The History of Baker University Men�s Track and Field

Andrew McGregor

HI 436 Senior Thesis

Dr. Exon

April 2, 2007

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Intercollegiate athletics came to national prominence in the late nineteenth century;

football, baseball, and track and field were among the earliest organized.1 Football is often the most

popular sport and has garnered more attention from universities, journalists, and historians. Success

in football was important to universities as it led to enhanced name recognition, revenue, and

elevated student and alumni morale. Track and field on the other hand is considered by journalists

and universities to be a second tier sport; one that accrues no revenue, honors individuals over

institutions, and where success is sometimes difficult to measure.2

Yet, as one of the few original Olympic sports sponsored by institutions of higher

education, track and field serves as a showcase of the best athletes of the nation and the world, at

least according to USA Track & Field (USATF) the National Governing Body for track and field.3

And historically, relay events or festivals were a primary means of collegiate institution promotion.

Unfortunately, relay events typically occurred once annually at each college; therefore their impact

was significantly less than football or baseball, which provided multiple home contests.

Firmly implanted as a younger and less attractive athletics sibling to football, baseball, and

later basketball; nevertheless the sport of track and field has endured and prospered according to its

own measures. All-Americans and national place finishers indicate the level of programmatic

success. Championship track teams are rare because of complex scoring as well as the

individualized and broad scope of the sport.

Institutional or programmatic affiliation affects the caliber and quality of competition as

well as national prominence or ranking. The athletic conference in which a program is a member

determines the opponents a program must face in order to claim certain honors such as a team

championship. Because of this, institutions will seek to join conferences that are highly competitive

to give more clout and esteem to championship teams and honors.

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Finally, the quality of track and field facilities affects everything from daily training to

recruitment of athletes and coaches and of course revenue from attractive high profile meets.

Without top-notch, up-to-date facilities, all aspects of a track and field program become

compromised as the recruitment of athletes and coaches make track and field teams successful.

Likewise, the ability to host meets provide revenue, and a sense of pride and advantage to athletes

as they compete in front of home crowds.

In addition to these things, it is crucial to evaluate a program in terms of the broad purpose

of intercollegiate athletics. The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), which

serves as the governing body for Baker University�s athletic programs, states that its purpose �is to

promote the education and development of students through intercollegiate athletic participation.�4

Furthermore, the NAIA believes �participation in athletics serves as an integral part of the total

educational process.�5 Keeping this in mind, collegiate track and field programs must be evaluated

according to the academic and future career success of their student-athletes as well. Academic All-

American honors and the success former athletes achieve in their careers help to determine the

program�s ability to live up to the NAIA�s goals for athletic programs.

The means by which track and field programs are gauged are individual and team honors,

program affiliation, coaches, facilities, and career and academics achievement. Baker University�s

Track and Field program is no different. Overshadowed early on by football, yet prosperous by its

own account, the Baker University Track and Field program is historically highlighted by

exceptional coaches and athletes, a dominating streak of conference titles, and quality facilities.

The track and field program at Baker University established its own relay meet, and changed

conference affiliation in an effort to enhance the level of competition. The Baker University

program faced adversity when political and religious pressures threatening the program�s existence.

Historically, however such struggles have not impeded the program�s advancement and ability to

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be successful. According to this analysis, the success of the Baker University Track and Field

program has come as a result of skillful, dedicated coaches and strong university support.

In order to document and recount Baker University�s Track and Field program, the 114

years of competition will be examined in five distinct periods. The first period will reflect the

founding and early days of Baker University�s intercollegiate athletics and extend from 1893 to

1920. The second period will run from 1920 to 1943, and discuss the program�s rise to prominence

and most successful years. The third period, 1945 and 1970, is characterized by strong individual

performances. The period from 1971 to 1987 will reflect struggle and turmoil as the compliance

with Title IX and instability in coaches affected the program. The final period, 1987 to present, will

examine the modernization of facilities and the rebirth of Baker University Track and Field as a

highly successful program will be detailed. In general this examination will highlight the caliber of

Baker University�s coaches and the fact that facilities as well as the university�s support of track

and field had a tremendous impact on the success of the program.

The official start of track and field at Baker University is unclear although interclass

competitions and field days were held at Baker University in the 1880s and early 1890s. Early

Baker University yearbooks document failed attempts in forming an intercollegiate field day prior

to the 1893 event.6 These yearbooks state that �the earliest history of athletics at Baker must be a

reminisce rather than a record. It was not until [18]�89 that any organization was formed.�7 The

first intercollegiate track and field meet that the university competed in was held in 1893 at the

University of Kansas in Lawrence.8 The final score of this meet placed Baker University second of

three competing teams, the University of Kansas, Cooper Memorial College, and Baker

University.9

The interest in hosting a track meet was not unique to these schools or the Midwest;

nationwide track and field was coming to prominence. Bucknell University in Lewisburg,

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Pennsylvania built a track in the mid-1890s.10 Wisconsin held the first ever State Track and Field

Championship Meet for high school students in 1895.11 A year later the sport gained another

endorsement in the form of the Olympic Games.12

With a such a hunger and zest for athletics in the late nineteenth century, it came as

devastating news in 1894 when the Popular Amusements Committee of the Kansas Methodist

Conference voted to abolish intercollegiate athletics.13 This directive contrasts from an 1893

resolution by the same conference that merely discouraged athletics.14 Baker University chose to

ignore that resolution.15 Even though the 1893 resolution and 1894 abolition were primarily

because of football, its violence, and an alleged link to alcohol, the Kansas Methodist Conference

chose to rid its universities of all intercollegiate sports citing travel and competition as vices that

good pious Christian students should not be exposed to.16

Reaction to this decision devastated the hopes of those involved with track and field and

other intercollegiate athletics, but the university as a whole as well. The B.U Hatchet of 1895

reports on the condition of the student body following the decree:

Few understood how dear these games were to the hearts of students or what pride they felt that their teams were champions of the West. Considering the depth of these feelings, it is a source of wonder that the decrees of those in authority were accepted with such good grace as they were. It must be admitted that there is a seeming decrease in that undefinable necessity known as �college spirit.� There is no higher incentive to special work than class and society honors. Factional interests have become more prominent and permanent during the year. This decrease of college spirit has come with the reaction from the over-tense-enthusiasm-incident to intercollegiate games and will undoubtedly be revived through other more profitable agencies.17

With such sentiment it is no wonder that the Baker University Orange details accounts of mock

funerals and marches held by students to mourn the death of football and other intercollegiate

sports.18

Due to such enthusiasm it was not long before athletics reemerged on the campus of Baker

University. Students founded the Baker University Athletic Association in 1902, which governed

and conducted all business related to athletics.19 This organization was entirely student run.20

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However, football was not apart of this association. Football was did not return to Baker University

until 1909 by the approval of the Baker University Board of Trustees, who were convinced the ban

on football cost the university in terms of enrollment numbers.21

Track and Field, however, did not return until 1904 (see appendix A Figure A.1 for a

picture of the 1904 team).22 Evidence of the student-centered administration of the Baker

University Athletic Association can be seen in what were referred to as �track managers.� These

managers predated coaches and were usually a student-athlete who competed and was responsible

for scheduling meets and travel.23 Even after paid coaches were added to the program these

managers remained a separate position from team captain. The new role of managers after the

addition of coaches is relatively unknown.

Linked to this renewed interest in track and field was the creation of the Kansas

Intercollegiate Athletic Association (KIAA), and the establishment of an athletic department at

Baker University.24 The KIAA bylaws were modeled after the Iowa State Intercollegiate Athletic

Conference, and was a first attempt to govern intercollegiate athletics in Kansas.25 Likewise the

Athletic Department at Baker University under its first Director of Athletics was Arza B. Fogle,

was responsible with governing student athletic involvement.26 The development of both the KIAA

and the Baker University Athletic Department were crucial in the development of track and field

and intercollegiate athletics.

Under the supervision of the Baker University Athletic Department and the KIAA, the

KIAA track and field meet for 1904 was held at Baker University�s Cavaness Field.27 Ottawa

University and the College of Emporia also competed.28 Of the fourteen events contested Baker

University won six in route to earning its first Conference Championship.29 This early success

helped propel track and field, but it was not until 1907 that Baker University enlisted the assistance

of its first official track coach, Henry Yoxall, a professor of physical training (see Appendix A

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Figure A.2 for a picture of the 1907 team).30 The yearbooks from this era praise Yoxall for his

efforts and work with the track and field team (see Appendix B for a complete list of coaches).31

Despite this success and marked improvement, these same yearbooks state that track and field at

Baker University was �not held as very important� and that �students have tendered to them their

whole support to the neglect of the track department.�32 One yearbook placed the blame for lack of

support on the limited exposure of track and field to students in �the West.�33

With or without support, the team carried on, and won its second conference title in 1911,

its first under the tutelage of Coach Yoxall. As the conference continued to expand, Baker

University continued its success, finishing among the top three in conference nearly every year in

the first twenty years of the century (see Appendix C for a list of conference finishes). However,

track and field was still considered to be a �minor� sport at Baker University.34 Nonetheless

�Baker�s reputation in intercollegiate track circles� was significantly greater.35

Karl Schlademan was the track and field coach at Baker University from 1916 to 1919.

The Welborn brothers made up a strong component of the Baker University Track and Field team

and brought success with them while Schlademan was the coach. John Welborn won the

conference championship in mile in 1915 and 1916; his younger brother Rankin took the half-mile

crown in 1920.36 There were four Welborn�s in all, John and Fred in the class of 1918, Robert in

the class of 1919, and Rankin in class of 1920.37 Robert was the outlier among the foursome,

winning his title in the javelin rather than the mile or half-mile.38 In addition to all being members

of the track and field team at Baker University, all four of them won a conference title or held a

school record.39 These achievements earned them each a place in the Baker University Athletic

Hall of Fame (see Appendix D for a list of all of the Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame

inductees associated with the track and field program).

