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The Home as theThe Home as theThe Future of Wireless
I f t tThe Future of Wireless
I f t tInfrastructureInfrastructure
Jan M. RabaeyCo-Director, Berkeley Wireless Research CenterCo Director, Berkeley Wireless Research CenterDirector, Gigascale Systems Research CenterDepartment of EECS, University of California, Berkeleyhttp://bwrc eecs berkeley edu
WoWMoMO7– June 19, 2007
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
Wireless Infrastructure –What Comes Into Mind
This is not what this talk is about
WoWMoM07, June 07
2
This is not what this talk is about …
The Real Future of Wireless Infrastructure
• All multimedia (consumer) components of the future WILL support some type(s) of wireless connectivity– Avoid the cost of wiring
– Easier deployment and expansion
E bl bili “ l h”– Enable mobility – no more “men on a leash”
– Enable “collaborative” paradigms
The number of components connected this way will by• The number of components connected this way will by ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE exceed the number of cell phones!
Wireless infrastructure developments should be drivenby the demands of such an environment
WoWMoM07, June 07
3
The “Ambient Intelligent” Home as the (a)Future of WirelessI f t tInfrastructure
A multimedia environment that• adapts to capabilities at hand• is aware of space and topology• is intuitive and self-configuring
WoWMoM07, June 07
4
is intuitive and self configuring
Courtesy Fred Boekhorst, Philips
The Opportunities Go Far BeyondThe Home of Today:yA range of wired and wireless networks•Wired voice (traditional telephone)•Wireless voice (cellular)•Wireless voice (cellular)•High speed data (cable, DSL)•Multimedia broadband (cable, satellite, air)•Multimedia (wired)•Security (wired, wireless)•Climate Control (wired)•Home automation (X10, others)•Others (e.g. baby monitoring)
All of which are fully disconnectedAll of which are fully disconnected and definitely not interacting!The Home of Tomorrow: Where Wireless
WoWMoM07, June 07
The Home of Tomorrow: Where Wireless Multimedia and Sensor Networks Meet
Energy Management – Demand ResponseMake energy prices Cal ISO Daily Peak Loads
January 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000
dependent upon time-of-use• Advanced thermostats operate on required level of comfort, energy cost, weather forecast and distributed
40
45
50
W
Peak Day August 16 -43.5 GW
Commercial AC
weather forecast and distributed measurements to offload peak times• Appliances energy and cost aware
25
30
35GW
Residential AC
20
Utility
Power sensor
Temperature sensors
PowerPrice Indicator
•Power actuators
Occupancy sensors
WoWMoM07, June 07
In collaboration with CEC
Home Layout for HealthCare Delivery (Domotics)
WoWMoM07, June 07
Remote Health Care Monitoring and Delivery
Glucosesensors
Step two: miniature monitoring and gwireless communications
Wireless ECG
Step one: simple wirelessmonitoring
Step three: diagnostics anddrug deliveryg y
Micro-Syringe
WoWMoM07, June 07Courtesy: Courtesy: D. Liepmann (UCB) and Card Guard AG
The New Internet: From Download Rich to "Upload Rich"
A Fundamental Change In PerspectiveThe New Internet: From Download-Rich to "Upload-Rich"
Data Flow SensorSensor DisplayDisplayControlControl
WoWMoM07, June 07
Conventional (Web) HereafterSource: K. Yano, Hitachi
The Home Just One Single Reference PointThe OfficeThe Office Public Service
WoWMoM07, June 07
Industrial Automation The Environment
Wireless Infrastructure for the Home
Th O ll Ch llThe Overall Challenge:Creating an environment where novel wireless devices can be brought in seamlessly and easily with no or little g y yconfiguration or management, while guaranteeing the quality of the experience
In Detail:
• Compatibility and Portability• Compatibility and Portability
• Reliability and QOS
C fi ti M t d C t l• Configuration, Management and Control
WoWMoM07, June 07
11
The Portability and Scalability ChallengeThe Home Network as the new Tower of BabelThe Home Network as the new Tower of Babel
• New devices are entering the home environment at an everhome environment at an ever increasing rate.• Standards are proliferating –interconnect, recording andinterconnect, recording and playback, display• Devices do not necessarily interconnect easilyy
WoWMoM07, June 07
12
The Current Options
Cover all the bases …• Clearly not scalable, extensible and upgradable• Not applicable to light-weight devices
HAVi Software Architecture - FAVHAVi Software Architecture - FAV
Stovepipe solutionsSto ep pe so ut o s• Fix the complete stack and hope that the rest of the world will adopt
WoWMoM07, June 07
13DLNA the Best Opportunity at this Time
Dealing with the Myriad of Protocols and Formats
Put the Intelligence in the Network:Put the Intelligence in the Network: “The Universal Content Router (UCR)”
RoutersRouters(set-top boxes, media stations)
Media Sources(camera, internet, DVD) Media Sinks
(displays, speakers,disks)
Content routers: Provide on-the-fly protocol conversion and trans-codingbased on properties of source and destination devices
WoWMoM07, June 07
14
p p“Seamlessly connect everything to anything – or do even better than that”
Some Examples
?Blueto
802.
