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National and State Comparisons
1
EXPLORING
THE HIGH-TECH INDUSTRY
TAXONOMY USING LED
LED Conference – Washington DC – September 2014
Spring 2014
STEM-Driven High-Tech IndustryTaxonomy
The High-Tech Industrial and OccupationalCluster - National and State Comparisons
Pacific Northwest High TechnologyTaxonomy Comparison
How to Create a State-SpecificHigh Technology Industry Taxonomy
Exploring theHigh-Tech Industry
Bob Uhlenkott – Idaho – Study Group Chair Rebecca Rust – Florida – WIC State Co-Chair Gary Crossley – WIC Executive Director Dalton Terrell – Bureau of Labor Statistics Andrew Townsend – Idaho – Project Lead Jil l Cuyler – Oregon Alex Roubinchtein – Washington Tonya Lee – Alabama Bill Anderson – Nevada Leanndra Copeland – Nevada Nelse Grundvig – Wisconsin Bruce Demay – New Hampshire Dave Bieneman – Ill inois
2
WIC STUDY COMMITTEE
WHY – Develop a national standard/definition/taxonomy High-tech spans across several NAICS sectors and to date does not have
its own independent codes Develop a standard for cross state comparisons Industry rather than occupational taxonomies allow for the use of other
economic and business metrics such as economic impact measurements HOW – Develop a high-tech definition based on research and
statistics Learn from previous research efforts Develop a formal, research based, robust methodology
WHAT – Use industry coded data sets to make objective cross-geography comparisons Identify the geographies with the most and least heavy concentrations
of high tech and study the demographics, trends and economic characteristics associated with these sectors
3
WHY, HOW AND WHAT?
Four major components in the high-tech suite; Developing a standardized statistically based high-tech
taxonomy Providing employment and wage comparisons at the
national and state levels Study independent high-tech taxonomies in the Pacific
Northwest Do-It-Yourself guide for your state or geography
4
2013/2014 CHARTER
Dan Hecker, BLS - approach analyzed at three tiers or levels (I - II – III) STEM High-Tech chose only to use one
single tier in order to maintain simplicity and structure
--------------------------------------------------------- STEM Core resulted in a level between tier
1 and II using Hecker’s approach
5
COMPARISONS
From STEM sub-domains, 1 and 4. Science, Engineering, Mathematics, and Information
Technology Domain 1 - Life and Physical Science, Engineering, Mathematics
and Information Technology Occupations - STEM Core 2 - Social Science Occupations 3 - Architecture Occupations 4 - Health Occupations - STEM Health Care
Measure the concentrations of these occupations are in
industry and use that data to define the high-tech industry cluster
6
HOW - DEFINITIONS OF HIGH-TECH OCCUPATIONS
Includes a total of 46 NAICS 4-digit industries categories 33 in STEM CORE category 13 in STEM Health Care category
7
2014 HIGH TECH TAXONOMY
Taxonomy Development (HOW) Used the national Occupational Employment Statistics
Industry-Occupation Matrix or Inverse Staffing Pattern counts to study the concentration levels of STEM occupations within industry – Dalton Terrell, BLS
Taxonomy Analyses (WHAT) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages and
Employment Projections & Occupational Employment Statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Quarterly Workforce Indicators from the US Census Bureau were used to study State comparisons across the nation
8
DATA SETS
STEM Core, STEM Health Care
Percent of High-Tech Employment
Relative Earnings per Worker
Earnings per Worker
2002-2012 Change in Relative High-
Tech Employment Employment by Gender
2002-2012 Change in High-Tech Employment
Employment by Age
Percent of the State’s Total Employment
9
OUTLINES (CONT’D) - STATES COMPARISON -
In 2012, STEM Core industry employment: Made up a little over 8 percent of the U.S. total covered
employment, at almost 11 million workers
10
STEM CORE INDUSTRIES - EMPLOYMENT -
Industries with more employment also had higher total wages
11
STEM CORE INDUSTRIES - TOTAL EARNINGS -
Electrical equipment manufacturing ranked at the bottom. But its $65,098 average wage was more than 32 percent higher than the national average covered wage.
12
STEM CORE INDUSTRIES - EARNINGS PER WORKER BY INDUSTRY -
In 2012, STEM Health Care industries had over 40 percent more jobs at 15.8 million workers
Compared to employment and total earnings, the rankings for earnings per worker change considerably.
Six STEM Health Care industries had per worker earnings below the national average
13
STEM HEALTH CARE INDUSTRIES
Nationally STEM Core high-tech occupations included 8.4 million jobs, about 2.6 million fewer than the STEM Core industries employed.
STEM Core high-tech occupations are projected to add a little over 1 million jobs by 2022, a 13 percent increase compared to the 11 percent increase, or 15.6 million jobs, for all occupations.
A total of 97 occupations categories are included in the STEM Core category.
14
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS
In 2012, the top four STEM Core occupations by employment involve computers, the stereotype of high-tech.
15
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS - EMPLOYMENT -
Not all STEM Core occupations are projecting growth. Of the 97 occupation categories, four occupations are expected to decline, and two more should remain flat.
16
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS - 2012-2022 PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT -
Forty-three STEM Core occupations are projected to have a higher growth rate than all occupations
17
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS - 2012-2022 PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT -
The majority of STEM Core occupations have wages that significantly exceed the national average.
Ten occupations led by petroleum engineers had annual median wages above $100,000. Engineering occupations made up five of the top 10 STEM Core occupations by median wage.
18
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS - ANNUAL MEDIAN WAGE -
Occupation Median Rank Occupation Median Rank
Petroleum Engineers $130,280 1 Nuclear Engineers $104,270 6
Architectural and Engineering Managers $124,870
2 Aerospace Engineers $103,720
7
Computer and Information Systems Managers $120,950
3 Computer and Information Research Scientists $102,190
8
Natural Sciences Managers $115,730 4
Mathematicians $101,360 9
Physicists $106,840 5 Computer Hardware Engineers $100,920 10
Only two – agriculture and food science technicians and forest and conservation technicians – had annual median wages lower than the national median of $34,750 for all occupations.
The Bottom 10 STEM Core occupations by median wage:
19
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS - ANNUAL MEDIAN WAGE (CONT’D) -
Occupation Median Rank Occupation Median Rank
Computer User Support Specialists $46,420 88 Environmental Science and Protection
Technicians, Including Health $41,240 93
Drafters, All Other $46,110 89 Biological Technicians $39,750 94
Environmental Engineering Technicians $45,350 90 Surveying and Mapping Technicians $39,670 95
Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other $43,130 91 Agricultural and Food Science
Technicians $34,070 96
Chemical Technicians $42,920 92 Forest and Conservation Technicians $33,920 97
An estimated 6.6 million STEM Core occupational jobs – 78 percent – have a typical entry-level education requirement of no less than a bachelor ’s degree.
20
STEM CORE OCCUPATIONS - EMPLOYMENT BY EDUCATION LEVEL -
STEM Health Care occupations covered 8.6 million jobs in the United States, just over half the number employed by STEM Health Care industries.
The difference between the occupation and industry totals is greater in the STEM Health Care category because of the much larger number of supporting occupations that are not high-tech.
By 2022 the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates an additional 1.9 million STEM Health Care occupation jobs, a 22 percent increase that is double the all-occupation growth rate.
A total of 64 occupation categories are included in the STEM Health Care category.
21
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS
Registered nurses, at 2.7 million jobs in 2012, accounted for 31.4 percent of all STEM Health Care occupational employment.
22
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS - EMPLOYMENT -
Unlike STEM Core occupations, which had a few professions projecting declines or flat growth into 2022, all STEM Health Care occupations will increase.
23
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS - 2012-2022 PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT -
Fifty-eight of the 64 occupations included in STEM Health Care are projected to grow faster than the all-occupation rate of 11 percent.
24
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS - 2012-2022 PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT -
Seven professions had median wages of over $187,999 – the highest number the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes.
25
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS - ANNUAL MEDIAN WAGE -
Occupation Median Rank Occupation Median Rank
Physicians and Surgeons, All Other >$187,199 1 Orthodontists >$187,199 1
Internists, General >$187,199 1 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons >$187,199 1
Surgeons >$187,199 1 Psychiatrists $173,330 8
Anesthesiologists >$187,199 1 Family and General Practitioners $172,020 9
Obstetricians and Gynecologists >$187,199 1 Prosthodontists $169,130 10
Eight STEM Health Care occupations had median wages below the all occupation median of $34,750
26
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS - ANNUAL MEDIAN WAGE (CONT’D) -
Occupation Median Rank Occupation Median Rank
Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other $40,700 55 Emergency Medical Technicians and
Paramedics $31,020 60
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians $37,240 56 Veterinary Technologists and
Technicians $30,290 61
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians $34,240 57 Psychiatric Technicians $30,050 62
Medical Records and Health Information Technicians $34,160 58 Pharmacy Technicians $29,320 63
Opticians, Dispensing $33,330 59 Dietetic Technicians $26,260 64
Ninety-four percent of STEM Health Care occupations require a degree or postsecondary award while 27 percent typically required a master ’s degree or higher. Only about 4 percent of all occupations require a master ’s degree or higher.
27
STEM HEALTH CARE OCCUPATIONS - EMPLOYMENT BY EDUCATION LEVEL -
28
STATE/NATIONAL COMPARISONS QCEW VS. CENSUS/LOCAL EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS
CONFIDENTIALITY Allows for cross-state comparisons of sub II-digit
NAICS industries. Data is “fuzzed” yet is derived from real or actual
original data sets. Other vendors estimate confidential cells using a variety of statistical methods and models. QWIs come from actual data from sub-industry and sub-geographic levels.
Our own departments tax/employment files can’t be used due confidentiality.
29
LED-QUARTERLY WORKFORCE INDICATORS
BYPRODUCTS
By using LED employment data for cross-state
comparisons additional elements are available. Demographics- Age and Gender which are not readily
available from other traditional economic and business sources.
30
LED-QUARTERLY WORKFORCE INDICATORS
The populous states of California, Texas, New York, Florida and Pennsylvania made up the largest portion of STEM Health Care employment.
31
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - PERCENT OF STEM HEALTH CARE EMPLOYMENT -
The range among the states in employment concentration of STEM Health Care industries was not as great, running from Nevada at 8.3 percent to West Virginia at 15.5 percent.
32
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - PERCENT OF THE STATE’S TOTAL EMPLOYMENT -
33
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON -2002-2012 CHANGE IN HEALTH CARE EMPLOYMENT -
• Every state recorded increases in STEM Health Care employment. Their average growth was almost 25 percent compared to the overall decline in STEM Core industries.
34
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - 2002-2012 CHANGE IN RELATIVE HEALTH CARE
EMPLOYMENT -
• The STEM Health Care concentration increased an average of 14 percent between 2002 and 2012. The only state where STEM Health Care industry employment concentration declined was North Dakota.
35
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - EARNINGS PER WORKER -
• STEM Health Care industry earnings were not as strong as STEM Core, although in the majority of states they were higher than the all-industry average.
36
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - RELATIVE EARNINGS PER WORKER -
• Six states had STEM Health Care earnings below their average for all industries. Those state all were in the top 10 for highest average earnings per worker for all industries.
37
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - GENDER -
• The gender of workers in STEM Health Care industries was greatly skewed toward women.
• Utah and the District of Columbia employed the most men, but only at 29 percent of their STEM Health Care totals.
38
STEM HEALTH CARE STATE COMPARISON - AGE -
• The STEM Health Care industries had noticeably lower employment under 25 at 9.2 percent. This underscored the requirements for postsecondary education.
• Only one state, Utah, had more than 60 percent of its STEM Health Care workforce in the under 45 age group.
39
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - PERCENT OF STEM CORE EMPLOYMENT -
• Share of total STEM Core employment generally follows total population. California had the lion’s share of STEM Core employment at almost 15 percent.