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It is no wonder that with athletes like the Welborn�s, Schlademan helped the program earn

its third conference title, an even more impressive feat given the effect of World War I on college

athletics. Had World War I not devastated the male population, his accomplishments as coach at

Baker University might have mirrored his record at the University of Kansas. A testament to

Schlademan�s ability is that Schlademan moved on to the University of Kansas following and

enjoyed success too at the state university.40 Schlademan was responsible for coaching the

Jayhawk�s first All-American and National Champion and an eventual Olympian, high jumper

Tom Poor.41 The founding of the annual University of Kansas (KU) Relays was another

accomplishment of Schlademan after leaving Baker University.42

These early years of Baker University Track and Field already indicate success with three

conference titles, a strong reputation among its competitors, and top-notch coaches. This period

shows the Baker University program�s ability to rebound from adversity despite lack of university

support. This strong foundation in the early period from 1893 to 1920 helped to establish a legacy

that would carry on in subsequent years.

Following 1919, the KIAA abandoned baseball, and track emerged as a major sport with

football and basketball.43 Major and minor sports were differentiated by the amount of attention

from they received from the athletic department and university, and in the type of letter that

athletes were awarded.44 Athletes who lettered in minor sports were given an English style letter

�B,� while major sport athletes earned large block letters.45 The impact of the promotion to a major

sport can be seen clearly in the period between 1920 and 1943, one in which the Baker University

Track and Field program achieved most of its success. Much of this success is due to Coach

George Bretnall, who in addition to being a professor of biology was the second longest tenured

coach in the program�s history.

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Bretnall began his work in 1923 fresh from service on the United States Olympic team,

where he ran the 440yard dash in forty-nine-seconds.46 Under Bretnall the program flourished in

popularity and achievement. The school records for the 200 and 400 meters were set by Donald

Lidikay with Bretnall as his coach (see Appendix E for the Baker University Outdoor Track and

Field records).47 Lidikay�s time of 48.3 seconds for the 440-yards was the second fastest in the

nation in 1925.48 Record times were not an uncommon thing for Lidikay to have. In addition to the

220 and 440-yard school records, he held the 100 and 880-yard records, KU Relays records in

880yard dash and the Distance Medley Relay.49 Lidikay�s Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame

plaque brags, �The Kansas City Star said of Don on March 27, 1936 �Lidikay is considered one of

the great quarter milers in the Kansas Conference as well as the United States.��50

Bretnall saw his teams win six consecutive conference titles and eight overall during his

fifteen years at the program�s helm, and Lidikay was only one of many student-athletes who

excelled.51 The Baker University Distance Medley Relay Team won the 1925 KU Relays.52 In field

events, Kermit Lange set Baker University and KIAA records in the shot put and discuss, while

Trueman Briggs won the KIAA javelin title in 1930, and Kenneth Young won the High Jump in

1933, his senior.53 Baker University yearbooks reflect on Bretnall and his teams in glowing terms

as they identify his ability to consistently provide competitive squads, �Coach Bretnall has a

natural habit of producing winning track teams. It is very seldom that his teams lose a dual meet,

although meeting the strongest oppositions.�54

Much of the success of Coach Bretnall can be attributed to the facilities of Baker

University. The Baker University yearbook from 1923, brags that Baker University was home to

the �finest cinder track in the state.� 55 Emil Liston the Baker University Director of Athletics and

Head Football Coach is honored by the Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame as the father of the

stadium and track facilities at Baker University. These facilities paved the way for Liston athletic,

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who would go on to found of the NAIA, to organize the first Baker University Relay Carnival in

1924 at Cavaness Field in Baldwin City. The meet, which would become an annual event,

consisted of an �A� and a �B� division, separating schools with an enrollment above and below

200.56 The meet was focused on providing facilities and opportunities for high school athletes to be

exposed to the sport of track and field, and as a recruitment tool.57 The first Baker University

Relays consisted of a variety of events, including the fifty-yard dash, 100-yard dash, and one-mile

run as individual track events, shot put, pole vault, high jump, broad jump, discus, and javelin as

individual field events, and the half-mile relay, mile relay, sprint medley relay and distance medley

relay as team events.58 The Relay Carnival eventually grew to include junior colleges.59 Nine junior

colleges, twenty Class �A� schools, and thirty-six Class �B� schools entered the meet in 1931.60

Clearly under the leadership of Coach Bretnall the Baker University Track and Field

program extended its strong legacy and emerged as a perennial conference power, which was

reorganized and renamed Kansas College Athletic Conference (KCAC) in December of 1928.61

However, Bretnall�s time as track and field coach at Baker University came to an end following the

1937 campaign. Like Coach Karl Schlademan, Bretnall�s success earned him the offer to become

the head coach at a larger institution. Bretnall, a native of Iowa, found himself at Iowa State

University.62

In Bretnall�s absence the program remained strong. The Sprint Medley Relay Teams of

1939, 1940, and 1941 won the KU Relays.63 Pole Vaulter Charles Bonebrake won two conference

titles, and cleared twelve feet nine inches, when the current world record at the time was only

fourteen feet.64 Bronebrake�s accomplishment is even more impressive when you take into account

that this was before the invention of fiberglass poles and landing mats.65 Under the guidance of the

coaching duo of Baker University Athletic Director and Football Coach Emil Liston, and his

assistant coach Don Snyder, the team won the KCAC title three years straight from 1940 to 1942

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(see Appendix A Figure A.3 for a 1941 team picture).66 On these conference championship team

was Gorby Martin who threw the shot put, discus, and javelin helping to contribute to the team

score.67 A period of remarkable success and achievement was ushered out in 1943 for the Baker

University Track and Field program as world war took many promising student-athletes to war.

World War II saw a decline in the number of male students causing the Baker University

intercollegiate sports of football and track and field to be cancelled for the 1944 and 1945

seasons.68 Then right after the War, the Baker University Athletic Department experienced a

dramatic change with the retirement of Emil Liston as Athletic Director, and football and track and

field coach in 1946.69 Responsibilities of all three of these positions were given to Karl Spear a

committed coach an alumnus of Baker University.70

The trio of responsibilities for Coach Spear diminished the program. The arrangement of

the Baker University Athletic Department included only two coaches who worked together to assist

on another. Art Professor and former Baker University student-athlete Walt Bailey explains that,

�both took primary responsibility for a 'major' sport - [one] for football and [one] for basketball -

and they 'shared' track as the other 'major' sport.�71 This arrangement was not the most ideal to

develop successful athletes. Bailey believes it was a challenge for the coaches and athletes alike as

they constantly strived for improvement,

[One coach] worked with the running program - particularly the sprints and middle distance runners. [The other coach] worked with the field events and distance runners. [The coaches] tried to find ways that everyone would work in both areas and have some interaction with each of them. This didn't always work, as in my case. I was too slow for anything, but that didn't keep them from working me on the cinders! [H]aving two men managing all athletes in every event was more than could be reasonably accomplished. Some of us simply worked to 'coach' one another. And we actually got help from our rivals at other colleges. Those of us who spent time together at [meets] would often discuss what we were currently doing to improve our workouts and performance. I don't think that is particularly exceptional - people like to help one another, particularly in individual events where they have some expertise. [The coaches] would also do the same kinds of things by speaking with their coaching friends to find out what they would do to 'get better results' from their athletes. Generally, the sense I always had was that my coaches wanted

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me to perform against my own abilities and past performance. It was not enough for me to win an event if I didn't at least approach my own 'standard.'72

Despite these difficulties, Spear was able to guide several individuals to strong performances. In

fact in 1952, the NAIA, brainchild of former Baker University Athletic Director Emil Liston, held

the first national championship competition for track and field in Abilene, Texas.73 Two Baker

University athletes competed in this first national championship event, Palmer Mai and Ken

Stearns.74 Stearns tied for fifth place in the high jump while Mai was the national runner-up in the

220-yard low hurdles.75 The next year Mai earned the distinction as Baker University�s only

National Champion in track and field history and first All-American (see Appendix F for a

complete list of Baker Track and Field All-Americans).

In reflecting on his experience at the national meet, Mai said, �I didn�t know I could win. I

was very happy. The guy who got fourth in the race the year I won, won the high [hurdles], and

went on to win the Olympics in 1956 and 1960.�76 The event was held in Abilene, Texas, Mai

recalled, and the setup for the 220-yard low hurdles was quite a bit different from what he was used

to. �They had them set up in an L-shape. On one curve and one straight, we had to run a full curve,

which I wasn�t used to.�77

In addition to his experience at nationals Mai offered a glimpse into what track and field

was like during the 1950s and the experiences he had as an athlete. The Baker University Track

and Field team competed in the first Emporia Relays in 1950. Mai remembered competing as a

member of the 480-yard shuttle hurdle relay.78 �They alternated lows and highs on a straightaway,

one man would run lows one direction then slap his teammates hand and he would run highs back

the other direction, and so on, until all four had run.�79

During his career Mai predominantly ran the low hurdles, his best event. He ran the high

hurdles and the 100-yard dash on occasion.80 In fact, although the team never won a conference

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title while Mai was at Baker University, Mai individually won the �high points� awards two years

at the conference meet, which was awarded to the person who scored the most points in the meet.81

Mai found himself at Baker University in part because his older brother also attended.82

However, both Mai�s high school principal and football coach were alumni, and influenced his

decision.83 Mai�s principal was Donald Lidikay holder of the Baker University record for 440-

yards, which Mai recalled thinking it was an impressive feat.84

Palmer Mai graduated in 1954 with a degree in Economics and Business Administration,

and served two years in the army after being drafted.85 Mai continued his association with the sport

of track and field by serving as a meet director for the Missouri Valley Amateur Athletic Union

(AAU).86 This role with the AAU took him to the Mexico City Olympics as a member of the AAU

delegation, an experience he fondly remembers today. �We were at the Olympics for seven days. I

remember there being a strong military presence, and I was in attendance for the Black Power

demonstration on the medal stand.�87

After Mai, Baker University Track and Field would not have another All-American until

1990, although individuals still shined during the 1950s and 1960s. Support from the University

improved as well. The 1953 yearbook finally gave Track and Field credit, describing it as �the third

varsity sport and one in which Baker has always excelled is track.�88 An indicator of the accuracy

of this statement is the fact that in 1953 Baker University athletes held records in eight events out

of the fifteen events contested at the annual KCAC Track and Field meet.89

James Irick an alumnus of Baker University became the Head Basketball Coach and the

new assistant coach for Track and Field to Karl Spear, replacing long time assistant Russ Davee in

1958 (see Appendix F Figure F.4 for a team picture that includes both Irick and Spear).90 The

coaching arrangement in the Baker University Athletic Department between Spear and Irick

followed in the same manner that it had before Irick�s arrival, with the struggle to provide adequate

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tutelage remaining. These years can be best described by using the experiences of a self-described

�mediocre high hurdler,� Ron Holland.91 Holland a three-year letterman described the process by

which he lettered as �out-of-the-ordinary.�

There were two ways to �letter� on the track team. One was to get enough points, by winning races in the few other meets, Or by placing at the conference meet. I placed fifth at the conference meet in a rather unusual way. The track at Kansas Wesleyan had only six lanes for hurdles. Two flights were run, with the three winners of each flight qualifying for the finals. The best hurdlers were in the first flight and the rest of us in the second flight. I placed in the top three of the second flight and ran in the finals. There were five places to be won in the finals. For three years straight, I qualified for the finals when one runner fell down each year. I just had to finish. I finished fifth and I lettered.92

These accounts by Holland reflect on the Baker University Track and Field Program�s character

and ability to always compete, striving for the best despite not always having the best

circumstances.

