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8/9/2019 The History of Computers 2
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By Karen Edoff
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WHO INVENTED THECOMPUTER?
Each of which can be considered
a separate invention.
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L
ets explore thoseinventions
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The AbacusSimple counting aid
Invented in the4th century B.C.
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TheM
odern Abacus
multiplicationdivisionadditionsubtraction
square rootand cube root
Still used inAsia and Africa
Used for :
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Pascals Calculator
The first calculator
Added up to 6 digits
Invented in 1694Very simple gears
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Problem..
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Arithmometer -1820Finally a machine that could
AddSubtractMultiply andDivide
RELIABLY
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Still Problems
All mechanical
calculators hadmoving parts thatwere slow and couldbreak down.
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First Programmable Computer
By:KONRAD ZUSEThe Z3
In 1941 Fully functional
Uses binary math
And Boolean logic
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operated at 5 instructions/second
was 1/2 the length of a football field
contained 500 miles of wiring
The Harvard Mark 1
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ENIAC
Electronic
Numerical
IntegratorAnalyzer and
Computer
operated at 5000 instructions per secondRequired enoughenergy to dim the lightsofPhiladelphia when it
was run.weighed 30 tons
Created in1945
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I think there is a world market for
maybe five computers.
-- Thomas Watson, chairman ofIBM, 1943
Computers in the future mayweigh no more than 1.5 tons.
-- Popular Mechanics, 1949
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Vacuum TubesEarly computers usedvacuum tubes.
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Replacing a bad tube meantchecking ENIACs 19,000
possibilities
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In 1945
Or electronic switches
Developed by:Bell TelephoneLaboratories
The First Transistors
They replaced a computers
vacuum tube in1956.
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The IBM Stretch -1956
transistors replaced vacuum tubes
operated at 50,000instructions per second
cost: $3.5 million
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The IBM StretchThe first to:
Provide multiprogramming do more than one task at a time.
line up instructions in a queue, so that thecomputer doesnt have to wait between
operations Provide security whichprevents unauthorizedmemory access
M
emory interleaving, breakingup memory into chunks for muchhigher bandwidth.
Establish the eight-bit byte
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Programming Language-1957
COBOL, FORTRAN
Computers operating at100,000 instructions /second
Used to create programs thatcontrol the behavior of a machine
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The First Integrated Circuits - 1958
Allows a computer to get
smaller, faster, cheaper
Modern
Integrated circuits
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RAM -1970
The firstmemory chip
contained more than 1,000 bits of information
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Floppy Disks - 1971The first 8" floppy diskette
Held 79.7 kb
of memory
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Apple I - 1976First single circuit board computer
8k of RAMOnly 200
Apple I s
were built and sold
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Apple II - 1977First built in Operating System
Microprocessorspeed of 1 MHz
4 KB of RAM withOption to upgrade to48 kb of RAM
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Video Games -1970Video games drove the demand for betterand more affordable computers.
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IMB - 1981First computer tocome with a
keyboard, monitor& printer.
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Commodore 64 -1982
64 kilobytes of memory
Directly plugged into a television
16 colors
two bitmap graphics modes
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Apple - 1984
Operating at 10-100 millioninstructions per second
First 16/32-bit microprocessor
Processing speeds of 16.67 MHz
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1990s
Personal computers are
operating at 1-2 GHz
1000 million to 2000 million
instructions per second
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If automobiles improved with thesame rate as computers thenour car would
cost: $4,000
top speed: 60,000 mph
seating: 10,000 people
fuel efficiency: 20,000 mpg
reliability: break every 70 years
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2000sMore computers are sold than televisions
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2000s
Operating at 2-4 GHz
2000 million to 4000 millioninstructions per second
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Moore's Law
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The Future of Speed
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Early 2000sUSB 2.0
IpodsDot com boom
X-box
AOL has over 28 million members
Windows XP
Approximately 1 billioncomputers have been
sold since 1970
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I-phone
Netbooks
Mac Air
MP3 Players
L
ate2000s
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Media Tablets Archos 7
320GB
7 in
128 MB RAM
Touch screen
Weight:23oz
WiFi
16 million colors
Battery life: 39 hours (music)
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The Future?
Think of the possibilities
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BIBLIOGRAPHYy http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreThe
Curriculum/EC_IntroductionToComputers/ICLesson1/
y http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm
y http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/elec.htmly http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechlist.htm
y http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/teaching/cs4/summer.08/notes/historyofcomputing/
y
http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/25079.wss
y http://www.computerhope.com/history/196080.htm