PRISMto
MPEG4 LCD DisplayPRISM (light weight
ooth
11toMPEG4
UCR(s) MPEG4 LCD Display with 802.11 interface
PRISM (light weight video encoder) phone camera with Bluetooth interface
UCR(s)
Perfect surround at
UCRany time using ubiquitous speakers
WoWMoM07, June 07
15
The UCR Implementation Challenge
Must process multiple real time high data rate streams fromMust process multiple real-time high-data rate streams from physical interface through protocol stack and signal processing (TOPS) in fully programmable and upgradable f hi t t l t i d t d b d tfashion at a extremely constrained cost and power budget.
DigitalRouting / transcoding
Satellite VideoRF ProcessingDigital
High Data RateWireless
(HDTV, audio, data)Data - DSL
New Services
Medium Data Rate(LAN)
L D t R tLow Data Rate(PAN, Mesh)
WoWMoM07, June 07
16 Disk Storage
A Platform for Embedded SoC Architecture Exploration
Berkeley BEE-II: 2 TOPs system protytyping environment (Warwrzynek,
30-40 TOPS (2 TFlops) Rack
p y yp g ( yBrodersen, UCB)
Using arrays of FPGAs to emulate and explore virtual architectural models.
RAMP: A Multi-University Project Targeting the Concurrent Future
WoWMoM07, June 07
17(Compilers, OS, μArch).
Partially funded by GSRC and BWRC
Reliability and QoS In Wireless Networking
Redundancy the best means in providing a reliable and enjoyable user experienceand enjoyable user experience
• Dependable system operation best supported by the availability of ample and redundant sourcethe availability of ample and redundant source, processing and destination functions.
• Providing ample redundant bandwidth and g pconnectivity the simplest and most effective technique to ensure QOS in a “best-effort” way.
WoWMoM07, June 07
18
The Bandwidth Challenge
Current LAN/PAN Wireless StandardsTechnology Data Rate
(Mb/ )Range (M t )(Mb/sec) (Meters)
Blue Tooth 1-2 100
IrDA 4 1-2
Ultra Wide Band 100-500 10
802.11a 54 20
802.11b 11 100
802 11 54 50802.11g
802.11n
54
108
50
50
L l d fi i t f t f lti l i lt t
WoWMoM07, June 07
19
IEEE Spectrum 9/2003
Largely deficient for support of multiple simultaneous streams and QOS guarantees
Conjecture: Wireless Bandwidth will be Free!
Improved spectral efficiencyMIMO to the rescue (802.11n)
New frequency realms4 to 7 Ghz available at 60 GHzPossible in today's CMOS!Possible in today s CMOS!
S liSpectrum recyclingaka “Cognitive radio”Temporarily re-use idle spectrum
WoWMoM07, June 07
20
spectrum
Opportunity: Cognitive Radios
e ar
ray RF
RF
Sensor
Optimizer• Requirements
onfig
urab
le RF
RF
ReconfigurableBaseband
q– Co-exist with legacy wireless
systems– Use their spectrum resources
Co RF Baseband
– Do not interfere with them• Properties
– RF technology that "listens" toRF technology that listens to huge swaths of spectrum
– Knowledge of primary users’ spectrum usage as a function of location and time
Primary User Frequency BandActive Primary User Primary User Frequency BandActive Primary User
location and time– Rules of sharing the available
resources (time, frequency, space)UWB Control ChannelSecondary User Channel UWB Control ChannelSecondary User Channel
WoWMoM07, June 07
21 Current focus: The Television Bands
Cognitive Radio: The Basics
Interplay of spectrum sensing and opportunistic spectrum access for maximizing system capacity
Network Coordination Network
Link
La ers
Con
Sensing MAC Resource AllocationLayerstrol C
hannel
Sensing PHY
S i di
Wideband signaling
Wid b d di
Physical
Layer
s
Sensing radio Wideband radio
Sensing system
WoWMoM07, June 07
22Signaling channels (Ultra-wide?)