The irony of Holland�s athletic lettering story can be seen during his senior season in

spring of 1961,

A couple of weeks into the season I nicked a hurdle and fell head over heels on the cinder track. It was my first real fall as a hurdler. As I stood in the shower trying to scrub the cinders out of my knees, elbows and hip, I decided that I didn't need to do track this year. I had no gear to turn in, so I just told coach Irick that I was finished for the season.

Holland described the track facilities during his four years as �fairly primitive,� at least in

comparison to modern tracks.93 He recalls that the lines on the track were not permanent but

instead chalk that was laid in much the same manner that football fields were marked.94 During

Holland�s sophomore year Baker University got new hurdles with aluminum legs and a wooden

crossbar, theses hurdles replaced earlier hurdles that were made exclusively of wood (see Appendix

G Figure G.1 for a picture of these old hurdles and figure G.2 for the new hurdles and chalk lane

lines).95

Like Mai, Holland went on to have a successful career and life after his athletic career at

Baker University ended. He married his wife Marcia Brickey in August of 1960, and following

their graduation from Baker University they went on to have three children, and now have five

grandchildren. A Sociology major and psychology minor, Holland went on to become a United

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Methodist Minister receiving degrees from Garrett Theological Seminary and the Saint Paul School

of Theology.96 Holland was given an honorary Doctor of Divinity by Baker University in 1996.97

Marci Holland, his wife, was a longtime schoolteacher and now writes books, although both are

retired.98

Assistant Coach Irick would later succeed Spear in 1964, taking on the responsibilities of

coaching football, serving as Director of Athletics and becoming the Head Track and Field Coach.

Appearing to be a capable coach, Irick�s team placed second in the 1965 KCAC meet.99 Kitrick

Colvin helped the team to this strong finish by setting a school and conference record in the shot

put in 1965.100 However, the meet was highlighted by freshman Walter Pickett�s conference

championships in three events, the long jump, high jump and triple jump.101 Following Colvin�s

lead, John Philpot established his own school and conference records in the shot put, and finished

first in every competition in 1966 and 1967.102 Success was intermittent under Irick as the team

slipped to fifth in the KCAC in 1966.103 Although the school Distance Medley Record, was set by

the team of Hawk, Chatham, McGrew, and Williams, in 1967.104

Coach Irick continued to serve into the next period, overseeing the transition from the

KCAC into the newly formed Heart of American Athletic Conference (HAAC), which began in the

1970-71 school year.105 The period from 1971 to 1987 was full of struggle for the track and field

program at Baker University. A dip in participation doomed the track and field program, going

from twenty-five athletes in 1971 to a mere thirteen in 1972.106 Accompanied with these decreasing

numbers was a new coach in 1974, Charles Mansfield.107 Mansfield was the Baker University

basketball coach prior to, during, and after his time as track coach. Following the 1975 season, the

program reached rock bottom and was disband.108 Baker University President Jerald Walker chose

to disband track and field to provide the funding and resources to jumpstart women�s programs and

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comply with Title IX legislation. With the demise of the track and field program the Baker

University Relay Carnival was abandoned as well.109

The news upset many that were close to the track and field program and Baker University

athletics. Palmer Mai states that he �was very disappointed. It seemed like they were trying to be

overly political and correct about it, Title IX.�110 Baker University Volleyball and Women�s Tennis

coach at the time, Eugenia Askew, recalls that she was mad when it happened as well. Askew an

early leader in women�s sports at Baker University explains that Title IX was about �equal

opportunity and equal participation. Title IX does not say you have to get rid of men�s sports; you

just have to provide equal women�s.�111

The dissolution of the Baker University Track and Field program was not unique for this

era. John Thelin of the Journal of Higher Education explains �the situation between 1972 and

1979, then, was characterized in large part by the lack of enforcement for or concern about Title

IX.�112 Using Title IX as rational for program cuts was however, an uncommon practice. A more

reasonable explanation for the termination of the Baker University Track and Field program is

budgetary problems. Thelin goes on to explain that �nonrevenue men�s sports were already subject

to departmental budget cuts long before women�s programs were incorporated into the new,

merged intercollegiate athletic department structure. By 1980 numerous [NCAA] Division I

universities had dropped established varsity sports� a full year before the NCAA added women�s

sports to its jurisdiction.�113 While Baker University is not an NCAA school, the same pressures

were experienced at all levels of collegiate athletics. This is evidenced by the distinction Baker

University made between �major� and �minor� sports. Thelin refers to this practice as �tiering� and

reports that it was common among many major NCAA Division I schools as well.114

The decision to cut track and field was not made quickly or easily. The Baker University

Board of Trustees formed an Athletics Committee comprised of students, faculty, alumni,

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consultants and trustees members to investigate how to best comply with the need for women�s

sports.115 When Baker University President Jerald Walker officially announced the disbandment of

the university�s intercollegiate track and field program, he, at the same time, announced the

addition of an inter-collegiate Women�s Basketball team on December 8, 1975.116 Despite pointing

out that �track at Baker has a proud history,� Walker pointed to low student participation and lack

of student interest as rationale for its dissolution.117 While women�s basketball was added at

contemporary schools such as Ottawa University at the same time, track and field was not

eliminated there.118 In reality the decision was based on the university�s funding abilities, forcing

them to chose between women�s basketball and track and field. However, it�s puzzling that the

trend of women�s sports grew with softball being introduced in 1977, yet still no track and field.119

After much alumni pressure, the announcement that intercollegiate track and field would

be reintroduced at Baker University came in January of 1979.120 The Baker University Board of

Trustees approved the reinstatement on the track and field program and the additions of a women�s

program for the 1980 season largely due to a generous $12,000 donation that promised to fund the

beginning costs.121 Yet the men�s program started in 1979 because �the response has been so great

we were pushed to begin this spring,� according to athletic Director James Irick.122 For the 1979

season Larry Smith an alumnus of the university and a member of the 1974 and 1975 track teams

served as temporary coach.123 In the end it becomes clear that it was money and equal opportunity,

both, that which caused the Baker University Track and Field program to be cut.

Athletic Director James Irick described the new program as �completely financed by

outside sources� in a sort of �pay-as-you-go plan.�124 The Wildcat Booster Club with assistance of

benefactor Warren Metzger made the reintroduction possible, raising all the funds necessary to get

the program off the ground.125 Because of his generosity, the reworked track and upgraded

facilities, which were still cinder at this time, were named in honor of Metzger (see Appendix G

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Figures G.3 to G.10 for images of the old facility, equipment, and the dedication of the Metzger

Track).

Although the rebirth of the program was a tremendous accomplishment, there was little

else to celebrate during the 1980s, as coaching turnover hampered the growth of the restarted

program. The Baker University Track and Field program had a different coach in 1979, 1980,

1981, and 1982. Related to this coaching turnover, is a lack of record keeping that prevents a more

in depth analysis of athlete and team achievements. However, the tides began to turn once again,

with the hiring of Dennis Weber, a graduate assistant at Emporia State and former high school

coach, as head coach in 1988.126 Weber provided stability as a new period of Baker University

Track and Field began. Success followed Weber, who was much more qualified than nearly all of

his coaching predecessors with the exception of Bretnall.

During Weber�s tenure from 1988 to 1996, he coached nine All-Americans and oversaw

the resurrection of the Baker Relays.127 Weber�s team perennially placed in the top three of the

conference standings for both indoor and outdoor competition.128 In fact, the program won 1989

indoor conference title, the only title that the Baker University Track and Field program has won

since joining the HAAC. Additionally, the track was upgraded from cinder to an all-weather

polyurethane surface in 1993 with a generous gift from Bill Hey.129 The modernization of the track

was long overdue. The University of Kansas replaced its cinder track in 1969 with a similar

polyurethane surface.130 This donation led to the rededication of the track with the name being

changed to the Hey-Metzger track, in honor of both Bill Hey and Warren Metzger (see Appendix G

Figure G.11 for a picture of the rededication). Following the 1996 season Weber left for a similar

position at Fort Hayes State, and Matthew Candrl, an assistant coach at Ashland University and

former high school coach, took the reigns.131

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Candrl continued where Weber left off coaching an All-American of his own in 1999. The

HAAC coaches rewarded Candrl�s hard work with a Coach of the Year Award for the 1999 indoor

season. But perhaps the clearest evidence of Candrl�s impact is the record book. At present, six of

the twenty-eight Baker University Outdoor Track and Field records were captured during his five

years as head Coach.132 The Baldwin City Signal lauded Candrl for his tireless effort following a

strong showing at the 2000 NAIA Outdoor Track and Field Meet, �in his fourth year as cross

country and track and field coach at Baker University, coach Matt Candrl is starting to make a

name for himself and his team.�133 Athletes coached by Candrl, set another eight of the twenty-

eight outdoor indoor track and field records (see Appendix H for the Baker University Indoor

Track and Field records).134 One key athlete during the Candrl years was Bobby Breon. Breon set

the school record for the 600-meter run indoors and the 800-meter run outdoors.135 Additionally,

Breon was a member of school record setting 800m Relay (indoors), 1600m Relay (outdoors),

3200m Relay (outdoors), and Distance Medley Relay (indoors) teams.136 Candrl moved on to the

University of Missouri after four years. Taking over after Candrl was his assistant coach and

former college teammate Rob Mallinder.

