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1 The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

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The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1. The History and Scope of Psychology. What is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots Contemporary Psychology. Psychology’s Roots. Aristotle ( 384-322 B.C. ). http://faculty.washington.edu. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

1

The History and Scope of Psychology

Module 1

Page 2: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

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The History and Scope of Psychology

What is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots

Contemporary Psychology

Page 3: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

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Psychology’s Roots

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from

experience.

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Psychology

Philosophy & Humanities

Natural Science

themes of psycholog

y

methods of psychology

•Knowledge is a product of introspective thought.

•Knowledge = insight

•Knowledge is a product of understanding observable phenomena. Science flourishes through observation and experiment•Knowledge = understanding

Psychology’s Roots

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Psychological Science is Born

“Contents of the conscious mind”and “introspection”

Wundt studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879 (e.g.,

sensations, images).

This work is considered the birth of psychology as we

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Psychological Science is Born

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the

unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

Fre

ud

(1856

-1939)

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Psychological Science is Born

Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries.

It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life.

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Psychological Science DevelopsBehaviorists

Watson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject

matter of scientific psychology.

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Psychological Science Develops

Humanistic Psychology

Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and

acceptance.

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Psychology Today

We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we

do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

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Page 12: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

Biyo-psiko-sosyal modelBiyolojik etkiler

-Hormonlar-Nörötransmitterlar-Genler-Mizaç (enerji düzeyi vs..)...

Psikolojik etkiler-Öğrenilen korkular, başarılar, beklentiler, tutumlar, inançlar, bilgiler...-kısaca geçmiş tecrübeler

Sosyo-kültürel, örgütsel etkiler

-Başka insanların varlığı,-Ebeveyn stili, arkadaş grubu-Normlar, kurallar-Örgütsel/toplumsal kültür, normlar, din...

İnsan duygu, düşünce ve davranışları

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Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and

brain enables emotions?

How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?

How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

Behavior genetics

How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?

To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

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Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample Questions

Psychodynamic

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?

How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

Behavioral How we learn observable responses?

How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

Page 15: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

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Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,

process, store and retrieve information?

How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?

Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

Page 16: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

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Psychology’s Subfields

Basic Researchpure science that aims to increase the knowledge base

Applied Researchscientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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Psychology’s Subfields: Research

Psychologist

What she does

BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.

DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.

CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.

Personality Investigate our persistent traits.

SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.

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Psychology’s Subfields: Research

Data: APA 1997

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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

Psychologist

What s/he does

ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.

EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings

Industrial/Organizational

Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

Data: APA 1997

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A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with

psychotherapy.

Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments

like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.

Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

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Psychological Associations & Societies

The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by

the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

Page 23: The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

Öğretim ÜyelerimizBilge Yağmurlu

Zeynep Cemalcılar

Zeynep Aycan

Nazlı Baydar

Aylin Küntay

Çiğdem Kağıtçıbaşı

Tarcan Kumkale

Sami Gülgöz

İlke Öztekin

Banu Çankaya

Fuat Balcı (Ocak 2011)

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?Çiğdem Kağıtçıbaşı

Kültürün ailelerin ilişki tarzı üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi var?

Aile ilişkilerinin çocuğun gelişimi üzerinde etkisi nedir?

Çocukların gelişimini daha sağlıklı bir biçime getirmek için gerekli olan sosyal politikalar nelerdir?

Aileler çocuğa ne derece ve ne nedenlerle değer veriyor?

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Sami Gülgöz

Yaşadığımız olayların hangilerini niçin hatırlıyoruz?

Olayların duygusal etkisi hatırlama olasılığını değiştiriyor mu?

Bir olayı hangi dilde yaşadığımız onun hangi dilde daha kolay hatırlanacağını belirler mi?

Neden 15-30 yaş arasında yaşanan olaylar hep daha fazla hatırlanıyor?

Hatırladığımız olayların kişiliğimizle ilişkisi ne?

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Zeynep Aycan

• Çalışanlar iş ve aile hayatlarını nasıl dengeliyorlar? Yoğun tempoları içinde kendilerine zaman ayırabiliyorlar mı?