[Courtesy: Danijela Cabric]
BWRC Cognitive Radio TestbedLO CLK and power distribution4 antenna system (scalable to 16) LO, CLK and power distribution4 antenna system (scalable to 16)
C bi d i l i BEE2Combined signal processing on BEE2
Radio with external CLK and LO
WoWMoM07, June 07
The Universal Content Router Enables Cognitive Radios
Ananth Sahai, Wireless Foundations, UCB
Cyclostationary Detector
Threshold
Energy DetectorCyclostationary Detector
A/D N pt. FFT CorrelateX(f+a)X*(f-a)
Averageover T
x(t) Featuredetect
A/D N pt. FFTx(t)
Averageover T
Energydetect
Gateway ideally positioned to sense spectrum utilization and
f
WoWMoM07, June 07
24perform spectrum and code assignment
Cognitive Radio Needs Collaboration
Source: D. Tse, UCB
WoWMoM07, June 07
Cognitive Radio: The Challenges
• Managing the degrees of freedom!
• Managing collaboration
• Optimizing spectrum utilization
• Optimizing QOS and fairness
• Hiding complexityg p y
• Providing security and access control
• Dealing with legacy systems• Dealing with legacy systems
WoWMoM07, June 07
Connectivity Brokerage
T
T
T: TerminalCP: Connectivity PointT
T
CP
T
CP
T T
CP
T
CP
T
CP
T
T
Connectivity BrokerageSpectrum utilization
Service needsLink propertiesNetwork topology
WoWMoM07, June 07
Connectivity Brokers
T
T
T: TerminalCP: Connectivity PointT
T
CP
T
CP
T T
CP
T
CP
T
CP
T
T
Spectrum utilizationService needs
Link propertiesNetwork topologyC
B
CB C
WoWMoM07, June 07
BB
The Connectivity Broker
Definition: A Connectivity Broker is a functional entityDefinition: A Connectivity Broker is a functional entity that enables a collection of terminals to transparently connect to a backbone network or to each other, to
f t f i hil ti i i th tili tiperform a set of services, while optimizing the utilization of the spectrum under policy rules, rules of engagement and security constraints.
WoWMoM07, June 07
Connectivity Broker
• By collecting spatial and temporal spectrum utilization information and system resources a CB helps to assigninformation and system resources, a CB helps to assign communication channels to requested communication links based on requested data rate, QoS, priorities and access policies.
• A generic CB is part of the fixed infrastructure (UCR) d h h t ti l dand hence has more computational and power
resources. Hence it CB is better equipped than a terminal to judge on spectrum utilization and access prioritization.
• However, any properly equipped terminal can host a CB.
WoWMoM07, June 07
Connectivity Brokerage:A Distributed OS for Cognitive Wireless N t kNetworks
What is an Operating System?p g yNot a well defined term…From Silbershatz et al. (dinosaur book)( )– User perspective:
Efficient resource managementEase of use
– System perspective:Resource allocator (efficiency and fairness)Resource allocator (efficiency and fairness)Control execution of user programs (protection)Services (gettimeofday())
WoWMoM07, June 07
[Courtesy: Chris Baker]
The Configuration and Control Challenge
Current model:• Connection oriented
“Connect the DVD through the AV to the display in the living room”Requires intimate knowledge of network – excludes ad-hoc.
WoWMoM07, June 07
32• Device, not function dependent
The Only Option: Raise the Abstraction Level
C2
C3C1
Applications Application Interface based on FunctionC3C1
Application interface (AI)Media sources
“Play Yesterday from the Beatles at the highest possible
Output devices
fidelity levelavailable now at my current location”
Services dynamically identify capabilities and constraints of present environment, and provide dynamic mapping of function on
• Independent of network architecture and hardware platform• Enabling dynamic deployment mobility interoperability and
y gplatform
WoWMoM07, June 07
33
Enabling dynamic deployment, mobility, interoperability and innovation
The ZUMA Platform
An Operating System for Wireless Infrastructure ofAn Operating System for Wireless Infrastructure of the Future (Hmm…)
• Zero-configuration
• Uni ersalit• Universality
• Multi-user (task) optimality
• Adaptability
LAYERED ON TOP OF COGNITIVE BROKERAGE
WoWMoM07, June 07
34
The Zuma Approach
• Who manages the changing environment?
Applications
– User, Application, or System?
– Often a resource management issue.
