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The High Renaissance and Early Mannerism, 1494–1564
CIV 101-03April 15, 2015
The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State• Eventually, we get Europe out of this mess.• For the time being, they just fight with each other, often.
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
• Demographics, Prosperity, and the Beginning of a Global World– Population growth; more urban population– Higher standard of living for middle class– Private financing of wars
• Global Encounters: The First European Explorers– Let’s not forget how very difficult this was
Latitude and Longitude
• Latitude (north/south)… altitude of the sun at noon, (or stars and the horizon) charted (on a table) for the day in the calendar.–Mostly easy to do.– Had been available for a long time.
• Longitude (east/west) was a different problem. – One had to know the TIME (accurately) at a fixed
position, compared to the time on at one’s place. Then calculations could compute longitudinal location.
– Tough to do on a ship in this period, as no clocks ran right on board.
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude and Longitude
• Early solutions were complex calculations based on the night time sky and the movements of planets.
• Navigationally, “solved” it by “running down a westing/easting”…. they followed a known route to the latitude of their target landing, then turned and headed (east or west) right toward it. Easy to do when you knew where you were going. Not so good when discovering a new (uncharted) world.
• By the early 1700s, governments offered (large) prizes, looking for solutions.
• 1766-67… relatively accurate lunar distance method (with published charts for calculations)
• 1773 . . . John Harrison for a sea worthy timepiece… (chronometer)
Latitude and Longitude
• So think about that: we are in 1494–1564.• Longitude is not solved until after 1766.• ALL OF THE EARLY EXPLORING WAS
DONE WITHOUT LONGITUDE.– This is a primary reason why so many• Got lost and died.• Ran out of provisions and died before they got there.
Latitude and Longitude
• Finally, this quest pushed chronography forward by leaps and bounds.
• Real time pieces will soon follow.
Latitude and Longitude
Technologies– Sailing• Magnetic compass, astrolabe, understanding of winds
and currents, the galley
–Warfare• Cannon, arsenals, and foundries
–Medical developments• Esp. anatomical drawings
– Lenses/Telescope– Technical drawings– Building and such• Crank and rod/winches• Better scaffolding
Man vs. Man
• Humanism vs. Spiritualism• Humanism vs. Mannerism• Secularism vs. Religion• Classicism vs. Neoclassicism• Essentially, the rise of the individual– And soon enough… religion against religion
And of course: the Art
http://www.wga.hu/tours/sistina/index1.html
Oh.. And also
• The violin.• The guitar.• And the beginnings of modern TONAL music – Tonal music is based on a fixed tone scale–Modal music (that came before) is based on NOT
fixed scales (a set over here, another over there, in repeating patterns)
– Atonal music is based on NOT scales at all (sets of sounds, only in relative relation to each other).