Mallinder appeared to be up for the challenge as he has overseen similar success, doubling

the program�s number of All-Americans.137 Academic All-Americans were a new feature to the

program that emerged during Mallinder�s tenure, as he worked to develop more than just athletic

talents. Although his teams have not earned the same kind of conference honors as Bretnall�s, they

have undoubtedly been just as successful. Like Candrl, Mallinder has won Coach of the Year

awards from his fellow HAAC coaches.138

Brett Weir and Brent Randle are two athletes that highlight the Mallinder Era. Randle

placed third in 2005 and 2006 at NAIA Outdoor Nationals in the Triple Jump and in route to

owning the school record.139 Weir came closer yet to an elusive national title, placing second in

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2005 and 2006 in the 60-meter hurdles at the NAIA Indoor National Meet.140 He placed sixth in the

110-meter hurdles in the 2006 NAIA Outdoor National Championships, and was named 2006

HAAC Indoor Track and Field MVP.141 Of the twenty-eight Baker University records for outdoor

track and field, ten of them have been set under Mallinder�s watch.142 Likewise, athletes that

Mallinder has coached have set nine of the twenty-eight Baker University Indoor Track and Field

records.143 These impressive national finishes and record holders are a testament to Mallinder�s

incredible coaching ability.

After a stellar track and field career of his own, in his native New Zealand and at Truman

State University, Mallinder has gone to work refining his technical coaching knowledge. He has

earned USA Track and Field Level I and II certification, and attended four Level III summits.144 In

fact, the only thing preventing him from attaining his Level III certification is youthfulness, as it

requires ten years of head coaching experience.145 Sadly for the Baker University Track and Field

Program its greatest coach since George Bretnall will be leaving following the 2007 campaign. His

record provides a simple answer to the question of, does Mallinder deserve a spot alongside

Bretnall in the Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame. Additionally, with a record as impressive as

Mallinder�s, the task of replacing him will be daunting.

The Mallinder Era was successful in competition and in securing updates and

improvements to facilities. The Baker University Track and Field team had to move their practices

so that the surface on their home track could be updated and an eighth lane added in 2006. New

hurdles, jumping pits, throwing venues, and an updated steeplechase pit are features of this most

recent facility upgrade (see Appendix H Figures H.1 to H.3 for picture of the new facility). The

new track and facilities offers the promise of a larger and more competitive Baker University

Relays as well as the ability to host championship meets. As a result, the improved track inside of

Liston Stadium will see lots of action in 2007 as the Baker University Relays return after a one-

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year absence and Baker University serves as host to the annual the Heart of America Athletic

Conference Outdoor Championships (for current HAAC indoor and outdoor track and field meet

records see Appendix J and K).

Each period of Track and Field history at Baker University has it own story. Chapter one

discuses the solid foundation and early struggle for support, as the program emerged as a

successful entity thanks in a large part to dedicated coaches. Success continued throughout chapter

two, with even strong coaches building the program�s integrity and reputation. Highs and lows

characterized chapter four as coaching standards dwindled but individuals shined. The fourth

chapter contained the abandonment of the program, alumni generosity, and dedication to the

reestablishment of the Baker University Track and Field program. The fifth chapter signifies a

resurgence of individual success and exceptional coaching prowess; in affect a renaissance of

Baker University Track and Field. Its likely that chapter six will continue along this path, and

perhaps even extend the success to a higher level, rivaling Mallinder and Bretnall, yet history

shows that a great deal depends on the coaching and university support.

Yoxall and Schlademan built the foundation and a created interest in the sport of track and

field during a time when it was relatively unknown to Westerners. Bretnall and Liston accepted

their challenge, improved the facilities, founded the Baker Relays, and added trophies to the

program�s legacy. Irick and Spear did their best to maintain, bringing home a national champion,

and numerous conference records. But something went awry in the 1970s, �the baton� must have

been dropped between Irick and Mansfield because athletes quit and soon thereafter the program

was disbanded. But after a brief period of exploration in the early 1980s stability returned with

Dennis Weber and Rob Mallinder. They developed success and returned the Baker University

Track and Field program to its once proud tradition. Because of the leadership and knowledge of

22McGregor

all of these men, the Baker University Track and Field program and its athletes have been

successful.

Facilities have played a role in the programs success. Following the construction of the

cinder track in 1923, the Baker University Track and Field team went on to place no worse than

fourth in the conference over the next fifteen years. The Baker University Relays became

immensely popular and a pillar of the program�s legacy following the track�s construction.

The resurfacing and switch to a synthetic rubber surface in 1993 resulted in increased

success for the program. All but four of the All-Americans in Baker University Track and Field

history came after this date. University support returned, as Athletic Director Charlie Richard was

instrumental in bringing about the return of the Baker University Relays.146 Furthermore, many

new school records were set since the facility was upgraded. A study published by Munasinghe,

O�Flaherty, and Danninger, in the Journal of Political Economy concludes that, �technological

change appears to be the chief reason why track and field records are getting broken as quickly as

they are.�147 These finding hold true, as all but eight of the current twenty-eight school records

were set after 1993, further illustrating how an up-to-date facility can contribute to better

performances (see Appendix L and M for the Indoor and Outdoor Top 5 All-Time Performance

lists per event). These benefits come in the form of improved athletes because of recruiting

advantages and enhanced training conditions.

The current season marks another one of these transition points for the track and field

program of Baker University. It began competition with a newly resurfaced eight-lane

polyurethane track, and a search for a new head coach in process, to continue the program�s

success. This season marks the return of the Baker University Relays, with nine collegiate team

entries already confirmed and hopes of many more in the coming years.148 The future is bright for

the Baker University Relays as the new scheduled date and facilities provide the potential for it to

23McGregor

become a major meet, as it once was.149 The renaissance of the Baker University Track and Field

program is well underway, and each element of past success is represented in the plans for the

future.

All of the excitement surrounding the future of the Baker University Track and Field

program, and the reflection of the past highlights, contain certain factors of success and illustrate

the importance they play. Coaches and facilities are by far the most important of these factors, with

university support being key. After these three things, quality athletes follow, bringing with them

conference championships, school records, and All-American honors, which equate program

success. It is the sum of these elements, extended over a period of time that has created the rich

history and tradition of the Baker University Men�s Track and Field program.

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Appendix A

Baker University Track and Field Team Pictures150

Figure A.1

1904 Baker University Track and Field Team.

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Appendix A Figure A.2

1907 Baker University Track and Field Team.151

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Appendix A Figure A.3

1941 Baker University Track and Field Team.152

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Appendix A Figure A.4

Baker University Track and Field Team circa 1958 - 1963.153

Figure A.5

Baker University Track and Field Team, year unknown.154

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Appendix B Baker University Track and Field Head Coaches Year by Year.155

1907 - 1912 ����������������������... Henry Yoxall 1913 - 1915 ����������������������... Edward Clark Gallagher 1916 - 1919 ����������������������... Karl A. Schlademan 1920 - 1922 ����������������������... Clarridge 1923 - 1937 ����������������������... George S. Bretnall 1938 - 1939 ����������������������... C. W. Ridgeway 1940 - 1946 ����������������������... Emil. S. Liston 1947 - 1963 ����������������������... Karl Spear 1964 - 1973 ����������������������... James Irick 1974 - 1975 ����������������������... Charles Mansfield 1979 ����������������������.���. Larry Smith 1980 ����������������������.���. Rick Jones 1981 ����������������������.���. Clark Kynion 1982 - 1985 ����������������������... Charlie Richard 1986 -1987 .�������������������.���.. Brian Renshaw 1988 - 1996 ����������������������... Dennis Weber 1997 - 2000 ����������������������... Matt Candrl

2001 - 2007 ����������������������... Rob Mallinder

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Appendix C

Baker University Men�s Outdoor Track and Field Conference Finishes156

Year Coach Conference Place 1904 KIAA 1st 1905 KIAA 1906 KIAA 1907 Henry Yoxall KIAA 1908 Henry Yoxall KIAA 1909 Henry Yoxall KIAA 2nd 1910 Henry Yoxall KIAA 3rd 1911 Henry Yoxall KIAA 1st 1912 Henry Yoxall KIAA 2nd 1913 Edward Clark Gallagher KIAA 3rd 1914 Edward Clark Gallagher KIAA 2nd 1915 Edward Clark Gallagher KIAA 5th 1916 Karl A. Schlademan KIAA 3rd 1917 Karl A. Schlademan KIAA 6th 1918 Karl A. Schlademan KIAA 2nd 1919 Karl A. Schlademan KIAA 1st 1920 Clarridge KIAA 5th 1921 Clarridge KIAA 2nd 1922 Clarridge KIAA 7th 1923 George S. Bretnall KIAA 9th 1924 George S. Bretnall KIAA 3rd 1925 George S. Bretnall KIAA 3rd 1926 George S. Bretnall KIAA 4th 1927 George S. Bretnall KIAA 2nd 1928 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1929 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1930 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1931 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1932 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1933 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1934 George S. Bretnall KCAC 3rd 1935 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1936 George S. Bretnall KCAC 1st 1937 George S. Bretnall KCAC 3rd 1938 C.W. Ridgeway KCAC 4th 1939 C.W. Ridgeway KCAC 1940 Emil Liston KCAC 1st 1941 Emil Liston KCAC 1st

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1942 Emil Liston KCAC 1st 1943 Emil Liston KCAC

1944 World War II KCAC X 1945 World War II KCAC X 1946 Emil Liston KCAC 1947 Karl Spear KCAC 1948 Karl Spear KCAC 1949 Karl Spear KCAC 1950 Karl Spear KCAC 1951 Karl Spear KCAC 1952 Karl Spear KCAC 2nd 1953 Karl Spear KCAC 1954 Karl Spear KCAC 1955 Karl Spear KCAC 1956 Karl Spear KCAC 3rd 1957 Karl Spear KCAC 1958 Karl Spear KCAC 1959 Karl Spear KCAC 5th 1960 Karl Spear KCAC 1961 Karl Spear KCAC 3rd 1962 Karl Spear KCAC 2nd-T1963 Karl Spear KCAC 1964 James Irick KCAC 1965 James Irick KCAC 2nd 1966 James Irick KCAC 5th 1967 James Irick KCAC 1968 James Irick KCAC 1969 James Irick KCAC 6th 1970 James Irick KCAC 1971 James Irick HAAC 1972 James Irick HAAC 1973 James Irick HAAC 1974 Charlie Mansfield HAAC 1975 Charlie Mansfield HAAC 1976 No Team HAAC X 1977 No Team HAAC X 1978 No Team HAAC X 1979 Larry Smith HAAC 1980 Rick Jones HAAC 1981 Clark Kynion HAAC 5th 1982 Charlie Richard HAAC 1983 Charlie Richard HAAC 5th 1984 Charlie Richard HAAC 8th

