The great proponent (supporter) of capitalism who wrote the Wealth of Nations was

Adam Smith

Lord Liverpool

Arthur Thistlewood

William Pitt the Younger

Sir Robert Peel

His name was connected with Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism

Nicholas I

George IV

Charles X

Louis Philippe

Alexander I

The appointment of this Ultraroyalist minister by Charles X caused French liberals to begin to consider revolution and to open negotiations with the more liberal Orléans branch of the Royal Family.

Jean Maximilien Lamarque

Marquis de Lafayette

Louis Philippe

Prince de Polignac

In 1821, this royalist general seized power, pushed out the Spanish and proclaimed himself emperor of Mexico. He was a poor administrator, however, and was deposed in 1824 by his fellow Creoles, who proclaimed a Mexican Republic.

Jose Pavon

Bernardo O’Higgens

Simon Bolivar

Augustin de Iturbide

Burschenschaften were student associations which

distrusted liberalism and both feared and hated Enlightenment ideas

opposed the ideas of Edmund Burke

supported the ideas of Adam Smith

laid foundations for a change in loyalty from the old provinces to a united German State.

They were Europeans born in the new world who wanted to displace the Europeans born in Spain and thereby control the wealth of the Americas – and not share with the lower classes of people

Penninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Maroons

Louis XVIII’s spirit of compromise did not sit well with the elites who had suffered during the revolution. They found a champion and rallying point in the king’s younger brother, __________, the Count of Artois.

Charles

As we read in the last chapter, these angry elites carried out the White Terror against former revolutionaries and supporters of Napoleon and Louis was unable to stop them. They were called:

Ultraroyalists

The Spanish Revolution of 1820 and a revolution in Naples the same year (both of which forced their rulers to accept constitutions)caused Metternich to convene the members of the Quadruple Alliance at the

Congress of Troppau

Congress of Vienna

Congress of Liabach

which only issued a protocol that asserted that stable governments might intervene to restore order in countries undergoing revolutions

In 1815, Parliament passed a __________ (in Oxford English, this word means all grains) to maintain high prices for domestic grain by levying import duties on foreign grain. The next year, Parliament abolished the income tax that only the _________ paid and replaced it with an excise (______) tax on consumer goods paid by both the wealthy and the poor. These laws showed that the British ruling class had abandoned their role as paternalistic protectors of the poor and the taxpaying class was no better in that they wanted the repeal of the __________ which provided relief to the poor and jobless.

Corn Law

wealthy sale

s

Poor Law

In 1820, the German Confederation passed

the _____________ which limited the subjects

that could be discussed in constitutional

assemblies.

Corn Law

Final Act

Four Ordinances

Great Reform Bill

Nationalism and liberalism were often

____________ because ________________

government and liberal notions of _________

often helped nationalists seeking freedom

win the support of liberals in France and

Great Britain. This compromise was

adopted by many nationalists in Germany,

Italy and the ________________.

compatible

representative equalit

y

Austrian Empire

This –ism was the single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century

Liberalism

Conservatism

Nationalism

Romanticism

Empiricism

In 1830, Charles X tried to effect a coup d’ état in which he restricted freedom of the press, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, limited the franchise (right to vote) to the wealthiest people in France and called for new elections in his:

Four Ordinances

Great Reform Bill

New Charter

Organic Statute

In late 1822, the five members of the Quintuple Alliance met in Verona in northern Italy. It would be the last meeting of the alliance members (but not the end of the congress system) and its primary purpose was to resolve the situation in ____________.

France

Italy

Spain

Poland

In 1827, Russia, Great Britain and France signed the Treaty of London which demandedthat the Ottoman Turks recognize Greek independence.

In 1830, a second Treaty of London declared that Greece

was an independent kingdom.

In 1832, the son of the king of Bavaria was elected king of the Hellenes. He was

Otto I

The Polish revolt in 1830 took its genesis from what happened in _________six months earlier. France

Louis XVIII was willing to rule as a constitutional monarch but Charles X believed in the Divine Right of Kings

Supporters of Charles X who were more royal than the king were called

Ultraroyalists

He believed that change must be by consensus and condemned radical revolutionaries and the anarchy that resulted from the French Revolution but approved of the consensus in the American Revolution.

William Pitt the Younger

Edmund Burke

John Locke

Daniel O’Connell

Louis XVIII was a realist who knew that he

could not turn back the clock. So he agreed to

become a monarch but under a constitution,

called the ________________ This provided for a

hereditary monarchy and bicameral (two

house) legislature. The king appointed the

upper house, or __________________, modeled of

the British ______________. The lower house or

Chamber of Deputies was elected by

________________.

Charter of 1814

Chamber of PeersHouse of

Lordsmen of property

This idea stresses the importance of liberty and equal rights.

Liberalism

Conservatism

Nationalism

Romanticism

Empiricism

After an unruly meeting by the poor and unemployed in 1816 at Spa Fields in London,

a sans-culottes rebellion broke out in many English cities and industrial areas.

the poor law was passed by Parliament

the poor law failed to pass Parliament

the government passed the Coercion Acts of 1817 which temporarily suspended writs of habeas corpus

Which of the following did the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 not do?

Dissolve the Burschenschaften

Crack down on the liberal press

abolish the income tax that only the wealthy paid and replaced it with an excise (sales) tax on consumer goods

Seriously restrict academic freedom in many states of the German Confederation

They were runaway slaves who established local communities and raided slave plantations; they played a key role in the Haitian slave uprising

Penninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Maroons

His Two Treatises of Government (1690) became the foundation of liberal ideology and in it he maintained that in the past people had given up their political rights to rulers in order to promote the common good. He stressed that although people had granted political rights to kings and elites, the people still retained their personal rights of life, liberty and _________.

John Locke

property

After the Congress of Vienna, this Prussian King promised to allow some form of constitutional government. But he formally reneged on his pledge in 1817. Then, he created a New Council of State which was more efficient – and answerable to the him alone.

Wilhelm I

Frederick the Great

Frederick William II

Frederick William III

Between 1804 and 1813, this Serbian patriot led a guerrilla war against the Ottoman Turks which was called the First Serbian Uprising. Nevertheless, it failed to win Serbian freedom.

Filiki Eteria

Kara George

Muhammad Ali

Miloš Obrenovitch

This Creole priest rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against the Spanish. He also terrified the Creoles when he called for a revolutionary-government, which would redistribute wealth, give equality to the peasants, and return of land stolen from the indigenous peoples. The Creoles executed him in 1811.

Simon Bolivar

Augustin de Iturbide,

Jose Pavon

Miguel de Hidalgo

After 1820, electoral laws giving wealthy electors two votes, the imposition of press censorship, the mass arrests of those suspected of dangerous political activity and the Catholic Church being given control of all secondary education happened because:

Louis XVIII was assassinated.

Ultraroyalists convinced the king of the danger of liberal politicians.

the new king, Louis Philippe, was terrified of the Bougeoisie.

This –ism stresses that citizenship in a nation-state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group.

Liberalism

Conservatism

Nationalism

Romanticism

Empiricism

In 1814, an organization called the __________ was founded to liberate the Greeks. Revolts broke out in 1821and the Greeks were initially successful. But in1825, the Ottomans, with aid from _______________ of Egypt, retook much of the Greek mainland. But then, after much deliberation, Russia, Great Britain and France, decided that military intervention was in their best interest. They sent ships and in 1827 destroyed an Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at the __________________. Then French troops landed on the mainland and by 1828 had liberated most of central Greece.

Filiki Eteria

Muhammad Ali

Battle of Navarino

Two months after the passage of the Six Acts in 1819, the Cato Street Conspiracy was uncovered, led by a mentally unstable man named:

George Canning

Arthur Thistlewood

Henry Hunt

John Cartwright

At the Congress of Verona, Great Britain

balked at intervention in _______. The British

foreign minister, _________________, was not

sympathetic at all to Metternich’s goals and

effectively withdrew Great Britain from

continental affairs. _________________________,

however, agreed to support a French military

intervention in Spain which took place in 1823,

suppressing the rebellion and restoring

______________ to power.

Spain

George Canning

Austria, Prussia and Russia

Ferdinand VII

This father of Liberalism championed legislative government (as opposed to monarchy) because he felt that a legislature embodied the will of the people.

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Edmund Burke

Adam Smith

When Poland rebelled in 1830 and tried to

depose the tsar, ____________ issued the

________________ which proclaimed Poland an

integral part of the Russian Empire. Although

it supposedly guaranteed Polish liberties, the

Russians ignored them and the tsar made

Russia the _____________________, ready to

supply troops to suppress

_____________________ movements.

Nicholas IOrganic

Statute

Gendarme of Europe liberal or nationalist

This ideology arose in response to the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. Its adherents viewed society as an organism that changes (or ought to change) very slowly over the generations.

Mercantilism

Conservatism

Nationalism

Liberalism

Nineteenth century liberals

wanted to extend liberties to the peasant and urban working classes

opposed the ideas of John Locke

opposed the ideas of Adam Smith

believed in advancement in society based on talent and achievement but did not favor full democracy.

In 1815, this Serbian leader began the Second Serbian Uprising. In 1817, he was defeated by the Ottomans but gained partial autonomy for most of Serbia. In 1830, he became head of an independent Serbia

Filiki Eteria

Kara George

Muhammad Ali

Miloš Obrenovitch

When fighting Napoleon, Russian officers learned about

the French Revolution and the Enlightenment

As a result they wantedan end to serfdom, representative government and even Constitutional Monarchy

In the confusion that followed Alexander I’s death, some junior army officers launched a revolt called the Decembrist Revolt

In spite of the strong contrast in motivation and economics, the leaders of the American and French Revolutions used the liberal philosophy of this treatise of John Locke to justify the armed overthrow of tyrannical rule.

Leviathan

The Wealth of Nations

Ninety Five Theses

Two Treatises of Government

Their goal was to establish free trade and abolish the economic restraints of regulated economies. They were opposed to established wages and laws protecting the laboring class because they saw them as simply one more commodity that could be bought and sold.

John Cartwright and Henry Hunt

Nineteenth Century Conservatives

Economic Nationalists

Nineteenth Century Liberals

When Ethnic Nationalists were a _________,

they usually wanted their own ethnic group

to dominate others, as it was with the

__________ in Hungary. But when Ethnic

nationalists were a __________, however,

they usually struggled for political equality.

But in either case, once freedom was

achieved, ethnic minorities had no

intention of establishing _________ political

institutions.

majority

Magyars

minority

liberal

In spite of Edmund Burke, nineteenth century

_________________ generally distrusted

representative government fearing an attack

on their property and influence in society.

Liberals

Conservatives

Nationalists

Revolutionaries

Lord Liverpool and the Tories sought to protect the interests of the wealthy and landed classes by persuading Parliament to pass a (the) _____________ to maintain high prices for domestic grain by levying import duties on foreign grain.

Corn Law

Final Act

Four Ordinances

Great Reform Bill

A liberal who no longer works though government and society to achieve change but demands immediate and often violent change in a short period is called a:

Revolutionary

A Conservative who no longer believes in change, moderated by reason and sensible thinking but comes to believe in no political change whatsoever is called a

Reactionary

Of all the victors over Napoleon and the ideas of the French Revolution, this nation could not make any compromises with nationalism or liberalism because both were already inspiring various national and ethnic groups to demand independence.

Russia

Prussia

Austria

Great Britain

By 1819 the lower classes in England were again demanding reform. In a field outside of _____________, a well-organized meeting resulted in tragedy at __________________. As the meeting was beginning, a magistrate ordered the militia to disperse the crowd. The result was mass confusion and the deaths of at least eleven people. The event came to be called the _________ Massacre, which was a sarcastic pun of Wellington’s victory at Waterloo. Even though the tragedy was the result of incompetent local officials, the _________ government felt they must defend the officials; and take harsh measures to act once and for all against the radicals.

Manchester Saint Peter’s

Fields

Peterloo

Liverpool

Inspired by George Washington, he began the rebellion against Spain in 1811. Like Washington, the early days of the rebellion were difficult with many setbacks. But in 1819 he assembled an army that surprised and crushed the Spanish in Colombia and quickly freed what is today Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Jose Pavon

Bernardo O’Higgens

Simon Bolivar

Augustin de Iturbide

At the Congress of Vienna, the victors and later France agreed to consult with each other on matters affecting Europe. This was done through a series of congresses but soon became informal consultations between nations. This new arrangement was known as

Protocol of Troppau

The Quadruple Alliance

The Quintuple Alliance

The Concert of Europe

He assassinated a conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue, who had ridiculed the Burschenschaften. He was tried, publically executed and became a nationalist hero and martyr.

Karl August von Hardenberg

George Canning

Henry Hunt

Karl Sand

In1791 on the island of Saint Dominique, a civil war broke out between the white settlers and the Gens de Couleur but the conflict took an unexpected and violent turn of events when a Voodoo priest, _____________, organized a slave revolt.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Toussaint L’Overture

Boukman

Louis Philippe

Serbia’s special protector was

The Ottoman Empire

Austria

Prussia

Great Britain

Russia

When the English poor and unemployed began to lose confidence after the Corn Law was passed in 1815, they demanded change. Mass meetings demanding reform became commonplace and republican clubs were organized to coordinate these demands and radical newspapers like the Political Register of:

William Cobbett

Arthur Thistlewood

George Canning

The Decembrists

What was the Eastern Question?

What should European powers do about the Ottoman inability to change

and grow technologically

What did Russia and Austria want in regards to the Ottoman Empire?

Russia wanted to conquer Constantinople and the Balkan portion of the Ottoman EmpireAustria also wanted to occupy as much Balkan territory as possible at Ottoman Expense.

Which of the following did not happen because of the Charter of 1814?

The rights enumerated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789 were reaffirmed.

The Catholic Church became the official religion of France.

Aristocrats were allowed to reclaim their land lost in 1789 – or not restored to them by Napoleon.

When _____________ was restored to the

Spanish throne in 1814, he pledged to govern

Spain by a written constitution. But once in

power, he ignored his promise, dissolved the

Spanish parliament (or _______) and ruled as

an autocrat. In 1820, army officers, about to

be sent to Spain’s colonies in order to

suppress _________________, rebelled against

the king in the ___________________________.

Ferdinand VII

Cortes

Creole rebellions

Spanish Revolution of 1820

In I825, these Russian army officers were the first to lead a rebellion for political goals in modern Russian history - and they became martyrs for the cause of constitutional government in Russia.

Intelligentsia

Nationalist Brotherhood

Decembrists

Ultraroyalists

The Congress of Troppau stopped short of authorizing direct Austrian intervention in Italian uprisings but authorization was obtained in 1821 at the ____________________ after which Austrian troops quickly attacked Naples and restored the king and his absolutist government.

Congress of Vienna

Diet of Rome

Congress of Liabach

London Conference

Miguel de Hidalgo and his peasant/Mestizo rebellion was, after Hidalgo’s execution, succeeded by this Mestizo priest, who was far more radical and extended the rebellion until 1815, when he was captured and executed.

Jose Pavon

Bernardo O’Higgens

Simon Bolivar

Augustin de Iturbide

It has been said that __________________, by supporting the Monroe Doctrine, finally won the War of Jenkins’ Ear of 1739 the underlying cause of which was Great Britain’s trying to break Spain’s economic monopoly with her colonies.

Lord Liverpool

Viscount Castlereagh

Sir Robert Peel

George Canning

The only successful slave revolt in history took place on the French island of

Saint Dominique

The great hero of the slaves and maroons wasToussaint L’Overture

On Saint Dominique, free people of color who usually toiled their own small farms, sometimes with a few slaves, were called

Gens de Couleur

He was the son of the King of Portugal and the first emperor of Brazil.

Pedro

Ferdinand

Jose de San Martin

Augustin de Iturbide

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Alexander I of Russia was succeeded by his brother:

Constantine

Peter

Alexis

Nicholas

Ivan