40
TOTAL SIZE - VISUAL OF ALL 50
District of C olumbia0.7%
New Hampshire0.5%
S outh C arolina1.2%
North C arolina2.9%
S outh Dakota0.2%
P ennsylvania4.0%
R hode Island0.3%
North Dakota0.2%
West Virginia0.4%
New Mexico0.7%
Washington3.4%
New J ersey3.4%
Tennessee1.5%
Mississippi0.5%
Minnesota1.9%
Oklahoma1.0%
Wisconsin1.7%
New York5.7%
Nebraska0.5%
Louisiana1.1%
C alifornia14.9%
Arkansas0.6%
Wyoming0.2%
Kentucky0.9%
C olorado2.5%
Michigan2.7%
Alabama1.3%
Montana0.2%
Missouri1.5%
G eorgia3.0%
Nevada0.4%
Arizona2.0%
Oregon1.2%
Kansas1.2% Virginia
4.1%
Indiana1.7%
Florida4.9%
Texas10.0%
Illinois4.2%
Maine0.3%
Idaho0.4%
Ohio3.3%
Iowa0.7%
Utah1.1%
0.2% 14.9%
Alaska0.2%
Hawaii0.2%
S tate A verage = 2.0%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*No Data: Massachuse s
41
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - PERCENT OF THE STATE’S TOTAL EMPLOYMENT -
• Sixteen states had more than the average concentration of STEM Core employment of 8.4 percent.
42
BY SHARE - VISUAL OF ALL 50
District of C olumbia14.1%
New Hampshire9.2%
S outh C arolina7.3%
North C arolina7.9%
S outh Dakota4.8%
P ennsylvania7.7%
R hode Island6.5%
North Dakota5.6%
West Virginia5.8%
New Mexico9.7%
Washington12.8%
New J ersey9.8%
Tennessee5.9%
Mississippi4.8%
Minnesota7.7%
Oklahoma7.0%
Wisconsin6.8%
New York7.0%
Nebraska6.2%
Louisiana6.6%
C alifornia10.8%
Arkansas5.3%
Wyoming6.6%
Kentucky5.6%
C olorado11.9%
Michigan7.4%
Alabama7.6%
Montana5.5%
Missouri6.2%
G eorgia8.6%
Nevada4.0%
Arizona9.1%
Oregon7.5%
Kansas9.7% Virginia
12.7%
Indiana6.5%
Florida7.1%
Texas10.0%
Illinois8.0%
Maine4.9%
Idaho7.4%
Ohio7.0%
Iowa5.4%
Utah9.6%
4.0% 14.1%
Alaska7.4%
Hawaii5.0%
S tate A verage = 8.4%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*No Data: Massachuse s
43
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - 2002-2012 CHANGE IN STEM CORE EMPLOYMENT -
• STEM Core industries employment on average dropped 0.3 percent between 2002 and 2012
44
TOTAL GROWTH - VISUAL OF ALL 50
S outh C arolina14.0%
North C arolina4.8%
S outh Dakota12.5%
P ennsylvania-5.7%
R hode Island-3.8%
North Dakota40.3%
West Virginia-7.9%
New Mexico3.7%
Washington17.9%
New J ersey-11.9%
Tennessee-5.1%
Minnesota-3.5%
Oklahoma8.6%
Wisconsin1.8%
New York2.1%
Nebraska-2.6%
Louisiana2.2%
Delaware-21.1%
C alifornia-1.6%
Wyoming18.8%
Kentucky0.7%
C olorado-2.0%
Michigan-12.9%
Alabama-1.3%
Montana15.5%
Vermont-7.7%
Missouri-6.2%
G eorgia-7.8%
Nevada-5.9%
Oregon1.4%
Kansas-13.6% Virginia
14.4%
Indiana-4.4%
Maine-11.1%
Florida-1.1%
Iowa10.7%
Utah29.0%
Illinois-9.6%
Texas9.6%
Ohio-7.2%
Idaho-6.4%
Alaska30.5%
-21.1% 40.3%
Hawaii9.9%
S tate A verage = .30%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*California, Louisiana, and New Mexico: Q4 2012 data were unavailable. Q4 2011data were subs tuted.**No Data: Arizona, Arkansas, Massachuse s, Mississippi, and New Hampshire
45
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - 2002-2012 CHANGE IN RELATIVE STEM CORE
EMPLOYMENT -
• On average, STEM Core industries made up 2.6 percent less of the states’ total employment in 2012 than they did in 2002.
46
SHARE GROWTH - VISUAL OF ALL 50
S outh C arolina12.7%
North C arolina1.1%
S outh Dakota2.5%
P ennsylvania-6.1%
R hode Island1.5%
North Dakota5.6%
West Virginia-11.3%
New Mexico-1.4%
Washington7.9%
New J ersey-10.0%
Tennessee-6.4%
Minnesota-6.4%
Oklahoma1.9%
Wisconsin2.1%
New York-0.5%
Nebraska-7.5%
Louisiana1.2%
Delaware-22.9%
C alifornia-1.6%
Wyoming2.4%
Kentucky-1.8%
C olorado-6.7%
Michigan-2.7%
Alabama-0.6%
Montana4.6%
Vermont-7.6%
Missouri-5.3%
G eorgia-8.3%
Nevada-12.5%
Oregon-2.0%
Kansas-14.2% Virginia
8.8%
Indiana-3.7%
Idaho-13.0%
Florida-2.7%
Utah12.0%
Illinois-7.4%
Texas-4.9%
Maine-9.7%
Ohio-1.7%
Iowa5.6%
Hawaii1.3%
-22.9% 13.4%
Alaska13.4%
S tate A verage = -2.6%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce IndicatorsNo Data: Arizona, Arkansas, Massachuse s, Mississippi, and NewHampshire
47
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON (5) - EARNINGS PER WORKER -
• The average earnings per worker in STEM Core industries in 2012 were over $92,000. Eight states did even better, coming in at more than $100,000 per worker.
48
TOTAL EARNINGS - VISUAL OF ALL 50
District of C olumbia$111,212
New Hampshire$88,498
S outh C arolina$70,337
North C arolina$85,270
S outh Dakota$57,368
P ennsylvania$83,504
R hode Island$74,025
North Dakota$75,750
West Virginia$69,760
New Mexico$78,558
Washington$107,202
New J ersey$106,612
Tennessee$74,175
Mississippi$63,780
Minnesota$84,371
Oklahoma$79,773
Wisconsin$70,926
New York$97,397
Nebraska$69,204
Louisiana$82,945
C alifornia$114,542
Arkansas$62,155
Texas$102,804
Wyoming$78,598
Kentucky$64,657
C olorado$93,662
Michigan$81,469
Alabama$73,099
Montana$70,868
Missouri$74,811
Illinois$92,183
Idaho$71,424
Ohio$73,563
Oregon$87,865
G eorgia$86,767
Florida$76,778
Arizona$87,940
Nevada$75,933 Kansas
$72,845
Iowa$68,348
Maine$65,228
Indiana$75,763Utah
$72,276
Massachusetts
$57,368 $114,542
Alaska$100,265
Hawaii$77,539
S ta te A v era ge = $92,233
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*California, Louisiana, and New Mexico: Q4 2012 data were unavailable, so Q42011 data were subs tuted.**No data: Massachuse s
49
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - RELATIVE EARNINGS PER WORKER -
• STEM Core industry average earnings were always higher than the all-industry averages.