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1985 Charlie Richard HAAC 3rd 1986 Brian Renshaw HAAC 1987 Brian Renshaw HAAC 1988 Dennis Weber HAAC 3rd 1989 Dennis Weber HAAC 2nd 1990 Dennis Weber HAAC 2nd 1991 Dennis Weber HAAC 4th 1992 Dennis Weber HAAC 2nd 1993 Dennis Weber HAAC 2nd 1994 Dennis Weber HAAC 3rd 1995 Dennis Weber HAAC 3rd 1996 Dennis Weber HAAC 6th 1997 Matthew Candrl HAAC 5th 1998 Matthew Candrl HAAC 5th 1999 Matthew Candrl HAAC 4th 2000 Matthew Candrl HAAC 2001 Rob Mallinder HAAC 5th 2002 Rob Mallinder HAAC 3rd 2003 Rob Mallinder HAAC 3rd 2004 Rob Mallinder HAAC 4th 2005 Rob Mallinder HAAC 5th 2006 Rob Mallinder HAAC 5th 2007 Rob Mallinder HAAC

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Appendix D

Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame Members Associated with Track and Field157 Induction Year Name Graduation Year Association

1977 Emil Liston 1913 Coach / AD 1977 Karl Spear Coach / AD 1978 Donald R. Lidikay 1927 Athlete 1978 Z. Arthur Nevins 1920 Athlete 1979 Kermit Lange 1931 Athlete 1979 Palmer Mai 1954 Athlete 1980 Henry M. "Cap" Sheue 1919 Athlete 1980 Wedell D. Winkler Athlete 1981 Marvin O. Hodges Athlete 1982 Edward Dissinger 1936 Athlete 1982 James Irick Coach / AD 1983 David Sears Athlete 1984 Richard Purdy 1956 Athlete 1984 Thomas Jack Armstrong Jr. 1956 Athlete 1985 Frank McDonald 1920 Athlete 1985 John C. Lewis 1953 Athlete 1986 Gorby Martin 1942 Athlete 1986 Quincy Seymor 1942 Athlete 1986 John Welborn 1918 Athlete 1986 Fred Welborn 1918 Athlete 1986 Rankin Welborn 1920 Athlete 1986 Robert Welborn 1919 Athlete 1987 Edwin Harry Davidson 1938 Athlete 1987 Charles L. Sloop 1943 Athlete 1987 Maxel E. Sloop 1952 Athlete 1987 Fred L. Heine 1937 Athlete 1988 Fred L. Webb 1949 Athlete 1989 George Stuart "Pop" Bretnall Coach 1989 Francis Maywood Smith 1938 Athlete 1990 Harold E. �Bud� Elliott 1953 Athlete 1990 V. Rodney Enos 1950 Athlete 1991 Joseph Cleavinger 1941 Athlete 1991 Lawrence Roland Timmons 1943 Athlete 1993 Charles R. Bonebreak 1939 Athlete 1993 Trueman Briggs 1930 Athlete 1993 Bill Hey 1951 Athlete / Benfecator 1994 Max. M. Martin 1936 Athlete 1995 John Spook Jacobs 1963 Athlete 1995 Charles A. Richard Coach / AD 1996 Jim Paramore 1960 Athlete 1997 Kitrick Willam Covin 1965 Athlete

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1997 John Michael Philport 1967 Athlete 1998 Jim Knight 1962 Athlete 1998 Boyce D. Smith 1938 Athlete 1998 Kenneth L. Young 1933 Athlete 1999 H. Eugene "Gene" Chubb 1949 Athlete 1999 James H. Kean 1960 Athlete 1999 Kenneth D. Stearns Athlete 2000 Charles. S. "Sherm" Kolaong 1950 Athlete 2001 Steve R. Sublet 1985 Athlete 2002 Charles Mansfield 1961 Coach 2002 Cecil "Cec" O. Pryor 1929 Athlete 2003 Richard E. "Dick" Shores 1960 Athlete 2003 Brent J. Wright 1972 Athlete

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Appendix E

Baker University Men�s Outdoor Track and Field Records158

Event Mark Athlete Year Triple Jump 50' 06.75' Brent Randle 2006 Long Jump 23' 10.25" Joel Thornton 1995 High Jump 6' 10.25" Cole Barnes 1992 Erik Dikkut Nathan Ourada Pole Vault 16' 08.00" Russell McDonald 1990 Shot Put 54' 07.25" Ben Last 1990 Discus 163' 10.00" Scott Rieger 2001 Javelin 205' 04" Jerry Baker 2002 Hammer Throw 158' 10.00" David Buckley 2002 Decathlon 6686 pts Jerry Baker 2002 110m Hurdles 14.42 Jasper Frazee 1999 400m Hurdles 54.29 Brad Weber 1991 100 meter 10.74 Tywanne Aldridge 1997 200 meter 21.51 D.R. Lidikay 1927 400 meter 48.16 D.R. Lidikay 1925 800 meter 01:55.2 Bobby Breon 1999 1,500 meter 03:55.1 Chad Marshall 1993 3,000m Steeple 09:36.4 Matt Hallauer 2003 5,000m 15:22.9 Mark Misch 1995 10,000m 32:35.1 Mark Misch 1995 Marathon 2:56:52 Gary Keehn 1988 4x100m Relay 42.65 Randle-Hubbard-Gleason-Pitts 2006 4x200m Relay 01:29.2 Randle-Hubbard-Gleason-Pitts 2006 4x400m Relay 03:20.4 Leach-Schmidt-Frick-Breon 2000 4x800m Relay 07:52.3 Breon-Schmidt-Frick-Leach 2000 4x1600m Relay 19:11.1 Sanfilippo-Nelson-Stumpff-Hallauer 2001 Shuttle Hurdles 01:07.2 Baker-Weir-Cooper-Middleton 2003 Sprint Medley 03:33.7 Ruiz-Aldridge-Breon-Zaroor 1997 Distance Medley 10:34.2 Hawk-Chatham-McGrew-Williams 1967

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Appendix F

Baker University Men�s Track and Field All-Americans159

Year Name Award National Performance Outdoor

1953 Palmer Mai All-American 220-yard Low Hurdle National Champion1990 Ben Last All-American 3rd Place Shot Put 1990 Russell McDonald All-American 3rd Place Pole Vault 1992 Erik Dikkut All-American 3rd Place High Jump 1994 Nathan Ourada All-American 4th Place High Jump 1995 Nathan Ourada All-American High Jump 1995 David Lucas All-American 5th Place Pole Vault 1996 Aaron Faimon All-American 3rd Place Javelin 1999 Jasper Frazee All-American 6th Place Hurdles 2002 Jerry Baker All-American 5th Place Decathlon 2005 Brent Randle All-American 3rd Place Triple Jump 2006 Brent Randle All-American 3rd Place Triple Jump 2006 Brett Weir All-American 6th Place 110-meter Hurdles

Indoor

1990 Russell McDonald All-American - First Team 3rd Place Pole Vault 1993 Joel Thornton All-American - First Team 4th Place Long Jump 1995 Nathan Ourada All-American 2nd Place High Jump 2005 Brett Weir All-American 2nd Place 55-meter Hurdles 2006 Brett Weir All-American 2nd Place 60-meter Hurdles

Academic

2002 David Buckley Scholar-Athlete 2003 Matthew Hallauer Scholar-Athlete 2004 Matthew Hallauer Scholar-Athlete 2005 Brett Weir Scholar-Athlete 2006 Brett Weir Scholar-Athlete

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Appendix G

Picture of Baker University Track and Field Facilities and Equipment

Figure G.1

Old Wooden Hurdles Pre-1961.160

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Appendix G Figure G.2

Duane Gabrielson, new adjustable hurdle with aluminum legs, and chalked lane lines.161

Figure G.3

Starting line on Baker University cinder track.162

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Appendix G

Figure G.4

Baker University Long Jump runway and sand pit.163

Figure G.5

High Jump facilities, without landing mat.164

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Appendix G Figure G.6

High Jump facilities with primitive mat.165

Figure G.7

Pole Vault facilities with no landing mat.166

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Appendix G Figure G.8

Shot Put facilities with primitive ring.167

Figure G.9

Primitive grass throwing ring.168

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Appendix G Figure G.10

Warren E. Metzger Track Dedication, October 13,1979.169

Figure G.11

Dedication of the Hey-Metzger track, 1993.170

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Appendix G

Figure G.12

Baker University�s seven-lane rubber track August 2005.171

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Appendix H

Baker University Men�s Indoor Track and Field Records172

Event Mark Athlete Year Triple Jump 49' 10.50" Brent Randle 2004 Long Jump 23' 04.00" Joel Thornton 1994 High Jump 6' 11.00" Nathan Ourada 1995 Shot Put 55' 05.50" Pat Ryan 1984 35lb Weight Throw 47' 07.00" Matt Barber 1999 Pole Vault 16' 00.00" Russell McDonald 1990 Pentathlon 3524pts Erik Dikkut 1994 55 meter 6.40 Kome Okiomah 2007 60 meter 6.97 Kome Okiomah 2007 55m Hurdles 7.58 Brett Weir 2005 60m Hurdles 8.12 Brett Weir 2005 200 meter 22.42 Kome Okiomah 2007 Heptathlon 4031pts Aaron Hannon 2007 400 meter 51.17 Matt Neal 2002 600 yard 01:14.9 Jason Zaroor 1997 600 meter 01:23.6 Bobby Breon 1999 800 meter 01:56.9 Jason Zaroor 1998 1000 meter 02:33.4 Ryan Strong 1997 1500 meter 04:07.9 Chad Marshall 1993 Mile Run 04:23.2 Chad Marshall 1993 3000 meter 09:07.8 Mark Misch 1995 5000 meter 15:28.9 Mark Misch 1995 Mile Racewalk 08:23.7 Aaron Smith 2001 3000m Racewalk 15:35.6 Aaron Smith 2001 4x200m Relay 01:38.7 Hughes-Breon-Schmidt-Leach 2000 4x400m Relay 03:22.8 Neal-Schmidt-Broeckelman-Leach 2001 4x800m Relay 08:06.1 Marshall-Singer-Kutscher-Gabriel 1993 Distance Medley 10:29.7 Aldridge-Strong-Zaroor-Breon 1997