• Application responsible for managing
Algorithms, UI, …
Management of Changepp p g g
change…
• Managing change as a System Service…
SystemServices A
m
– Factor out common functionality
– Simplify application
– Efficient Use of resources
mbient O
S
Hardware Abstraction Layer
Device Device Device Device
S
WoWMoM07, June 07
35
An Operating System for Wireless Infrastructureof the Future
Ambi Environment:A playground combiningavailable media and data contents capabilities of the ITcontents, capabilities of the IT platform, and preferences and privileges of people present
Applications
Contents
Capabilities People Application reacts to changes in environment (dynamic mapping)
WoWMoM07, June 07
36Environment
( y pp g)
Driven by UCR Infrastructure
Environment Aware
• Scoped environment is limited in time and space
• Dynamic entity with content, capabilities, & personae
• Info service can be queriedq
• Example: Multimedia environment in the home
Content
• mysong.mp3
Capabilities
• Transcoder avi->mpeg
Personae
• HomeOwner• myHomeVideo.mpeg• R-ratedMovie.avi• disneyMovie.mpeg
• Mpeg player (renderer)• Ipod (audio renderer)• Router (connection)
•Full access• Guest
•Denied access to home video & Ipod
WoWMoM07, June 07
37
Architecture
Application
• Applications
• High-level Services
P t t biliti ApplicationApplication– Personae, content, capabilities
• Low-level Services
– Resource manager, geometry, security,
Application
Resource Managermigration/replication, I/O, etc.
• Hardware Abstraction Layer
– Common device interface or execution
type matching, arbitration, allocation
PersonaeI/OSecurity
kernel
• Devices
– Sensors, actuators, rendering, sources, Geometry Capabilities
ContentProcess Mgt.
, , g, ,sinks, etc.
• Event mechanism for application and services.
Hardware Abstraction Layer
Device Device Device Device
WoWMoM07, June 07
38
Applications
• An application is a set of behavioral tasks
• Session (instantiated app)
– Queries environment services
Elaborates tasks to match current environment– Elaborates tasks to match current environment (includes trans-coding, finding suitable displays etc)
• Session state is stored to enable application migration (position in• Session state is stored to enable application migration (position in movie, etc.)
WoWMoM07, June 07
39
Simple Scenario
• Various Devices– Rendering
– Content sources
Control points– Control points
– Compute nodes
– HVAC
– SensingSensing
• Watching streaming video from laptop
• Guest at front porch
• PiP on living area screen
WoWMoM07, June 07
40
Example
• Initial flow-graphs for application– Home theater streaming video from laptop; monitoring ambient lightg p p g g
– Security outside motion sensor and camera
Control UserControlPoint Application
Home Theater
Application Live VideoUserDetected
SecurityMovie.mpg
UI Renderer
Home TheaterUI
Security
Light
WoWMoM07, June 07
41
Example
Application Live VideoUserDetected
Security
ControlPoint Application
Home Theater
Constraints:- local renderer
UIMovie.mpg
Light
UI Renderer
Cell PhoneHome Theater
SecurityApp.
OutsideCamera
Motion SensorConstraints:
- local renderer- local ambient light Cell Phone Theater
App.- local control point- share renderer- best video quality
UI
Could ALL be allocated onAllocated to infrastructure compute node
Laptop
UI LocalTVPiP
Could ALL be allocated on advanced video screenXCoder
compute node
WoWMoM07, June 07
42Light
Sensor
Status• Implemented set of abstractions and resource managerImplemented set of abstractions and resource manager
– IP network of distributed heterogeneous devices (FPGAs, mobile and compute nodes, COTS)– Applications use services to build simple flow-graph.– On-the-fly mapping of flow graph with simple constraints (user location and matching media
types)types)• What’s next?
– Extending resource manager and programming framework– Interoperability requires mapping for many layers of networking stack– Representation of content, capabilities, and constraints
WoWMoM07, June 07
43
Summary and Perspectives
• The future of wireless infrastructure is the seamless connection of the myriad of emerging mobile multimedia and sensor devices the home as themultimedia and sensor devices – the home as the ideal playground
• Putting intelligence in the network can lead to• Putting intelligence in the network can lead to seamless interoperability and enhanced user experience
• Harvesting the offered opportunities such as cognitive radio requires bold top-down vision with raised levels of abstractionof abstraction
• Exciting symbiotic relationship between wireless multimedia and sensor networks – creating the true
WoWMoM07, June 07
44
multimedia and sensor networks – creating the true “ambient experience”
Thank you!
WoWMoM07, June 07
45