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The Good, the bad and the ugly of Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering
–Scientists change the DNA code of an organism in order to:
•Make transgenic organisms
•Clone an organism
Transgenic Organisms
• Organisms which have a gene from another organism in their DNA
Practical applications• Plants with “insecticide” genes
Practical applications• Cows with
extra copies of growth hormones
Practical applications• Bacteria that
make human insulin protein for diabetics
Practical applications?• Cool Glow-in-the-dark Mice!!
How?
• Jelly Fish have a protein called GFP (Green fluorescent protein)
• Gives them that “glow”
How?
• So… They must have a gene (DNA) that has the info to make GFP
GFP Protein = glowing jelly fish
mRNA transcribed from GFP Gene
GFP Gene (DNA)
Transcription
Translation
How?
• What makes us different is What genes we have not how we make the proteins!!!
• So all you need to do is give an organism a new gene and it will be able to make the protein!
How?Jelly fish nucleus with GFP
gene Remove GFP gene
Mouse nucleus without GFP gene
Add GFP gene
Mouse nucleus with GFP gene
GFP protein made
Glowing Mice
Insulin made by bacteria
• Diabetes: dysfunctional Insulin gene; no or low amounts of insulin protein made–Means we can’t regulate blood sugar
levels
– we can force bacteria to make insulin for us
Insulin made by bacteria
• Same process: Tell me how!
1.Find healthy insulin gene in human
2.Cut it out and insert it in bacteria
3.Bacteria then MAKE human insulin even though they have no use for it!
4.We extract the insulin from bacteria and use it in injections
Cloning
• Creating an organism that is genetically identical to its only parent.
Cloning
• Mammals usually mix info from two parents
• In cloning all the chromosomes of the baby come from 1 parent.
Sheep 1 Take 1 body cell (udder)
Extract Nucleus
Sheep 2 Take 1 egg cell
Remove nucleus
Inject nucleus into Egg
Zap to stimulate
cell division
Implant egg into
surrogate sheep
(sheep 3)
Wait for Dolly to be born
Which sheep is Dolly identical to??Why?
Which sheep have to be female?
Snuppy: cloned Afghan Hound
Genetic Testing
Checking a fetus to determine if the baby has any disease.
- Cystic fibrosis
- Tay Sach’s Disease
- Down Syndrome
Genetic Testing
• Done BEFORE birth
• Can detect two kinds of mutations–Chromosomal: easily visible, major
mutations
–Gene mutations: checking for mutated gene; must know what you are looking for!
Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis
Extracting amniotic fluid from womb
Contains cells from fetus
DNA or protein can be isolated and examined
Can check for:
1.Mutations in certain genes (must be looking for something specific)
2.Chromosome abnormalities
3.Abnormal protein levels
DNA finger printing
• Used to compare two people’s DNA
• Used in paternity cases
• Used for crime scene analysis
DNA finger printing
DNA finger printing
• Based on the idea that EVERYONE’s DNA is unique, like a fingerprint
• BUT related individuals will have more similarities
How to do a DNA fingerprint
• Get a sample of DNA and digest it with restriction enzymes– restriction enzymes cut DNA at
specific sequences.
–For example: EcoRI cuts DNA every time it sees the sequence GAATTC
How to do a DNA fingerprint
• If everyone’s DNA is unique, the enzyme will cut each persons DNA differently
• Example: • TCATGAATTCATTGCCGAATTCCGTGAATCCAGAATTCGGACTA
• TCATGAAGTCATTGCCGAATTCCGTGAATCCAGACTTCGGACTA
How to do a DNA fingerprint
• Run cut up DNA on through electrophoresis
• Click here for animation
How to do a DNA fingerprint
• Small pieces travel fast and move further down the gel slab.
• Large pieces move slower and stay closer to the injection point.