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Appendix I Baker University�s New Track and Field Facilities

Figure I.1

New plastic and aluminum adjustable hurdles, purchased in 2007.173

45McGregor

Appendix I

Figure I.2

New long lump pit at Baker University�s Liston Stadium, March 2007.174

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Appendix I Figure I.3

Overview of Baker University�s new eight-lane track inside Liston Stadium, March 2007.175

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Appendix J

Heart of America Athletic Conference Indoor Track and field Records176 Event Performance Name School Year 55 meter 6.22 K. Triggs Lindenwood 2005 55 meter Hurdles 7.42 Brown Missouri Valley 200 meter 21.72 K. Triggs Lindenwood 2005 400 meter 49.21 H. Weatherborne Lindenwood 2005 600 meter 1:22.52 I. Godwin Lindenwood 2000 800 meter 1:54.55 G. Yossef Lindenwood 1998 1000 meter 2:31.62 A. Mohamud Lindenwood 1999 1600 meter 4:12.90 S. Karie Lindenwood 1998 3000 meter 8:29.01 W. Ngetich Central Methodist 2003 5000 meter 14:55.34 B. Ibrahim Lindenwood 1999 4x400 meter 3:21.87 Lindenwood 2005 4x800 meter 7:55.36 Graceland 2002 Distance Medley 10:16.77 Lindenwood 2005 1600 meter racewalk 7:41.99 P. Stroupe Central Methodist 2001 High Jump 2.08 meters G. Ambramovitz Central Methodist 2002 Pole Vault 5.28 meters B. Botcharnikov Missouri Valley 1994 Long Jump 7.53 meters H. Schuman Graceland 1997 Triple Jump 15.38 meters J. Jenkins Lindenwood 2006 Shot Put 17.91 meters J. Wood Lindenwood 2000 Weight Throw 17.90 meters R. Quackenbush Missouri Valley 1998 Pentathlon 3737 points J. Ricketts MidAmerica 2003

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Appendix K

Heart of America Athletic Conference Outdoor Track and field Records177 Event Performance Name School Year 100 meter 10.3 M. Rodgers Lindenwood 2005110 meter Hurdles 14.19 D. Davis MIssouri Valley 1997200 meter 20.58 H. Weatherborne Lindenwood 2005400 meter 47.11 H. Weatherborne Lindenwood 2005400 meter hurdles 52.81 J. Ricketts MidAmerica 2003800 meter 1:51.75 M. Hawkins Evangel 20001500 meter 3:50.30 G. Yossef Lindenwood 19993000 meter Steeplechase 9:31.60 D. Miner Lindenwood 20063000 meter Racewalk 13:35.10 P. Stroupe Central Methodist 20045000 meter 14:36.30 S. Brooks MIssouri Valley 199210000 meter 31:02.27 S. Birren Lindenwood 19974x100 meter 40.63 Lindenwood 20054x400 meter 3:12.11 MidAmerica 20024x800 meter 7:41.55 Lindenwood 1998High Jump 2.13 meters V. Hobbs MidAmerica 2002Pole Vault 5.08 meters R. McDonald Baker 1990Long Jump 7.51 meters C. Perkins Tarkio 1984Triple Jump 15.21 meters M. Joachimowski MIssouri Valley 2002Shot Put 17.27 meters J. Woords Lindenwood 2000Discus 56.98 meters J. Woords Lindenwood 2000Javelin 64.31 meters P. Kobylinski MIssouri Valley 1987Hammer 48.81 meters E. Williams Lindenwood 2004

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Appendix L Baker University Indoor Track and Field All Time Top 5 Performance List178

Event Performance Location Year 60 M Hurdles 1. Brett Weir 8.11 Doane 20052. Jasper Frazee 8.34 NAIA 19993. Ryan Pitts 8.40 NAIA 20064. Brad Weber 8.42 19905. Erik Dikkut 8.44 Lincoln NE 1992 60 M 1. Kome Okiomah 6.88 Mt. Vernon IA 20072. Richie Bryant 6.97 Graceland 20073. Tywanne Aldridge 7.02 19974. Brent Randle 7.09 Whitewater WI 20065. Joel Thornton 7.10 1993 200 M 1. Kome Okiomah 22.42 Iowa State 20072. Richie Bryant 23.11 UNL 20073. Brent Randle 23.12 UNL 20064. Jeremy Johnson 23.3 CMSU 19995. Jeff Gabriel 23.47 1994 400 M 1. Matt Neal 51.17 Iowa State 20022 Toby Leach 52.03 CMSU 20022 Jeff Gabriel 52.03 19934. Brandon Hubbard 52.47 Graceland 20075. Brian Hoffman 52.50 1993 600 M 1. Bobby Breon 1:23.57 NAIA 19992. Jason Zaroor 1:23.69 CMSU 19973. Kevin Schmidt 1:24.14 CMSU 20014. Jeff Gabriel 1:24.95 19935. Kirk Baker 1:25.61 1987 800 M 1. Jason Zaroor 1:56.87 Iowa State 19982. Kevin Schmidt 1:58.64 MU 20013. Chard Marshall 1:58.94 19934. Tom Griggs 2:00.14 19875. Ryan Strong 2:01.50 CMSU 1997

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1000 M 1. Ryan Strong 2:33.43 19972. Chad Marshall 2:34.41 19933. Steve Hoodmaker 2:34.48 19884. Scott Nelson 2:36.12 KU 20015. Marty Johnston 2:36.60 Graceland 2004 Mile 1. Chad Marshall 4:23.24 19932. Rochy Argo 4:25.14 19893. Ryan Strong 4:26.90 CMSU 19984. Carl Burk 4:27.14 19895. Scott Nelson 4:31.81 KSU 2000 3000m 1. Mark Misch 9:07.14 19952. Gary Keehn 9:09.87 19883. Jeremy Pomeroy 9:12.80 19964. Matt Hallauer 9:19.50 CMSU 20025. Rochy Argo 9:21.04 1989 5000m 1. Mark Misch 15:28.90 19952. Matt Hallauer 15:47.42 Graceland 20043. Donnie Gardner 16:20.12 Mt. Vernon IA 20074. Jon Sanfilppo 16:34.33 Graceland 20025. Ryan Strong 16:40.14 1995 4x400 M 1. Neal-Schmidt-Broeckelman-Leach 3:22.82 NAIA 20012. Brown-LaFrance-Peppin-Henderson 3:29.14 19843. Watts-Randle-Perez-Towns 3:29.35 Whitewater WI 20064. Neal-Schmidt-Breon-Zaroor 3:29.51 Iowa State 19985. Weir-Middleton-Perez-Pitts 3:30.28 UNL 2005 4x800 M 1. Marshall-Singer-Kutscher-Gabriel 8:06.13 19932. Breon-Zaroor-Frick-Schmidt 8:07.43 NAIA 19993. Breon-Zaroor-Frick-Strong 8:10.60 KU 19984. Hoodmaker-Burk-Clayborn-Argo 8:16.44 19895. Schmidt-Leach-Fick-Stumpff 8:18.88 CMSU 2001 DMR (1200-400-800-1600) 1. Zaroor-Aldridge-Breon-Strong 10:29.67 Lincoln 19972.Argo-Bandre-Burk-Bauman 10:36.14 WJC 1989

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3. Zaroor-Foster-Breon-Strong 10:41.90 KU 19984. Grabriel-Hoffman-Singer-Marshall 10:47.87 19935. Stumpff-Leach-Schmidt-Nelson 10:49.67 KU 2001 Pentathlon (55H-LJ-SP-HJ-1000) 1. Erik Dikkut 3524 points Graceland 19942. Brett Weir 3502 points NAIA 20053. Levi Brockelman 3258 points MVC- HAAC 20014. Jasper Frazee 3215points HAAC 19995. Jerry Baker 3158 points Doane 2002 Heptathlon (55-LJ-SP-HJ-55H-PV-1000) 1. Aaron Hannon 4031 points Graceland 20072. Zach Atzeni 3694 points Graceland 2007 Shot Put (16lbs) 1. Pat Ryan 16.09m 19842. Ben Last 16.40m 19913. Nick Codutti 14.79m Graceland 20044. Aaron Anderson 17.73m 19945. Matt Hess 14.44m 1991 Weight Throw (35lbs) 1. Matt Barber 14.50m KU 19992. David Buckley 13.62m HAAC 20023. Matt Hess 12.67m 19904. Isaac Edwards 12.42m 19895. Brian Stokes 11.62m 1990 High Jump 1. Nathan Ourada 2.11m 19952. Erik Dikkut 2.06m Graceland 19943. Cole Barnes 1.98m 19924. Brent Randle 1.91m Graceland 20065. Jasper Frazee 1.90m NWU 1998 Pole Vault 1. Russ McDonald 4.88m KU 19902. Jerry Baker 4.57m NAIA 20033.Dave Lucas 4.42m KSU 19943. Paul Martin 4.42m 19903. Wade Sundbye 4.42m 1990 Long Jump 1. Joel Thornton 7.11m 1994

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2. Brent Randle 6.94m Graceland 20073. Richie Bryant 6.93m Graceland 20074. Jeremy Wright 6.73m Graceland 20075. Travis Rhoades 6.70m 1990 Triple Jump 1. Brent Randle 15.20m Graceland 20042. Joel Thornton 14.23m 19943. Ryan Pitts 13.76m UNL 20054. Levi Brockelman 13.22m MVC 20015. Cole Barnes 13.03m 1992

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Appendix M

Baker University Indoor Track and Field All Time Top 5 Performance List179 Event Performance Location Year 100 M 1. Tywanne Aldridge 10.74 19972. Brandon Hubbard 10.75 WJC 20063. Phil Pippins 10.81 19854. Park McClung 10.84 19825. Mackie Valentin 10.94 WJC 2000 110 M Hurdles 1. Jasper Frazee 14.42 MNU 19992. Brett Weir 14.46 Fresno Pacific 20063. Ryan Pitts 17.70 Emporia 20064. Duane Gabrielson 14.76 19665. Brad Weber 14.94 MNU 1989 200 M 21.51 WJC 19271. Donald Lidikay 21.79 WJC 19972. Derrick Watts 22.27 WJC 20063. Brandon Hubbard 22.51 Coffeyville 20064. Brent Randle 22.52 Emporia 19995. Jeremy Johnson 400 M 48.16 Baker 19251. Donald Lidikay 50.14 CMSU 19892. Derrick Watts 50.73 19953. Keith Nelson 50.74 19884. Boyd Bauman 50.74 19885. Tom Griggs 400 M Hurdles 1. Brad Weber 54.29 19912. Matt Neal 54.36 Emporia 20023. Ryan Pitts 54.85 WJC 20064. Jason Foster 55.20 Baker 19985. Erik Dikkut 55.76 1992 800 M 1. Bobby Breon 1:55.18 Emporia 1999

2. Douglas Roberts 1:55.56 Missouri Valley AAU 1960

3. Chad Marshall 1:56.02 19934. Boyd Bauman 1:56.74 19895. Jason Zaroor 1:56.87 Lindenwood 1998

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1500 M 1. Chad Marshall 3:55.12 19932. Ryan Strong 4:03.20 WJC 19973. Gary Keehan 4:08.23 19884. Rocky Argo 4:10.14 19895. Matt Hallauer 4:14.16 Baker 2001 3000 M 1. Mark Misch 8:59.14 Showdown 19952. Jeremy Pomeroy 9:44.10 Baker 19963. Alex Dingman 9:53.35 Benedictine 20064. Andrew McGregor 9:58.68 Benedictine 20065. Bryce Bell 9:58.70 Baker 1996 3000 M Steeplechase 1. Matt Hallauer 9:36.35 Graceland 20032. Matt Akers 10:12.65 19963. Dan Brobst 10:16.99 19954. Gary Keehn 10:18.14 19885. Scott Nelson 10:22.19 Baker 2001 3000 M Racewalk 1. Aaron Smith 17:48.90 Graceland 20022. Nick McQuiston 20:43.70 Lindenwood 2004 5000 M 1. Mark Misch 15:22.90 19952. Ryan Strong 15:30.60 Maryville MO 19983. Matt Hallauer 15:42.90 MU 20044. Gary Keehn 15:58.74 19885. Jeremy Pomeroy 16:24.34 1995 10000 M 1. Mark Misch 32:35.07 19952. Matt Hallauer 33:31.00 Friends 20023. Jimmy Gillispie 34:15.60 Graceland 20024. Frank West 35:19.24 NWMS 19895. Jeremy Pomeroy 35:24.31 1995 4x100 M 1. Randle-Hubbard-Gleason-Pitts 42.65 Simpson 20062. Qualls-Dikkut-Gabriel-Thornton 43.41 19933. Dones-Johnson-Neal-King 43.54 Baker 19994. Neal-Brockelman-Leach-Baker 43.65 Friends 2002

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5. Randle-Weir-Gleason-Watts 43.70 MU 2006 4x110 M Shuttle Hurdle Relay 1. Baker-Weir-Cooper-Middleton 1:07.16 MU 20034x200 M 1. Randle-Hubbard-Gleason-Pitts 1:29.15 KU 20062. Greenough-Scott-Varvel-Lidikay 1:29.42 KU 19273. Brennan-Johnston-Randle-Weir 1:30.58 Baker 20044. Neal-Brockleman-Leach-Brennan 1:31.17 Baker 20025. Neal-King-Davidson-Frazee 1:31.32 FSU 1999 4x400 M 1. Leach-Schmidt-Frick-Breon 3:20.42 WJC 20002. Neal-Brockleman-Schmit-Leach 3:20.45 Emporia 20023. Hubbard-Towns-Randle-Pitts 3:21.20 Simpson 20064. Aldrige-Ruiz-Zaroor-Breon 3:22.15 Baker 19975. Watts-Towns-Randle-Pitts 3:23.10 WJC 2006 4x800 M 1. Breon-Schmidt-Frick-Leach 7:52.28 WJC 20002. Breon-Schmidt-Hughes-Frick 7:54.34 JCCC 19993. Armstrong-Lawrenz-Roberts-Scott 7:59.24 Graceland 19614. Clayborn-Badre-Watts-Bauman 8:09.94 19895. Clayborn-Argo-Watts-Bauman 8:11.44 1989 4x1600 M 1. Sanfilippo-Nelson-Stumpff-Hallauer 19:11.12 Baker 20012. Dingman-Harp-McGregor-Paul 19:41.61 KU 20063. Stumpff-Donnelly-Smith-Frick 19:52.46 Baker 20004. Akers-Brobst-McAfee-Pomeroy 19:57.64 Lincoln 19945. Gillispie-Frederick-Gorman-Gladhart 20:35.15 Baker 2001 SMR (200-200-400-800) 1. Ruiz-Aldridge-B.Breon-Zaroor 3:33.75 Baker 19972. Johnson-Neal-Schmit-B.Breon 3:34.37 Baker 19993. Wright-Whitmore-S.Breon-Kelly 3:34.79 WJC 4. Neal-Leach-Schmidt-B.Breon 3:34.85 Baker 20005. Kramer-Timmons-Williams-Findlay 3:36.38 KU DMR (1200-400-800-1600) 1. Hawk-Chatham-McGrew-Williams 10:34.24 19672. Zaroor-Aldridge-Breon-Strong 10:36.53 KU 19973. Marshall-Shupe-Gabriel-Misch 10:45.28 Baker 19934. Hawk-Pickering-McGrew-Williams 10:46.37 Ottawa 1967

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5. Griggs-Bandre-Clayborn-Hoodmaker 10:47.04 1988 Decathlon (100-LJ-SP-HJ-400-110H-Dis-PV-Jav-1500) 1. Jerry Baker 6688 points NAIA 20022. Brett Weir 6200 points Graceland 20043. Brent Wright 5794 points 19724. Jasper Frazee 5716 points FSU 19995. Jake Bucher 5436 points Baker 2000 Shot Put (16lbs) 1. Ben Last 16.65m HAAC 19902. Nick Codutti 15.82m Baker 20043. Tom Miles 15.81m C of E Dual 19684. Steve Krasshaur 14.92m WJC 19805. Aaron Anderson 14.70m 1994 Discus (2kg) 1. Scott Rieger 49.94m Baker 20012. Josh Flett 49.45m Graceland 20023. Isaac Edwards 47.89m HAAC 19914. Ben Last 44.51m 19915. Aaron Anderson 44.13m 1995 Hammer Throw 1. David Buckley 48.42m Graceland 20022. Matt Barber 48.12m 19983. Scott Rieger 46.22m Graceland 20024. Brian Stokes 44.77m HAAC 19925. Aaron Anderson 40.85m 1994 Javelin (800g) 1. Jerry Baker 62.60m Truman 20022. Aaron Faimon 61.59m Baker 19963. Scott Swartz 60.20m Lindenwood 19994. Eric Swarts 58.28m Emporia 20015. Jared Edgar 57.76m Emporia 1999 High Jump 1. Nathan Ourada 2.09m 19951. Erik Dikkut 2.09m 19921. Cole Barnes 2.09m 19924.Marc Roberts 2.06m Baker 20055. Jasper Frazee 2.01m JCCC 1999

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Pole Vault 1. Russ McDonald 5.08m HAAC 19902. Dave Lucas 4.77m 19953. Terry Messenger 4.57m 19894. Jerry Baker 4.54m 20014. Paul Martin 4.54m 1990 Long Jump 1. Joel Thornton 7.27m 19952. Walter Pickett 7.25m Graceland 19653. Brad Qualls 7.13m 19934. Travis Rhoades 6.83m Park 19895. Brent Randle 6.82m MU 2006 Triple Jump 1. Brent Randle 15.41m Fresno Pacific 20062. Joel Thornton 14.56m 19953. Cole Barnes 13.88m HAAC 19954. Walter Pickett 13.73m KCAC 19645. Jerry Baker 13.05m Graceland 2002

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1 G. Lewis. The Beginning of Organized Collegiate Sport." American Quarterly 22, no. 2, Part 1 (Summer, 1970): p 229, http://links.jstor.org.proxyb.kclibrary.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28197022%2922%3A2%3C222%3ATBOOCS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 accessed March 21, 2007. 2 R. Hanskat. �The Shadow Sports.� Continium 10, no 4. (Spring 2001). http://www.alumni.utah.edu/continuum/spring01/sidelines.htm accessed March 26, 2007. 3�About USA Track and Field,� USA Track and Field. http://www.usatf.org/about/ accessed March 26, 2007. 4 �About the NAIA.� National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. http://naia.cstv.com/member-

services/about/ accessed March 27, 2007. 5 Ibid. 6 The Baker Beacon 1893. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 7 Ibid. 8 The Baker Orange Blossom 1894. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 9 Ibid. 10 Leslie, B. �The Response of Four Colleges to the Rise of Intercollegiate Athletics, 1865-1915.� Journal of Sport History 3, no. 3 (1976) p. 216. 11 L. K. Larson. �The First-Ever High School State Track and Field Championship Meet.� North American Society For Sport History Newsletter, 1985, p. 18-19. http://www.aafla.org/SportsLibrary/NASSH_Proceedings/NP1985/NP1985q.pdf#xml=http://www.aafla.org:8080/verity_templates/jsp/search/xmlread.jsp?k2dockey=/mnt/docs/SportsLibrary/NASSH_Proceedings/NP1985/NP1985q.pdf@aafla_pdf&serverSpec=localhost:9900&querytext accessed March 21, 2007. 12 Ibid. 13 H. D. Sears. �The Moral Threat of Intercollegiate Sports: An 1893 Poll of Ten College Presidents, and the End of �The Champion Football Team of the Great West.�� Journal of Sport History 19, no 3 (1992): p 211. 14 Ibid, p 212. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid, p 222. 17 B.U. Hatchet 1895. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 18 H. D. Sears. �The Moral Threat of Intercollegiate Sports: An 1893 Poll of Ten College Presidents, and the End of �The Champion Football Team of the Great West.�� Journal of Sport History 19, no 3 (1992): p 224

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19 Curfew 1905. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 20 Ibid. 21 H. D. Sears. �The Moral Threat of Intercollegiate Sports: An 1893 Poll of Ten College Presidents, and the End of �The Champion Football Team of the Great West.�� Journal of Sport History 19, no 3 (1992): p 225-226. 22 Curfew 1905. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 23 Baker University Trailer 1910; Baker University Orange Blossoms 1916. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 24 �History of the KCAC.� Official Site of the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference. http://www.kcacsports.com/history.php accessed February 5, 2007. 25 Curfew 1905. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 26 Alumni Record of Baker University, 1st ed. Baldwin City, KS: 1917. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas, p 61. 27 Curfew 1905. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid. 30 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 31 Baker University Forty-Niner 1908; Baker University Jubilee 1909. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 32 Ibid. 33 Baker University Jubilee 1909. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 34 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 35 Baker University Orange Blossoms 1914. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas

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36 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1986.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

37 Ibid. 38 Ibid. 39 Ibid. 40 University of Kansas Athletics Department. �KU History.� 2005 Track and Field Media Guide. http://www.cstv.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/kan/sports/c-track/auto_pdf/05-media_guide-history accessed February 5, 2007, p 64. 41 Ibid. 42 Washington State University Sports Information Office. �Karl. A. Schlademan Dies - January 8, 1981.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 43 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 44 Baker University Wildcat 1949. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 45 Ibid. 46 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 47 Baker University Athletic Department. �Baker University Men's Track & Field Records.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/records.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 48 Baker University Public Relations Office. �Track to be Reintroduced - January 24, 1979.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 49 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1978.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 50 Ibid. 51 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 52 Ibid.

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53 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1979.�; Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1993.�; Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1998.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 54 Baker University Wildcat 1931. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 55 Baker University Wildcat 1923. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 56 Baker University. �Baker University Relay Carnival Program, 1924.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 57 Ibid. 58 Ibid. 59 Baker University. �8th Annual Baker Relay Carnival: Official Program, 1931.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 60 Ibid. 61 �History of the KCAC.� Official site of the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference. http://www.kcacsports.com/history.php accessed February 5, 2007. 62 Baker University Wildcat 1937. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 63 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 64 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1993.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 65 Ibid. 66 Baker University Wildcat Spring 1942. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 67 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1986.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 68 Baker University Wildcat 1944; Baker University Wildcat 1945 The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas

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69 Baker University Wildcat 1947. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 70 Ibid. 71 W. Bailey. �Track and Field Experiences at Baker University.� Email interview. Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. March 25, 2007. 72 Ibid. 73 �History of the NAIA.� National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. http://naia.cstv.com/genrel/090905aai.html accessed March 2, 2007. 74 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 75 Ibid. 76 P. Mai. �Track and Field Experiences at Baker University. Telephone.� Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. March 7, 2007. 77 Ibid. 78 Ibid. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid. 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid. 83 Ibid. 84 Ibid 85 Ibid. 86 Ibid. 87 Ibid. 88 Baker University Wildcat 1953. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 89 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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90 Baker University Centurion 1958. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 91 R. Holland. �Track and Field Experiences at Baker University.� Email interview. Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. March 14, 2007. 92 Ibid. 93 Ibid. 94 Ibid. 95 Ibid. 96 Ibid. 97 Ibid. 98 Ibid. 99 Baker University Wildcat 1965. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 100 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1997.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 101 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 102 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1997.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 103 Baker University Wildcat 1966. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas 104 Baker University Athletic Department. �Baker University Men's Track & Field Records.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/records.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 105 Athletic Director D. Harris. �Unpublished, History of the Heart of America Athletic Conference.� March 9, 2007. 106 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 107 Ibid.

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108 President J. C. Walker. �Statement on Track and Women�s Basketball - December 8, 1975.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 109 Baker University. �Baker University Relay Carnival Program, 1996.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 110 P. Mai. �Track and Field Experiences at Baker University. Telephone.� Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. March 7, 2007. 111 Professor E. Askew. �Title IX and the disbanding of Baker University Track and Field in 1975.� Interview. Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. March 2, 2007. 112 Thelin, J. R. "Good Sports? Historical Perspective on the Political Economy of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Era of Title IX, 1972-1997." The Journal of Higher Education 71, no. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 2000): 391-410, http://links.jstor.org.proxyb.kclibrary.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28200007%2F08%2971%3A4%3C391%3AGSHPOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X accessed March 21, 2007. 113 Ibid. 114 Ibid. 115 S. Shore. �Athletics Committee.� The Baker Orange, April 16, 1974. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 116 President J.C. Walker. �Statement on Track and Women�s Basketball - December 8, 1975.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 117 Ibid. 118 �History of Braves Athletics.� Ottawa University. http://www.ottawa.edu/OUAthletics/content/view/204 accessed February 5, 2007. 119 Professor E. Askew. �Title IX and the disbanding of Baker University Track and Field in 1975.� Interview. Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. March 2, 2007. 120 President J.C. Walker. �Memo to: The Coordinating Committee - January 2, 1979.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 121 Baker University Board of Trustees. Board of Trustees Minutes, Spring 1979. P 284. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 122 Baker University Public Relations Office. �Track to be Reintroduced - January 24, 1979.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 123 Ibid.

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124 Ibid. 125 Baker University Alumni Office, 1978-79. �Extra Mile: Baker Track and Field Special Announcement.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 126 Fort Hays State Athletic Department. �Track and Field Coaches.� http://fhsuathletics.com/coaches/track-field/ accessed March 21, 2007.

127 Baker University. �Baker University Relay Carnival Program, 1996.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 128 Ibid. 129 Ibid. 130 University of Kansas Athletics Department. �Facilities: Memorial Stadium.� http://kuathletics.cstv.com/facilities/kan-memorial-stadium.html accessed March 13, 2007. 131 University of Missouri Athletics Department. �Matt Candrl Profile.� http://mutigers.cstv.com/sports/c-track/mtt/candrl_matt00.html accessed March 21 2007.

132 Baker University Athletic Department. �Baker University Men's Track & Field Records.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/records.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 133 Pressgrove, D. �Baker Coach Building Track Tradition.� Baldwin City Signal, June 14, 2000. http://signal.baldwincity.com/section/archive/storypr/469 accessed March 21, 2007.

134 Baker University Athletic Department. �Baker University Men's Track & Field Records.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/records.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 135 Ibid. 136 Ibid. 137 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Baker University Track and Field Program Success and future.� Interview. Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. February 4, 2007. 138 Baker University Athletic Department. �Men�s Track and Field Coaching Staff.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/staff.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 139 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Unpublished, All-Americans and Vague Former Coaches List.� February 4, 2007. 140 Ibid. 141 Ibid. 142 Baker University Athletic Department. �Baker University Men's Track & Field Records.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/records.htm accessed March 3, 2007.

66McGregor

143 Ibid. 144 Baker University Athletic Department. �Men�s Track and Field Coaching Staff.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/staff.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 145 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Baker University Track and Field Program Success and future.� Interview. Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. February 4, 2007. 146 Baker University. �Baker University Relay Carnival Program, 1996.� Baker University Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 147 Munasinghe, L. Brendan O'Flaherty, and Stephan Danninger. "Globalization and the Rate of Technological Progress: What Track and Field Records show." The Journal of Political Economy 109, no. 5 (Oct., 2001): 1132-1149, http://links.jstor.org.proxyb.kclibrary.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28200110%29109%3A5%3C1132%3AGATROT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T. 148 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Baker University Track and Field Program Success and future.� Interviewed by Andrew McGregor. February 4, 2007. 149 Ibid. 150 Curfew 1905. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 151Unknown. �1907 team picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 152 Unknown. �1941 team picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 153 Unknown. �Undated untitled team picture A, circa 1958-1963.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 154 Unknown. �Undated untitled team picture B.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 155 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Unpublished, All-Americans and Vague Former Coaches List.� February 4, 2007; Baker University Wildcat 1921 to1974. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 156 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Unpublished, All-Americans and Vague Former Coaches List.� February 4, 2007; Curfew 1905. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas; �unpublished undated paper on KCAC meet

67McGregor

finishes 1904 to 1938.� Track and Field File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas; Baker University Wildcat 1921 to 1974. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas; and �Baker University Relay Carnival Program 1996.� The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 157 Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1977 to 1991 and 1993 to 2003.� Baker University Athletic Hall of Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 158 Baker University Athletic Department. �Baker University Men's Track & Field Records.� http://www.bakeru.edu/athletics/Mtrack/records.htm accessed March 3, 2007. 159 Head Coach R. Mallinder. �Unpublished, All-Americans and Vague Former Coaches List.� February 4, 2007. 160 Unknown. �Undated untitled hurdles picture A.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 161 Unknown. �Undated untitled hurdles picture B.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.. 162 Unknown. �Undated untitled starting line picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 163 Unknown. �Undated untitled long jump picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 164 Unknown. �Undated untitled high jump picture A.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 165 Unknown. �Undated untitled high jump picture B.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 166 Unknown. �Undated untitled pole vault picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 167 Unknown. �Undated untitled shot put picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

68McGregor

168 Unknown. �Undated untitled grass throwing ring picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 169 Unknown. �Warren E. Metzger Track Named, October 13,1979.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 170 Unknown. �Untitled 1993 track dedication picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas. 171 A. McGregor, �Old Track, August 2005.� Digital Photograph. 172 Ibid. 173 A. McGregor, �New Hurdles, March 9, 2007.� Digital Photograph. 174 A. McGregor, �New Long Jump Pit, March 9, 2007.� Digital Photograph. 175 A. McGregor, �New Track, March 9, 2007.� Digital Photograph. 176 Mallinder, Head Coach R. �Unpublished, Track and Field Performance List and Conference Records.�

March 20, 2007. 177 Ibid. 178 Ibid. 179 Ibid.

69McGregor

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Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1982.� Baker University Athletic Hall of

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

Unknown. �Undated, untitled Hall of Fame inductees 1988.� Baker University Athletic Hall of

Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Fame File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

78McGregor

Unknown. �Undated untitled hurdles picture A.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker

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University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

Unknown. �Undated untitled long jump picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker

University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

Unknown. �Undated untitled pole vault picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker

University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

Unknown. �Undated untitled shot put picture.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker

University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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Unknown. �Undated untitled team picture A, circa 1958-1963.� Photograph. Baldwin City: Baker

University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker University and the Kansas East Conference of the United Methodist Church. Collins Library, Baldwin City, Kansas.

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University. Baker University Track and Field Pictures File. The Archives of Baker

79McGregor

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