50
EARNINGS SHARE - VISUAL OF ALL 50
District of C olumbia140.5%
New Hampshire185.6%
S outh C arolina176.8%
North C arolina191.9%
S outh Dakota157.5%
P ennsylvania178.9%
R hode Island163.1%
North Dakota160.7%
West Virginia176.7%
New Mexico192.4%
Washington205.4%
New J ersey181.2%
Tennessee167.0%
Mississippi175.4%
Minnesota168.2%
Oklahoma189.7%
Wisconsin167.7%
New York152.3%
Nebraska176.2%
Louisiana184.6%
C alifornia205.4%
Arkansas162.0%
Wyoming174.1%
Kentucky157.5%
C olorado187.6%
Michigan172.3%
Alabama183.6%
Montana191.4%
Missouri179.6%
G eorgia185.7%
Nevada172.8%
Maine171.8%
Illinois176.1%
Idaho196.1%
Ohio165.7%
Oregon198.4%
Florida176.2%
Arizona190.9%
Texas199.0%
Virginia197.1%
Kansas178.8%
Iowa167.9%
Indiana182.2%Utah
173.0%
140.5% 205.4%
Alaska201.2%
Hawaii185.1%
S tate A verage = 188.0%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*California, Louisiana, and New Mexico: Q4 2012 data were unavailable, so Q42011 data were subs tuted.**No data: Massachuse s
51
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - GENDER -
• The majority of workers in STEM Core industries were male, averaging 65.8 percent. No state has a majority of female workers, but the District of Columbia was the closest at 43.4 percent.
52
HT GENDER - VISUAL OF ALL 50
District of C olumbia56.6%
New Hampshire66.3%
S outh C arolina68.4%
North C arolina63.1%
S outh Dakota65.5%
P ennsylvania65.4%
R hode Island62.7%
North Dakota70.0%
West Virginia71.9%
New Mexico68.0%
Washington68.7%
New J ersey62.9%
Tennessee65.9%
Mississippi67.3%
Minnesota64.6%
Oklahoma66.8%
Wisconsin65.6%
New York63.3%
Nebraska65.0%
Louisiana73.1%
C alifornia65.2%
Arkansas68.0%
Wyoming75.1%
Kentucky65.3%
C olorado67.2%
Michigan66.6%
Alabama68.6%
Montana67.6%
Missouri63.3%
G eorgia64.3%
Nevada66.4%
Arizona67.8%
Oregon68.5%
Kansas68.8% Virginia
65.5%
Indiana65.5%
Florida64.0%
Maine65.0%
Illinois64.1%
Idaho69.1%
Ohio66.7%
Texas68.2%
Iowa65.3%
Utah71.3%
56.6% 75.1%
Alaska69.3%
Hawaii65.3%
S tate A verage = 65.8%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*California, Louisiana, and New Mexico: Q4 2012 data were unavailable, so Q42011 data were subs tuted.**No data: Massachuse s
53
STEM CORE STATE COMPARISON - AGE -
• Workers in STEM Core industries were slightly more concentrated in the middle age groups than for all industries.
54
HIGH TECH - AGE COHORTS VISUAL OF ALL 50 STATES
District of C olumbia32.1%
New Hampshire52.4%
S outh C arolina44.9%
North C arolina43.6%
S outh Dakota41.5%
P ennsylvania45.7%
R hode Island44.4%
North Dakota37.4%
West Virginia47.8%
New Mexico48.2%
Washington42.1%
New J ersey45.6%
Tennessee44.9%
Mississippi43.8%
Minnesota44.7%
Oklahoma43.0%
Wisconsin43.5%
New York41.5%
Nebraska43.9%
Louisiana44.7%
C alifornia41.3%
Arkansas42.6%
Wyoming46.6%
Kentucky41.6%
C olorado46.0%
Michigan44.8%
Alabama46.6%
Montana43.1%
Missouri42.6%
G eorgia43.3%
Nevada43.7%
Arizona45.3%
Oregon42.7%
Kansas46.6% Virginia
41.5%
Indiana46.0%
Florida45.2%
Maine48.1%
Illinois42.0%
Idaho43.9%
Ohio46.1%
Texas42.2%
Iowa44.1%
Utah34.4%
32.1% 52.4%
Alaska45.4%
Hawaii43.6%
S tate A verage = 43.4%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Workforce Indicators*California, Louisiana, and New Mexico: Q4 2012 data were unavailable, so Q42011 data were subs tuted.**No data: Massachuse s
Test stability
Update data and re-evaluate state/national comparisons
Focus on economic impact
55
NEXT STEPS
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THANK YOU