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The historical and social scene of the
Jujuy Province
Lecturer: Enrique Normando Cruz
Aim of the conference:
“… a clear sociological idea of the past, in order not to form a distorted image of the social relationships of the present. ” (Norbert Elias, sociologist, Los Alemanes, 2009: 58)
The historical scene of the Jujuy Province
1. Puna Region of Jujuy
Located in the macro-region: Argentine, Bolivian and Chilean Puna
Altitude: 2,700/3,000 masl. – 5,500/6,000 masl.
Social and geographical summary of the Jujuy Province
The region consists of 5 departments:
Cochinoca, Yavi, Rinconada, Santa Catalina and Susques
It is composed of mountains and steep slopes with little rainfall (100-400 mm), and by valleys with heavy rainfall (75-500 mm).
Puna Region
Arid desert climate and cold high-mountain climate.
Rainfall is concentrated in summer, winds are
intense, and there is a wide daily temperature range
with frosts almost throughout the year.
It has a typical vegetation of bushes and hard herbs,
important mineral resources, and extensive salt flats.
Puna Region
The landscape is composed of valleys, mountains and
lakes. Irrigated by an extensive water system:
Río Grande de San Juan River, the Basin of Pozuelos, La
Quiaca, Miraflores Guayatayoc/Salinas, Pastos Chicos
River, Rosario inferior Olaroz- Cauchari River, Vilama
Lagoon, Coranzulí and Cátua River.
Puna Region
Before the Spanish conquest, the predominant
activities were camelid breeding (llama and alpaca),
the production of textiles, and the collection of gold
in the rivers, salt and animal species.
Products were traded with the Incas and other
neighboring indigenous peoples.
Puna Region
In the colonial period (16th to 19th century), this
non-surplus productive structure was changed,
incorporating cattle breeding and European
agriculture, mining, and new forms of control
and exploitation of the native indigenous labor.
Puna Region
In the 20th century, the region lost the
productive and commercial dynamics of the
colonial period, and it is constituted as a
provider of labor for mining and agro-
industrial development for other regions of
the province and for the Argentine nation.
Puna Region
2. Quebrada de Humahuaca:
is called the narrow and rough opening between mountains formed by the main course of the Rio Grande River. It is a landform that ends suddenly in the temperate and warm oriental valleys.
The region consists of 4 departments:
Humahuaca, Tilcara, western Valle Grande and
eastern Tumbaya.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
The height of the ravines and valleys varies
from 2,000 to 3,200 masl., with a relief of
mountains, slopes and sediments cut by
erosion.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
Arid mountain climate; cool in summer, rigorous winters and rainfall concentrated in the summer.
High percentage of frost (especially between May and September), with hot and dry winds in winter and spring.
The region of the Quebrada de Humahuaca is very well communicated transversally with the mountains or the jungle of Jujuy.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
Corn production was developed autonomously
which allowed the development of a
significant native population.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
Quebrada de Humahuaca
In a similar way to the Puna region in Jujuy, the
economic structure of the Quebrada de
Humahuaca was not changed structurally in the
colonial period, but changes occurred in the
exploitation of indigenous labour and the
commercialization of the economy.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
Bellow for iron work
Chifle: containers to keep Hispanic beverages: wine, brandy and chicha.
Appliance for transporting ceramic containers on the back of a mule.
In the 19th century, the economy of the region kept
the colonial structure of cattle breeding and
agriculture.
In the 20th century, the population was reduced to
be labour for the modern ago-industrial exploitation
in the valley region.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
3. Valleys and jungles:
The city of Jujuy, and the most important
modern urban centres are located in the
valleys and forests. A space that comprises the
temperate valleys of intermediate altitudes
between the Sub-Andean sierras and the
jungle.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
The valleys of Jujuy have extensive alluvial
slopes, with a subtropical mild climate and a
dry season. Summers are moderately warm,
winters are cool with rarely occurrence of
frost. Rainfall is concentrated in summer.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
Neighbours to the valleys of Jujuy and los Pericos are
the wet jungle valleys of the rivers Lavayen, San
Francisco, and Bermejo, located in the international
Chaco region.
The region consists of 8 departments:
General Manuel Belgrano, Palpalá, San Antonio, El Carmen, San Pedro, Santa Bárbara, Ledesma and Valle Grande.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
The region has important watercourses of the
rivers Río Negro, Ledesma, San Lorenzo,
Lavayen and San Francisco; which provide fertile
plains with heights between 500-300 masl., with
a warm tropical climate throughout the year,
tempered by cloud cover.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
The space of the valleys and
jungles of Jujuy were first
exploited economically in
the colonial period.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
In the 17th century, the city of San Salvador de Jujuy and the of Indigenous population, together with the farms allowed the development of a local production participating in regional trade (linking Alto Peru with the port of Buenos Aires).
At the end of the colonial period, the part of the jungles of Jujuy began to burst through the farms and estates of European cattle.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
Fortress
Haciendas (farms)
In the 19th and 20th century, the Chaco
population of Jujuy and the fertile environment
allowed the development of the modern and
capitalists agro-industry of tobacco and sugar.
The valleys and jungles of Jujuy
Timeline of Argentine History
Name of the
period
Indigenous
Argentina
Colonial
Argentina
Creole
Argentina
Immigration
Argentina
Populist
Argentina
Chronology 10.000 B.C.-
1535 A.D.
1535- 1810 1810- 1860 1860- 1929 1929- 1973
Society Indigenous
society
Hispanic society Creole society
(mestizo)
Immigration
society (of
southern
Europe)
Modern
mestizo
society
(European
and mestizo)
Name of the
period
Indigenous Conquest and
Spanish
colonization
Colonial Crisis of
independence
Capitalist
modernity
Capitalist and
populist growth
Chronology
800 – 1535
1535- 1692
1692- 1810
1810- 1853
1853- 1929
1929- 1983
Economy Subsistence
economy:
agriculture and
gathering.
Modification of the
native subsistence
economy.
Mercantile
economy
orientated to
the regional
market (Alto
Peru, Bolivia).
Economic crisis
and dismantling
of regional trade.
Formation of
the national
market.
Reorientation of
the provincial
economy
towards Buenos
Aires.
Conformation of the
sugar and tobacco
industry.
Conformation of
mining industry
Society Diverse
indigenous
society.
Economic and
social relations
between the
different
regions of
Jujuy.
Dismantling of the
indigenous society.
Restructuring
of the
indigenous
society, as a
mestizo and
mercantile
society.
Social crisis due
to the civil war.
Formation of a
Creole society
without
immigration.
Creation of a modern
society with an
extractive capitalist
economy.
Timeline of the History of Jujuy