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The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? Center for Legislative Archives www.archives.gov/legislative/resources Worksheet 1: Contrasting the Historical Context of the Great Society and the New Deal Instructions: Read the following summaries and draw from them to answer the questions that follow. 1. The New Deal In his March 4, 1933 Inaugural Address, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called for “a New Deal for the American people.” The nation was devastated by the Great Depression with banking paralyzed by a national crisis, the economy shattered, and unemployment at historically high levels. Roosevelt called Congress immediately in to session, and within the first 100 days it passed fifteen major programs that fundamentally changed American politics and the economy. Unemployment relief, banking reform, programs to boost agriculture, programs to reorganize industry, and programs to create jobs through public works spending quickly gained approval. The Tennessee Valley Authority was created to construct hydroelectric dams and spur the economic development of one of the nation’s poorest regions. A host of “alphabetical agencies” were created to bring relief to hard-hit people and to extend government oversight to a wide variety of issues. For example, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration led agricultural reform, the National Industrial Recovery Administration exercised authority over businesses, the Civilian Conservation Corps provided jobs and career training for unemployed young people, while the Public Works Administration created public works jobs. In President Roosevelt’s first term in office, the New Deal primarily addressed the immediate consequences of the Great Depression. During his second term, however, the “Second New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to form unions (The Wagner Act), and unsuccessfully attempting to create a system of national health insurance (under the proposed, but not passed, Wagner National Health Act, 1939). The New Deal transformed many aspects of American life, but did not significantly advance the cause of African American civil rights. 2. The Great Society Despite the fact that the mid-1960s were a period of unprecedented prosperity and affluence for many Americans, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared that the time had come for America to eliminate poverty by attacking its causes. He used the term “Great Society” in his January, 1965 State of the Union Address to set a goal for the nation and to signal his intention to use the resources of the federal government to improve the living conditions and opportunities for disadvantaged Americans. Working with the 89 th Congress (1965- 67), Johnson proposed 115 pieces of legislation, and Congress passed 89 of them. A few examples demonstrate the wide ranging assault launched against

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Page 1: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

Worksheet1:ContrastingtheHistoricalContextoftheGreatSocietyandtheNewDeal

Instructions:Readthefollowingsummariesanddrawfromthemtoanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

1. TheNewDealInhisMarch4,1933InauguralAddress,PresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltcalledfor“aNewDealfortheAmericanpeople.”ThenationwasdevastatedbytheGreatDepressionwithbankingparalyzedbyanationalcrisis,theeconomyshattered,andunemploymentathistoricallyhighlevels.RooseveltcalledCongressimmediatelyintosession,andwithinthefirst100daysitpassedfifteenmajorprogramsthatfundamentallychangedAmericanpoliticsandtheeconomy.Unemploymentrelief,bankingreform,programstoboostagriculture,programstoreorganizeindustry,andprogramstocreatejobsthroughpublicworksspendingquicklygainedapproval.TheTennesseeValleyAuthoritywascreatedtoconstructhydroelectricdamsandspurtheeconomicdevelopmentofoneofthenation’spoorestregions.Ahostof“alphabeticalagencies”werecreatedtobringrelieftohard-hitpeopleandtoextendgovernmentoversighttoawidevarietyofissues.Forexample,theAgriculturalAdjustmentAdministrationledagriculturalreform,theNationalIndustrialRecoveryAdministrationexercisedauthorityoverbusinesses,theCivilianConservationCorpsprovidedjobsandcareertrainingforunemployedyoungpeople,whilethePublicWorksAdministrationcreatedpublicworksjobs.InPresidentRoosevelt’sfirstterminoffice,theNewDealprimarilyaddressedtheimmediateconsequencesoftheGreatDepression.Duringhissecondterm,however,the“SecondNewDeal”sawthepassageoflegislationcreatingoldagepensions(TheSocialSecurityAct),protectingoftherightsofworkerstoformunions(TheWagnerAct),andunsuccessfullyattemptingtocreateasystemofnationalhealthinsurance(undertheproposed,butnotpassed,WagnerNationalHealthAct,1939).TheNewDealtransformedmanyaspectsofAmericanlife,butdidnotsignificantlyadvancethecauseofAfricanAmericancivilrights.

2. TheGreatSociety

Despitethefactthatthemid-1960swereaperiodofunprecedentedprosperityandaffluenceformanyAmericans,PresidentLyndonB.JohnsondeclaredthatthetimehadcomeforAmericatoeliminatepovertybyattackingitscauses.Heusedtheterm“GreatSociety”inhisJanuary,1965StateoftheUnionAddresstosetagoalforthenationandtosignalhisintentiontousetheresourcesofthefederalgovernmenttoimprovethelivingconditionsandopportunitiesfordisadvantagedAmericans.Workingwiththe89thCongress(1965-67),Johnsonproposed115piecesoflegislation,andCongresspassed89ofthem.Afewexamplesdemonstratethewiderangingassaultlaunchedagainst

Page 2: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

conditionsthatcontributedtopovertyandshowhowtheGreatSocietyprovidedprogramstoassistneedypeopleatallstagesoflife.TheHeadStartprogramprovidedpre-schooleducationandnutrition.TheHigherEducationActprovidedfederalsupportforeducationbyincreasingandimprovingresourcesathighereducationinstitutionsandprovidingfinancialassistancetostudentsinpostsecondaryeducation.TheEconomicOpportunityActledthewaronpovertythroughtheactionsofavarietyofeducational,trainingandemploymentagencies,andtheJobCorpstrainedunemployedworkers.TheMedicareprogramexpandedSocialSecuritytoprovidehealthinsurancefortheelderly.Inaddition,theAppalachianRegionalDevelopmentActdirectedfederalresourcestodeveloponeofthepoorestregionsofthecountry.TheGreatSocietyalsoadvancedcivilrights.TheVotingRightsActof1965protectedtherightsofAfricanAmericansfromrace-basedobstructionstovoting—expandingtheprotectionsagainstracialdiscriminationcontainedintheCivilRightsActof1964.

Questions:

1. HowweretheoveralleconomicconditionsinthenationdifferentatthestartoftheNewDealandatthestartoftheGreatSociety?

2. Whatviewoftheroleofgovernmentinsocietydidthetwoinitiativeshaveincommon?

3. WhatareasofsocietyweresuccessfullyaddressedbytheGreatSocietybutnotaccomplishedbytheNewDeal?

Page 3: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

Worksheet2:UnscramblingNewDealandGreatSocietyProgramsandLegislation

Instructions:LabeltheprogramsandlegislationlistedintheleftcolumnaseitherNewDealorGreatSocietyandbrieflydescribewhatitdid.(RefertothehistoricalcontextsummariesthatyoureadinthepreviousWorksheettosupportyouranswers.)

ScrambledTableofPrograms

Programs LabeleachitemeitherNewDeal(ND)orGreatSociety(GS)andbrieflytellwhatitdid

TheVotingRightsAct

SocialSecurityAct

CivilianConservationCorps

AppalachianRegionalDevelopmentAct

TennesseeValleyAuthorityAct

EconomicOpportunityAct

Medicare

TheJobCorps

AgriculturalAdjustmentAct

HeadStart

Page 4: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

Worksheet3:ContrastingtheNewDealandtheGreatSociety

Instructions:Readthefollowingtable.NotethatitlistsafewmajortopicsaddressedbylegislationcreatedduringtheNewDealandtheGreatSocietyprograms.CompletethetablebywritinginthenamesofappropriateexamplesofNewDealorGreatSocietylegislation.YoucanrefertothesummaryfoundonWorksheet1forclues.Note:TheNewDealandGreatSocietyaddressedmanymoreprogramsthanareincludedonthislist.

NewDealLegislationthatAddressedtheFollowingTopics(Notenotalltopicswereaddressedbyboth)

GreatSocietyLegislationthatAddressedtheFollowingTopics(Notenotalltopicswereaddressedbyboth)

Regionaldevelopment

Regionaldevelopment

Agriculturalresponsetoeconomicdepression

Agriculturalresponsetoeconomicdepression

OldAgeBenefits

OldAgeBenefits

CreatingJobs

CreatingJobs

CivilRights

CivilRights

HigherEducation

HigherEducation

Massunemployment

Massunemployment

Trainingyoungpeopleforcareers

Trainingyoungpeopleforcareers

Page 5: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

Worksheet4:MatchingPrimarySourcestotheirEraofCreation

Instructions:IdentifyeachofthefollowingprimarysourcesasanillustrationofeithertheNewDealorGreatSociety.

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

Page 6: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

NewDealorGreatSociety?Why?

ImageSources

1.OlderAmericansAct:http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/item/1672.CCCworkers:https://www.lib.uidaho.edu/digital/cccidaho/items/cccidaho105.html3.TVAposter,NAID515880:http://catalog.archives.gov/id/5158804.AppalachianRegionalDevelopmentAct:http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/item/515.LadyBirdJohnsonandtheHeadStartprogram,NAID2803423:http://catalog.archives.gov/id/28034236.PWAconstruction,NAID196781:http://catalog.archives.gov/id/1967817.JobCorpstraining,NAID7005130:http://catalog.archives.gov/id/70051308.VotingRightsAct:http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/item/198

Page 7: The Great Society: Extending the New Deal? · New Deal” saw the passage of legislation creating old age pensions (The Social Security Act), protecting of the rights of workers to

TheGreatSociety:ExtendingtheNewDeal?CenterforLegislativeArchives

www.archives.gov/legislative/resources

Worksheet5:ReflectionQuestions

Instructions:Answerthefollowingquestions.CluestothesequestionsarescatteredthroughoutthelessonWorksheets.Eachquestioncanhavemorethanonecorrectanswer.Notethatextendinghastwomeanings:toprolongintimeandtoexpandinsizeorimpact.Asyouanswereachofthefollowingquestions,considerinwhichwayitreferstotheideathattheNewDealwasextendedbytheGreatSociety.

1. HowdidtheGreatSocietyextendtheSocialSecuritylegislationcreatedundertheNewDeal?

2. SelectonepieceofGreatSocietyLegislationthatextendedtheNewDealbycreatinglegislationthataddressedissuesthattheNewDealdidnottackle.Howdidthislegislation–althoughanewgovernmentinitiative–extendtheNewDealinSpirit?

3. BasedontheworkyoucompletedinthisWorksheet,howdidboththeNewDealandtheGreatSocietychangetheroleofgovernment?

4. Overall,didtheGreatSocietyextendtheNewDealorisitmoreaccuratetothinkofitasadistinctsetofchangesintheroleofgovernment?


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