Tarsal

Calcanus

Achellies tendon

Meta tarsal

phalanges

The Upper Extremity:

• Shoulder girdle

• Clavicle

• Scapula

• Humorous

• Sternoclavicular joint

• Acromioclavicular joint

• Arm

• Humerus

• Bicep

• Tricep

• Forearm

• Ulna

• Radius

• Olecronon process

• Styloid process

• Wrist/hand

• Carpals

• Metacarpals

• Carpometacarpal joint

• phalanges

Joints: Page 108

joint

joint capsule

ligaments

ball and socket

hinge

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System: page 109

• Gives the body shape

• Protects internal organs

• Provides for movement

• Consists of more than 600 muscles

Types of Muscle:

• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - Attached to the bones of the body

• Smooth (involuntary) muscle- Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body

• Cardiac muscle

– Involuntary muscle

– Has own blood supply and electrical system

– Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

The Respiratory System: page 112

Respiratory system Nasopharnyx Oropharnyx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Bronchi Carina Bronchilies Alveoli Diaphragm

Diaphragm:

• Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles

• Dome-shaped muscle

• Divides thorax from abdomen

• Contracts during inhalation

• Relaxes during exhalation

Breathing Process: Inhalation:

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

• Pressure in the lungs decreases

• Air travels to the lungs

Breathing Process: Exhalation:

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

• As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease

• Pressure in the lungs increases

• Air flows out of the lungs

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide:

• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.

• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.

• The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

Control of Breathing:

• Brain stem controls breathing.

– Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high

• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”

– Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

Normal Breathing Characteristics:

• Normal rate and depth

• Regular rhythm

• Good breath sounds in both lungs

• Regular rise and fall movements in the chest

• Easy, not labored

Normal Breathing Rates:

• Adults- 12 to 20 breaths/min

• Children- 15 to 30 breaths/min

• Infants-25 to 50 breaths/min

Recognizing Inadequate Breathing:

• Irregular rhythm

• Labored breathing

• Muscle retractions

• Pale or blue skin

• Cool, clammy skin

• Faster respiratory rate

• Hypoxic drive

Infant and Child Anatomy:

• Structures less rigid

• Airway smaller

• Tongue proportionally larger

• Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

The Circulatory System: page 118 Heart

Myocardium

Veins

veneuls

Arteries

arteriols

Capalaries

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

The Heart: Atrium

Ventricle

Blood Flow Through the Heart:

Electrical Conduction System:

• SA node

• AV node

• Purkinje fibers

Normal Heart Rates:

Adults- 60 to 100 beats/min Children- 70 to 150 beats/min Infants- 100 to 160 beats/min

Major Arteries and Veins:

• Aorta

• Pulmonary

• Carotid

• Femoral

• Brachial

• Radial

• Superior vena cava

• Inferior vena cava

• Pulmonary

Components of Blood: page 123

• Plasma

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

Physiology of the Circulatory System:

• Pulse

– The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts

– Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone

• Blood pressure

– Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries

– Systole: Left ventricle contracts

– Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes

• Perfusion

– Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue

– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock

The Nervous System:

• The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.

• Somatic nervous system

– Regulates voluntary actions

• Autonomic nervous system

– Controls involuntary body functions

Central Nervous System: page 126

Peripheral Nervous System:

• Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system

• Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system

• Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

The Skin: page 129

• Protects the body from the environment

• Regulates body temperature

• Transmits information from environment to the brain

• Hair follicles

• Subcutaneous tissue

• Mucous membrane

• Mucous

Endocrine System: page 130

• Complex message and control system

• Made up of seven glands

• Glands produce and release hormones

Endocrine Glands:

• Adrenal

• Ovary

• Pancreas

• Parathyroid

• Pituitary

• Testes

• Thyroid

Digestive System:

• Mouth

• Salivary glands

• Oropharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Pancreas

• Liver

• Bile ducts

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

• Appendix

• Rectum

Urinary System:

Male Reproductive System:

Female Reproductive System: