By: Stevenson Sakalian, Ryan Stults, John Spangler, and Noah Poser

Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States and served from 1929 to 1933. Only a short time after Hoover took office, the US stock market crashed, bringing the US economy down with it. This led to 23% of Americans being unemployed, forcing millions into

poverty. Hoover took action and introduced many key components to relief efforts. He instituted huge public construction programs that authorized $635 million for construction work. However, because of his conservative background he believed in a smaller federal government which led him to veto several bills that would have relieved many Americans

Hoovervilles Because of the rapid decline of the American economy, many Americans were pushed into hardship. Because of this people migrated around the country searching for affordable shelter. In turn, many built small communities called Hoovervilles, named after the President. Most structures were constructed from cardboard, glass, and tar. Some were holes dug into the ground with makeshift roofs over them.

Bonus Army Popular name of 43,000­17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups. They gathered in Washington, D.C. This was in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand cash­payment redemption of their service certificates.

Franklin Delanor Roosevelt FDR was the President from 1933­1945 (Democrat). He was the only president to have more than two terms. He created the New deal and its policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform. His first 100 days of office were very productive in creating acts to end the depression. They really helped America begin to recover.

Fireside chats They were night time radio broadcasts given by Roosevelt addressing the Nation and the new deal. Due to technology advances, most americans were able to listen into President Roosevelt's addresses. It was called the Fireside chat due to the night time show.

Brain Trust Members of a select group advising Roosevelt during his presidency. This group involved business owners. Also invol politicians, and professors.

Eleanor Roosevelt Wife of Franklin Roosevelt and First lady of the United

States. She was a strong civil rights activist, she fought for rights of african americans, which made her unpopular in parts

of the south. She was one of the most successful first ladies.

Black Tuesday On October 29, 1929, when panicked sellers traded nearly 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange. Black Tuesday is often cited as the beginning of the Great Depression.

21st Amendment Repealed the 18th amendment’s ban on liquor.

Beer and Wine Revenue Act Taxes put on all alcoholic beverages in an attempt to raise revenue for the Federal Government. It also gave States the option to regulate the distribution and sale of alcohol.

Roosevelt’s First One Hundred Days The First 100 days between Roosevelt’s inauguration. This period was very successful in creating new deal programs and starting to reform from the great depression.

Reconstruction Financing Corporation Branch of the US federal government, that gave financial support to state and local governments. They made loans to banks, railroad companies, mortgage associations and other private businesses.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration It met the needs of the poor. Building soup kitchens, giving blankets, and making employment centers.

Civilian Conservation Corps

The CCC employed men to work on environmental projects

such as natural parks, and send the money back home to

their families. This agency employed 2.5 million men, so

they could provide for their families.

Agricultural Adjustment

Administration

This agency set maximum prices to reduce farm

production so that they could raise crop prices.

Less supply equals more demand and higher

prices. This gave farmers the opportunity to make advances in farming. This

agency also helped farmers keep their land out of the hands of the banks. While it

mostly helped farmers, industrialization of the industry took jobs from workers due

to the advanced technology.

McNary­Haugen Bill Controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products.

Agricultural Marketing Act The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 provides authority for federal

marketing orders, and reaffirmed the marketing agreements provisions of the

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms

that greatly damaged the

ecology and agriculture of the

United States great plains in the

1930s; severe drought and a

failure to apply dryland farming

methods to prevent wind erosion caused the storm.

National Industry Recovery

Act

The National Industry Recovery Act set up the

Public Works Administration and the National

Recovery Administration. Two major parts of

roosevelt's plans.

Public Works Administration

This Agency focused on small projects to employ many people. They build many public buildings including schools and hospitals. They worked on many infrastructure issues.

Federal/ Exchange Securities Acts Made interstate commerce clause of the Constitution, it requires that any offer or sale of securities between states is subject of the of interstate commerce laws and can be registered with Congress as it controls interstate commerce.

National Recovery Administration

Goal of the agency was to eliminate heavy competition in the markets, and bring fair industry, labor, and governmental reform.

Tennessee Valley Authority

The Tennessee Valley Authority was established to

build dams. These dams were designed to stimulate

farming due to the water rerouting, it also established

hydroelectric power for nearby cities. Though it is

called the Tennessee Valley Authority, this agency did work all over the southern

United States.

This agency still is in service today

Other Agencies established after the 100

Days

Civil Works Administration It was a job creation program established to rapidly create manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers. The jobs were merely temporary, for the duration of the winter of 1933–34.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation An agency of the federal government responsible for insuring deposits in the bank

made by individuals and companies. It insures up to $250,000. This is how if banks close down people still get their money back.

Federal Housing Administration The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, and provide home financing programs such as mortgages. This helped stabilize the mortgage market.

Homeowners Refinancing Act The act, which passed into effect June 13, 1933, provided mortgage assistance to would be homeowners by providing them money or refinancing mortgages. To more easily buy houses.

John Maynard Keynes Published “The Means to Prosperity” at the height of the Great Depression which suggested policies regarding unemployment during global recession.

Charles Dawes Vice President of the United States, served in the first World War, and was the co­winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for his creation of the Dawes Plan. He was a member of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) which aimed to help banks during the beginning of the Great Depression.

Warren Harding He was the 29th President of the United States and was a member of the Republican Party. He served from March 4, 1921 until his death of an apparent heart attack on August 2, 1923. He was a part of the very infamous Teapot Dome Scandal where he transferred supervision of the naval oil­reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921 where Fall granted exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome reserves to Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny. He also put the Fordney­McCumber Tariff into

effect which raised tariffs greatly on imported goods. There was also the case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital which ruled at the time that a minimum wage for women was unconstitutional.

Fordney–McCumber Tariff Law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods in order to protect factories and farms. Congress had a pro­business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing massive loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American made goods. Fordney was from michigan.

Hawley­Smoot Tariff Act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot that drastically increased tariffs on over 20,000 imports. The severity and impact that the tariff had on The Great Depression is argued, most agreeing that it did not add to the depth of the Depression. However, some agree that the act was very counterproductive.

Albert Fall U.S senator from New Mexico who was

convicted of bribery during the Teapot Scandal. He was the first

Cabinet member to ever be imprisoned while in office.

Teapot Dome Scandal Albert Fall used Navy Oil Reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and accepted

bribes from oil companies to lease the fields at low prices with no competition. Fall along with other cabinet members were imprisoned.

Nine Power Treaty Reestablished the Open Door policy in China United States, Belgium, the British Empire, Republic of China, France, Portugal, Imperial Japan, the Netherlands, and Italy. These Nine powers signed the document to try and keep China’s sovereignty and open trade.

Kellogg–Briand Pact A failed international treaty to try and “outlaw war” as a way to finish disputes in the international globe. Surprisingly many nations signed it.

John W. Davis Unsuccessful presidential candidate who ran in the election of 1924. He was a wealthy lawyer and had business connections to JP Morgan. Coolidge easily defeated him in the election.

Calvin Coolidge John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th president of the United States and served from 1923 to 1929. He was a republican who thought keeping tradition was very important

Alfred E. Smith

He early on became speaker of the assembly in New York in 1915. He managed to work up all the way to governor of New York by 1918. He lost in a reelection bid in 1920, but took the spot back successfully in 1922, 1924, and 1926. In 1924, he was nominated by Franklin Roosevelt as the Democratic Presidential Candidate, but lost out. He tried again in 1928 and 1932, but again failed to win the nomination. He was also the founder of the American Liberty League, which was a group of influential financial and industrial leaders who allied with conservative democrats on to oppose many of the New Deal Programs.

Harry Hopkins Harry Hopkins was FDR’s Chief Main Advisor. He played a large role in developing the New Deal, especially the WPA (Works Progress Administration), which was the largest employer in the country

Works Progress Administration

Employed many unskilled workers in creating roads and other public service places. They carried out many service projects and employed thousands of americans during the great depression.

Father Charles Coughlin Vocal supporter for Roosevelt's radio broadcasts based in Royal Oak, Michigan. Initially supported the ideas expressed in the New Deal, but later came to oppose it. Later in his career, he showed support for the fascist ideals expressed by characters such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital A major court case that took place in 1923 when The Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia refused to follow a new minimum wage law. The 5­3 decision written by Justice George Sutherland ruled that a minimum wage law for women was unconstitutional. It was said to have violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it abridged a citizen's right to freely contract labor. The main point for this was Lochner v. New York in 1905 over private bargaining for contracts. It was later overturned by West Coast Hotel v. Parrish in 1937.

West Coast Hotel v. Parrish The court case that overturned Adkins v. Children’s Hospital and decide that a minimum wage was constitutional. It ruled that a minimum wage didn’t violate the 14th Amendment. And that the hotel had to pay Elsie Parrish damages for not paying her the proper amount. It also said that it didn’t deprive people of anything either. The

decision has impacted the economy to this day with a minimum wage still in place.

Norris­Laguardia Anti­Injunction Act Act that banned yellow­dog contracts, barred courts from issuing junctions to nonviolent labor protesters, and allowed workers to join trade unions without fear of interference.

Francis Townsend Francis Townsend was a physician who is known for his “Townsend Plan” in a California newspaper. Townsend thought that his plan would have been endorsed by Roosevelt, however Roosevelt saw it as irresponsible and unworkable. When the Social Security act was passed, Townsend’s followers were furious.

Glass­Steagall Banking Reform Act Limited commercial banking securities, activities, and affiliation with commercial banks and security firms.

Huey P. Long Huey Pierce Long Jr. nicknamed The Kingfish was the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 then in the U.S. Senate until his assassination in 1935. He was determined to raise government spending on public works, and schools. He also developed the Share Our Wealth Program which would redistribute money from corporations to individuals to help poverty and help homelessness.

Court Packing Plan A controversial plan in 1937 made by Franklin Delano Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court as many as 15. It became unnecessary because two justices went to the liberal side and passed the National Labor Relations Act and the Social Security Act. It was downed by the Senate 70­22 anyway. He then got to appoint his own supreme court justices and by 1942, all but two justices were his appointees.

Schechter v. U.S. A prominent court case in 1935 that was between the Schechter Poultry Corporation and the United States. Schechter was convicted for selling “unfit” chickens, illegally selling them on an individual basis, falsifying purchase records, avoiding inspections, and selling them to non licensed buyers. Ended with the Live Poultry Code of 1934 being deemed unconstitutional, and that the President lacked power to write the code.

U.S. v. Curtiss­Wright An important court case in 1936 that was the Curtiss­Wright Export Company saying they should be allowed to sell guns to Bolivia against the United States government which said it was illegal to do so and was charged with conspiracy to sell machine guns to Bolivia in violation of the embargo. Initially dismissed, the government appealed to the Supreme Court and ended up winning. The charges against the company would stand and it ruled that in foreign affairs, the federal government, exclusively the President has unlimited power.

United States v. Butler An important court case that occurred in 1936 that struck the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 as unconstitutional. It was one of the last court decisions that limited congress’s power. It also struck down a part of FDR’s New Deal Program. It was ruled in favor of Butler. Has never officially been overturned.

Indian Reorganization Act An act created in 1934 that was intended to decrease federal control of American Indian affairs. It was also meant to increase Indian self government and their responsibility. It provided Indians land instead of taking land away from them.

Frances Perkins Frances Perkins was the U.S. secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in this position. She was the first woman appointed to the U.S. cabinet. She was an active supporter of the New Deal and established the social security act. She established the first minimum wage and overtime laws.

Federal Labor Standards Act Created fair labor standards in 1938. Today it is still active and Establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments.

Mary Mcleod Bethune She was a humanitarian who was known for starting a private school for African­American students. This college later became known as Bethune­Cookman University. She also was appointed to FDR’s cabinet known as his “Black Cabinet”.

Robert Wagner A Democratic senator from New York who served from 1927­1949. He passed several important acts through the New Deal, such as the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act). He also had a major role in the National Industrial Recovery act of 1933.

Wagner Act Fundamental basis that guarantees basic rights for workers of the private sector. It allowed them to organize into trade unions, strike, and partake in collective bargaining.

James Braddock James Braddock also known as Cinderella Man was a professional boxer. He was the Heavyweight champion from 1935 to 1937. His career had ups and downs due to hand injuries and eventually arthritis and was forced to work on the docks.

Joe Louis The world heavyweight boxing champion from June 22, 1937 until March 1, 1949, making him the longest tenured title holder in history. He is widely recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time, he posted 25 successful title defenses. He came from poverty as a child living in Detroit for most of his early life with only his mother to take care of him as best as he could. Once he started boxing though, he became a force. The Joe Louis Arena, home of the Detroit Red Wings, is named after him.

Works Cited

Kennedy, D. M., & Cohen, L. (2016). The American Pageant (Sixteenth ed.).

Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Great Depression. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression