THE GREAT BINDING LAW, GAYANASHAGOWA 1. I am Dekanawidah and with the Five Nations' Confederate Lords I plant the Tree of Great Peace. I plant it in your

THE GREAT BINDING LAW, GAYANASHAGOWA

1. I am Dekanawidah and with the Five Nations' Confederate Lords I plant the Tree of Great Peace. I plant it in your territory, Adodarhoh, and the Onondaga Nation, in the territory of you who are Firekeepers. I name the tree the Tree of the Great Long Leaves. Under the shade of this Tree of the Great Peace we spread the soft white feathery down of the globe thistle as seats for you, Adodarhoh, and your cousin Lords. We place you upon those seats, spread soft with the feathery down of the globe thistle, there beneath the shade of the spreading branches of the Tree of Peace. There shall you sit and watch the Council Fire of the Confederacy of the Five Nations, and all the affairs of the Five Nations shall be transacted at this place before you, Adodarhoh, and your cousin Lords, by the Confederate Lords of the Five Nations.

5. The Council of the Mohawk shall be divided into three parties as follows: Tekarihoken, Ayonhwhathah and Shadekariwade are the first party; Sharenhowaneh, Deyoenhegwenh and Oghrenghrehgowah are the second party, and Dehennakrineh, Aghstawenserenthah and Shoskoharowaneh are the third party. The third party is to listen only to the discussion of the first and second parties and if an error is made or the proceeding is irregular they are to call attention to it, and when the case is right and properly decided by the two parties they shall confirm the decision of the two parties and refer the case to the Seneca Lords for their decision. When the Seneca Lords have decided in accord with the Mohawk Lords, the case or question shall be referred to the Cayuga and Oneida Lords on the opposite side of the house.

9. All the business of the Five Nations Confederate Council shall be conducted by the two combined bodies of Confederate Lords. First the question shall be passed upon by the Mohawk and Seneca Lords, then it shall be discussed and passed by the Oneida and Cayuga Lords. Their decisions shall then be referred to the Onondaga Lords, (Fire Keepers) for final judgement. The same process shall obtain when a question is brought before the council by an individual or a War Chief. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/iroquois.html

What factors were behind European exploration of the

Americas?

What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?

Bartolomé de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapas - 1542New Spain was discovered in 1517. …During the 12 years {from 1518 to 1530}

the Spanish killed more than four million men, women, and children with swords and lances, and by burning people alive…. This does not count those who have died, and continue to0 die every day, from the slavery and oppression that the Spanish impose….

Among other massacres perpetrated by the Spanish was one that took place in Cholula, a city with thirty thousand inhabitants. Dignitaries and priests from the city and the surrounding countryside greeted the Spanish with great solemnity and respect, and escorted them into the city and lodged them in the homes of the local nobility. The Spanish decided to stage a massacre – or a “chastisement” as they call it – in order to terrorize the population.

To accomplish this, the Spanish summoned the local dignitaries. As soon as they arrived to hold talks with the Spanish commander, they were taken captive and had no opportunity to warn others. Then the Spanish demanded five to six thousand Indians to carry their loads. ….Once these poor wretches assembled in the courtyard, guards blocked the gates with the Spanish soldiers slaughtered the Indians with swards and lances.

The pretext under which the Spanish invaded these areas, massacred their harmless inhabitants, and depopulated the country was to make the Indians subjects of the king of Spain.

The fate of the Taino…

The Columbian Biological ExchangeForms of Biological Life Going From: Old World to New World: New World to Old World:

Diseases: Smallpox MeaslesChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaThe Common Cold

Syphilis

Animals: Horses CattlePigsSheepGoatsChickens

TurkeysLlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs

Plants: Rice WheatBarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcaneBananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisiesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)TobaccoPeanutsSquashPeppersTomatoesPumpkinsPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)PapayasManioc (Tapioca)GuavasAvocados

| This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 Supplements | Site Map |

Dr. Harold D. Tallant, Department of History, Georgetown College400 East College Street, Georgetown, KY 40324, (502) 863-8075

E-mail: [email protected].