• İnsan kaynakları uygulamaları (işe alma, performans değerlendirme, ödüllendirme gibi) ülkeler arasında farklılık gösterir mi? Örneğin ABD’deki sistemler Türkiye’de kullanılabilir mi?

• Kültürel zeka nedir? Yabancı ülkelerde çalışan yöneticiler için kültürel zeka ve kültüre uyum göstermek ne derece önemlidir?

• Liderlik kültüre göre değişir mi? Babacan liderler etkili midir?

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Aylin Küntay

Çocuklarda dil gelişimi tüm dillerde aynı mı?

Ailelerin sosyo-ekonomik durumlarının dil gelişiminde etkisi nedir?

Ailelerin çocuklara yönelik kullandığı dil ile çocuğun dil gelişimi arasında nasıl bir ilişki var?

Zihinsel gelişim ve sosyal gelişim ile dil becerilerini arasında nasıl bir ilişki var?

Hikaye anlatma becerisi nasıl gelişiyor?

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Bilge Yağmurlu

Olumlu sosyal davranışlarımızı ve saldırgan davranışlarımızı neler belirliyor? Biyolojik yatkınlıklarımız ne kadar etkili? Çevrenin rolü ne kadar?

Duygu düzenleme becerisi nedir? Neye yarar? Nasıl gelişir?

Anne-babalar ne yaparak çocuklarının sosyal ve duygusal becerilerini geliştirmeye yardımcı olabilir?

Şiddeti azaltmak için neler yapabiliriz?

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Tarcan Kumkale

İnsanlar neden ve nasıl tutumlar oluştururlar?

Bu tutumlar duygu, düşünce ve davranışlarını nasıl etkiler?

Bazı tutumları değiştirmek neden zordur?

Kitle iletişim araçlarının kamuoyu ve tüketici davranışları üzerine etkileri nelerdir?

İnsanları ikna edecek kitle iletişim mesajları nasıl olmalıdır?

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Nazlı Baydar

Eğitici TV programlarının çocukların gelişimine etkisi var mı?

“Benimle Oynar mısın?” programının çocukların okula hazır olma düzeyi üzerindeki etkisi. Programı düzenli izleyen çocukların aritmetik, kelime bilgisi, geometrik şekiller ve heceleme ile ilgili becerileri daha gelişmiş.

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Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?

Zeynep Cemalcılar

Öğrencilerin okula aidiyetini belirleyen faktörler nelerdir? Bunları değiştirerek ne fark yaratabiliriz?

Çevrenin bireyin gelişimine ve davranışlarına etkileri nelerdir?

Aidiyet ne demektir? Nasıl gelişir, nasıl değişir?

Gelişen teknolojinin sosyal hayatımıza etkileri nelerdir? Teknoloji, mesela bilgisayar oyunları, psikolojimizi kötü etkilemek zorunda mıdır?

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Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.

Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Look for the answer to your questions by

reading a manageable amount at a time. Rehearse: Recall what you’ve read in your own

words. Test yourself with quizzes. Review: What you learn. Read over notes and

quickly review the whole chapter.

Tips for Studying Psychology

Psychology can teach you how to ask and answer important questions.

Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse and Review (SQ3R)

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Distribute your time Learn to think critically Listen actively in class Overlearn Be a smart test-taker

Tips for Studying Psychology

Additional Study Hints

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Crossword exercise

What are the sub-fields of psychology?

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1. Attempt to detect and deal with many problems associated with poor school performance

2. Conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, sensation and perception

3. Work to understand and treat mental disorders

4. Study traits that make individuals unique and which persist over time

5. Deal with the mental and emotional aspects of physical performance such as motivation and rehabilitation after injury.

6. Explore the ways in which people interact and influence each other

1. Attempt to discover how the nervous system makes human thinking and behavior possible

2. Provide expert testimony as to the sanity and competence of individuals for the legal system

3. Examine the ways in which our behavior changes over the life span

4. Investigate human memory, language, and problem solving

5. Seek to understand the psychological factors that promote or impair physical health

6. Determine the best methods selecting, training, managing and motivating individuals in the work place

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SUB-DIVISIONS OF PSYCHOLOGYSUB-DIVISIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY