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The Great Mosque, Mali Buddhist Monks

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Explains the unexplained System of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. Explains how people SHOULD behave. Constitutes as culture

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Universalizing Appeal to people everywhere Individual founder (prophet) Message diffused widely (missionaries) Followers distributed widely. Holidays based on events in founders life. Seek converts Ethnic Has meaning in particular place only. Unknown source. Content focused on place and landscape of origin. Followers highly clustered. Holidays based on local climate and agricultural practice. Not seeking converts

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Christianity Islam Buddhism

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Africa South America tribes (native religions) Native American Judaism as well Hinduism (not actively seeking converts) Creates pockets of Hinduism

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Zoroastrianism (SW Asia 3500 years ago.) The First Monotheistic Religion

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Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam is divided into three groups. 1) Branch- A large and fundamental division within a religion. Ex: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox 2)Denomination-Division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. Ex: Lutheran (of Protestant branch) 3) Sect- a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination (Missouri Synod or Evangelical) of the Lutheran Denomination.

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1 billion + adherents Originated in Saudi Arabia (Mecca and Medina) around AD 600. Spread originally by Muslim armies to N. Africa, and the Near East.

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Sunni (83%) - throughout the Muslim world. More liberal b/c people following the example of Muhammad. Shiite (16%) - Iran (30%), Pakistan (15%), Iraq (10%): More fundamental Shiite comprise of 90% of population in Iran.

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Second largest religion in the world Worlds largest dominantly Islamic state is Indonesia Adoption of Sharia Law, fundamental Islam is growing.

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Five Pillars of Islam There is one God and Muhammad is his messenger. Prayer five times daily, facing Mecca. The giving of alms(charity) to the poor. Fasting during Ramadan for purification and submission. If body and income allow, a Muslim must make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca in his lifetime. Islamic Calender Begins in AD 622 when Muhammad was commanded to Mecca from Medina (Hijra). Lunar calendar makes Ramadan move through the seasons (30 year cycle - 19 years with 354 days and 11 with 355). Reading the Koran, Brunei Prophet: Muhammad Holy Text: Koran

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Prophet: Muhammad; Can NOT be depicted in picture form. Is disrespectful Holy Text: Koran

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Islam is considered the fastest growing religion in America. Only a small part of this growth is from black Muslims and the Nation of Islam.

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Certain practices or institutions should exist separately from religion or religious belief.

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Animism (Shamanism) - the belief that all objects, animals, and beings are animated or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman. Such beliefs are common among hunter- gatherers. 10% of Africans follow such traditional ethnic religions. These beliefs are losing ground to Christianity and Islam throughout Africa. Nigerian Shaman

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Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. All things connect. ~ Chief Seattle Bear Dance

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Semetic 4000 Yrs ago-Nomadic Peoples Teachings of Abraham-Covenenant Moses 18 million adherants Orthodox-More Conservative

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Zionism: Seeks a homeland for the Jewish people. Diaspora of the Jews resulted from the Roman Destruction of Jerusalem Ashkenazim and Sephardim The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is the site of Jesuss Tomb (Jerusalem).

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Pilgrimage: when adherents travel to a religious site to pay respects. Jerusalem

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Wailing Wall-Destruction of Jewish temples Temple Mount-Abrahams Sacrifice Church of the Holy Sepulchre Outside of Jerusalem walls is where Jesus was crucified.

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Division between state politics and religious belief.

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Rabbi Kahane: Jewish Extremists

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Animism (Shamanism) - the belief that all objects, animals, and beings are animated or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman. Such beliefs are common among hunter- gatherers. 10% of Africans follow such traditional ethnic religions. These beliefs are losing ground to Christianity and Islam throughout Africa. Nigerian Shaman

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Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. All things connect. ~ Chief Seattle Bear Dance

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Over 4000 years old No single founder Unknown specific origin thought Harappa and Mohenjo Daro thought to be the area where first practiced. Pakistan no longer Hindu

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900 million + adherents primarily in India Hinduism is an ancient term for the complex and diverse set of religious beliefs practiced around the Indus River. Reincarnation - endless cycles. Karma Coastlines and river banks most sacred sites. Vishnu and Shiva most common of hundreds of deities. Though Brahma lead Deity.

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Monotheism: The belief in a single deity Polytheism: The belief in multiple deities. Hinduism?-Brahman

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Vedas

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Karma-transferability of the soul Reincarnation-seeks union with Brahman

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Supports the Caste SystemCaste System Other religions Modernization Equal distribution Of wealth -Mahatma Gandhi

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Lord Vishnu Dancing Shiva/Nataraj Ganesh

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Bali was a refuge for Hinduism because nearby Java, Indonesia was engulfed by Islam Also spread because of transportation of Indian workers during the colonial era.

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300 million + adherents primarily in China and S.E. Asia Spread originally in India and Sri Lanka by Magadhan Empire (250 BC). Indian traders brought it to China in 1st century AD. By 6th century it had lost its hold on India, but was now in Korea and Japan.

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Originated near modern Nepal/India around 530 BC by prince Siddhartha Guatama. Later known as Buddha or Enlightened One Spoke out against Hindu Caste System

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Four Noble Truths: 1. All living beings must endure suffering. 2. Suffering, which is caused by desires (for life), leads to reincarnation. 3. The goal of existence is an escape from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation by means of Nirvana. 4. Nirvana is achieved by the Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of understanding, mindfulness, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and concentration. Theravada - the older, more severe form which requires the renouncing of all worldly goods and desires. Mahayana - focuses on Buddhas teachings and compassion. Karma - your past bad or good actions determine your progress toward Nirvana through reincarnation. You are your own God.

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Thrives in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia Tibetan Buddhism=Lamaism Universalizing religion- Not Cultural/Ethnic Pagoda Stupa

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Originated in China where 13 texts were the major focus of education for 2,000 years. Was suppressed and banned under Communist rule from 1949-present Feng-Shui & Geomancers

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Semetic 4000 Yrs ago-Nomadic Peoples Teachings of Abraham-Covenenant Moses 18 million adherants Orthodox-More Conservative

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Zionism: Seeks a homeland for the Jewish people. Diaspora of the Jews resulted from the Roman Destruction of Jerusalem Ashkenazim and Sephardim The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is the site of Jesuss Tomb (Jerusalem).

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Pilgrimage: when adherents travel to a religious site to pay respects. Jerusalem

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Division between state politics and religious belief.

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Rabbi Kahane: Jewish Extremists

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Vote to Partition Palestine was taken by the United Nations.

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Sikhism is a compromise religion of Hinduism and Islam (modern day Pakistan) Have gurus No strict definition of God Salvation through discipline and meditation Nanek

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2 billion adherents make it most practiced in the world. Originated in Bethlehem (8-4 BC) and Jerusalem (AD 30) with Jesus Christ. Spread by missionaries and the Roman Empire (Constantine A.D. 313). It is the most practiced religion in Africa today.

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Largest sect of Christianity Spread to Americas by Spain

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Sacred Spaces Sites of special religious significance (experiences, events) Hallowed grounds that are preserved across generations For believers, places endowed with divine meaning Paha Sapa Kin Wiyopeya Unkiyapi kte sni yelo!! We never sold the Black Hills!! (Lakota expression)

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Shrine at Lourdes, southern France Cathedral at Chartres, France

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Methodist- Congregationalist (Protestant) church, southwest Quebec, Canada St. Basils (Russian Orthodox), Red Square, Moscow

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Mid-City Cemetery New Orleans Recoleto Cemetery Buenos Aires

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Jewish cemetery, Chicago Temple Beth El (1973), Bloomington Hills, Mich. Synagogue, Jewish quarter, Prague (13 th century) Western (Wailing) Wall, Jerusalem

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Buddhist stupa, Thailand (Hemispherical shape is typical, but different forms of Buddhism use differing types and levels of ornamentation.) Statue of Buddha

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Hindu temple, Northern India Taj Mahal (Agra, India) Islamic mausoleum Hindu cremation ceremony, India

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Friday prayers, Grand Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia: The Hajj

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Memorial Spaces How similar to, and how different from, sacred space?

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Memorial Spaces Monuments, memorials, shrines, museums, and preserved sites used to commemorate and sanctify the past From D. Alderman (2000): Public commemoration is a socially directed process: before historical events and figures can be regarded as memorable, people must judge them worthy of remembrance and have the influence to get others to agree. Places of memory make history visible and tangible. Memorial sites shape how we interpret and value the past. Memorial landscapes are in a constant state of redefinition as governments rise and fall, as the heritage and cultural tourism industry continues to expand, and as marginalized populations seek public recognition. From O. Dwyer (2000): The narrative content of these memorials reflects the types of archival materials that survive, the intentions of their producers, and contemporary politics regarding [historical events]. In turn, through their symbolic power and the large number of visitors who travel to them, these landscapes play a role in contemporary Americas... politics.

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Wailing Wall-Destruction of Jewish temples Temple Mount-Abrahams Sacrifice Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Golgotha where Jesus was crucified.

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Syncretism - the mixing of two or more religions that creates unique rituals, artwork, and beliefs. Examples include syncretism of Christianity and indigenous beliefs in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Caribbean Voodoo (Haiti, Louisiana) Christianity in Indigenous Latin American READ SHINTOISM PASSAGE Voodoo Dolls, Haiti Shrine, Bangalore, India

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Syncretism in practice

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Christianity and Islam has failed to convert people in Africa who have previously belonged to a traditional religion. Though Eastern Orthodox survives in Ethiopia

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Secularization - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim no allegiance to any church. Some of these people are atheists. Others simply do not practice. Still others call themselves spiritual, but not religious. Common in Europe and the cities of the U.S. Common in former Soviet Union and China. READ RISE OF SECULARIZATION PASSAGE

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Fundamentalism - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim there is only one way to interpret worship. Fundamentalists generally envision a return to a more perfect religion and ethics they imagine existed in the past. Common in the U.S. and in some Islamic nations. READ RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM AND EXTREMISM

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The Big Question: Can secular society exist alongside traditional and fundamentalist religious sects and states? We are quick to notice fundamentalism abroad (i.e. Salman Rushdies death sentence by Shia clerics) and not so quick to recognize it at home (abortion clinic bombings; Southern Baptist Conventions calls for women to submit to their husbands authority). American evangelical Christianity and Islamic fundamentalism are the two most influential fundamentalist movements in the world. Fewer and fewer states are governed by an official church.

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Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox Linguistic differences Islam then introduced in Serbia Many INTERFAITH boundries Ex: Croats & Nazis genocide against Serbs Serbs ethnic cleansed the Bosnian Muslims

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Islam Vs. Christianity in Eritrea Has changed hands many times Linguistic differences

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Interfaith region After WWII, United Nations made borders for both groups. Israels building fence.

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Atheism discouraged religious practices in Soviet Union Islam tolerated in old but not young. Divide and Diminish plan used!

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