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Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North America. This sixteenth-century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan Library/Art Resource, New York)

Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire

Naturelles Des Indes

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Map: The Spanish and Portuguese Empires


http://galeria.50megs.com/gonzalez/el_abrazo.jpg

“El Abrazo” Gonzales Camarena

Objective:Understand the lasting effects of the Spanish Conquest of the Americas

Map: Europe, Africa, and Southwestern Asia in 1500


Map: Atlantic Winds and Islands


Map: Major Mesoamerican Cultures, c. 1000


Hernan Cortes • Cortes’ attacking force– 600 men, 17 horses, dogs, and 10

cannons – Convinced Aztec enemies to fight

with him, greatly aided by his translator, Malinche

• Secured Cuba– Landed in Mexico 1519– Learned of the great wealth in the

regions interior

• Conquered the Aztec Empire– Held Montezuma, the emperor

hostage for gold– Eventually sacked and destroyed

Tenochitlan, the Aztec capital– Had an advantage in

“Guns, Germs, and Steel”

Tenochitlan, drawn by Hernan Cortes, Walters Museum

The Mexican Counterattack, Codex DuránThe differences between European and Native American styles and conceptions of warfare were often striking. This scene, from the Codex Durán, illustrates a Spanish force besieged by Aztec warriors. Note the contrast in clothing, for example. For most Indian groups, warfare was a highly spiritual affair surrounded by ceremony, often involving colorful and fanciful costumes. The European battle dress, however, bespeaks a very different conception of warfare: practical and deadly. (Archivo fotografico)

The Mexican Counterattack, Codex Durán


Indians with smallpox European diseases killed many millions of Indians during the initial stages of contact because they had no immunity to such epidemic illnesses as influenza, measles, and plague. Smallpox was one of the deadliest of these imported diseases. This Aztec drawing illustrates smallpox's impact, from the initial appearance of skin lesions through death. Traditional Indian medical practices were unable to cure such diseases, and physical contact between shamans and patients actually helped to spread them. (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana)

Indians with smallpox


Pre-Columbian figure with lesions A male effigy dating from 200-800 C.E., found in a burial site in Nayarit, Mexico. The lesions covering the figurine suggest that the person it represents is suffering from syphilis, which, untreated, produces these characteristic markings on the body in its later stages. Such evidence as this pre-Columbian effigy has now convinced most scholars that syphilis originated in the Americas--a hypothesis in dispute for many years. (Private Collection)

Pre-Columbian figure with lesions


Exploring Florida • Juan Ponce de Leon

– Conquered Puerto Rico

• Explored the Caribbean looking for the “vast land” north

• Eventually de Aviles drove out the French and established St. Augustine, the oldest European settlement in North America

Settling the

Southwest

• Coronado 1540– Explored Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas

– Couldn’t find gold or silver

– Burned and looted many Native villages

• Spanish Priests – Establish Congregaciones to convert Native Americans

Pizarro and the Incas

• 1532

• Pizarro defeated largest empire in the world.

Resistance to the SpanishSITUATION: Missionaries forcibly

converted Pueblo, Hopi, Maquois and other tribes

Priests destroyed N.Am. sacred items like kachina masks

Religious leaders of the N.Am. Are punished and flogged

N. Am. Were sold into slavery to pay for missions and equipment like church bells

REACTION:– Po’pay (Popé) Pueblo

Religious leader

– Lead a 17,000 man rebellion in 1680

– Destroyed Catholic Churches

– Only successful Native American revolt, or slave revolt, for that matter, in North America

– Spanish do not return for over 80 years

Pope’s Pueblo Rebellion

http://www.musnaz.org/Images/Photos/Pic-Kiva_Pueblo.jpg

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel CabreraOne of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in eighteenth-century North America, by the Mexican artist Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection )

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera


Spanish ConquestWhat were the main motives of the Spanish?

1.2.3.

What were some of the consequences of the Spanish conquest for Native Americans?1.2.3.

What were some of the consequences of the Spanish conquest for Africans?

Documents

THE GREAT BINDING LAW, GAYANASHAGOWA 1. I am Dekanawidah and with the Five Nations' Confederate Lords I plant the Tree of Great Peace. I plant it in your