The Globe - March/April 2012

7/31/2019 The Globe - March/April 2012

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THE GLOBEMarch - April 2012

Student Writings from IEI

WRITING TWO

Money and HappinessBy Ibrahim (Saudi Arabia)

I will talk about the people who are happywith money. Some people are happy. Some peopleare not happy. First, the people are happy becausethey have money. The money is the best for life. If Ido not have money, I cannot have life. Some peoplehave a lot of money. Can you give anything? I do not

worry about money. You can help any people. Doyou need help? You can help. Second, the peoplewho have money are not happy because health isnumber one. If their health is good, then happinesscomes. The money is nothing for their health, but firsthappiness. Do you have money? All people likethem. Finally, the poor people are happy becausethey do not care about the money. Their happiness iswith their families. The life with money can make youhappy, but the family is happy. They are happy.Some families are sad, but they have money. Themoney is not life. Their mother and father dont livetogether. The families are not happy. First, my

number one is health. After that, I live with otherpeople. All people need to be happy, but happinessdoes not have money. The poor people are happy intheir lives.

My FatherBy Ahmed (Saudi Arabia)

I learned a lot of things from my father. Myfather always takes me anywhere he goes. Forexample, every day, I go to his work showroombecause he wanted me to learn the job. Now I knoweverything about cars. Also, he taught me to drive allthe cars. My mother taught me some things in the

kitchen, like how to cook. Also, she always boughtme stories in English because she wanted me tolearn the English language, but I never read thestories.

Most People Would Like to be RichBy Nawaf (Saudi Arabia)

Most people would like to be rich becausethey need help. Some people are looking for a job inthe company of the rich. I think this is normal. These

people live between them. Some people are liars withthe rich. He laughs with him at anything he says. Therich are supposed to help the poor. We know advicethat this money or food for God on the people. But,some rich people are different. Some rich people donot buy themselves new clothes or a new car. Hedoes not give gifts to his family. Some rich areopposite to this man. They support the poor.

My Father and MotherBy Emad (Saudi Arabia)

My father and mother taught me moreinformation and my good education. After six yearsold, I started school. I studied six years. After that, Istarted middle school. I study in middle school forthree years. After that, I went to high school. Myfather agreed for me to study high school in YanbuoCity. After three years, I finished high school. Wow!At that time, I was very happy. My father told me thattoday is a special party. After that, I started to studyin university. After five years when I finished studying

at university, I needed to study the English language.I am here in the U.S. to study English. After that, I amgoing to TTU university and study masters.

Rich People are HappyBy Ahmad (Saudi Arabia)

I think the rich people are happy in their livesbecause they have everything. They can buy hugehouses, hotels, high buildings, and even an island.They can travel to many places in the world. Also,they have their own plane and yacht. They can dowhatever they want to do with their own money, likeBill Gates. He was the first richest man in the world.

He has the Microsoft company. It is a computercompany. He looks like he is very happy.

Opal Jewel WorkshopBy Murtadha (Saudi Arabia)

The Opal Jewel Workshop is a small factory.It is located in west Dammam. It was built in 2000and began production between 2000 and 2001. TheOJW has production for different kinds of gold. Theproduct kinds of gold are "necklaces, rings, earrings"


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and different colors: "yellow gold and white gold." Ithas 20 workers, 5 wholesale men. In addition, thereis a product manager, an accountant, and staff.

My Parents Taught MeBy Reem (Saudi Arabia)

My parents taught me at home every day. I

was a child. They taught me to eat and drink. My

father taught me to talk and the boat ride to fish. Mymother taught me more. She taught me to cook orclean at home and talk. I loved my parents. I went tocollege with my father by car. My parents preferred toteach me chemistry and work on lab experiments. Mymother preferred to teach me to go to mosque. Myparents enjoyed to teach me to visit my family.

WRITING THREE

An Important FamilyBy Mohammed (Saudi Arabia)

There was a man and his name was John.He was very poor. He even slept in the alley. Johncouldn't buy food to eat. John was living in a nice

neighborhood. The people in this neighborhood werevery friendly. Every day the people gave John foodand money, too. On day John was in the street. Hewas looking for food in the trash. Suddenly, he founda lottery ticket. It was a new ticket. He scratched theticket and he won $2,000,000. He was happy. Hebought a new house and a new car.

John became a rich man and he wastraveling a lot. But John didn't feel happy. He toldhimself there is something missing. He found that heforgot the first happiness in life - the family. Johndidn't have a family but he has one. They are thepeople in the neighborhood. He visited them and

gave each one money. And he visits them everyweek. John found that the family is more importantthan money.

International LunchBy Mio (Japan)

I love International Lunch because I love toeat food that comes from many countries and homes.There were a lot of dishes that I had never seenbefore, so I was interested in the variety of food. Iforgot the name but I was curious about Mexicanfood. It looks like salad in soup. I took some Korean

food three times! I heard from Ji Hyun that hermother made it. I want to eat that again someday.

My DreamBy Ekab (Saudi Arabia)

Im studying English now and after finishingthat I will go to the university. Then I will get aMasters Degree in Criminal Justice. After that, I willgo back to my country and start my dream! My dreamis to help the poor anywhere in the world. I will also

open an association that is interested in children whodo not have a family.

After that half of my dream has beenachieved. These are two and a half years of myfuture. During another two and a half years I will takea vacation. I will go to Spain, Italy, and the best island

in the world with my family.I hope my dream will be achieved. Because

when my dream is achieved I will help people. I prayto my God that my dream will come true. Everyoneread my dream and please pray for me. Thank you.

The Hunger GamesBy Faris (Saudi Arabia)

Ill write about last weekend. Last Friday Idecided to catch a film, but I didnt know which movieI was going to see. Then on my way I looked at theFandango application on my I-phone. This

application shows you all of the new movies, the timeof movies, and which theaters are near you. So, Isaw the new movie, The Hunger Games. The storyof this movie is about some force that chooses by lottwo youth to share in a fight to the death contest withother guys from many places in America. After theychose them, they took them to a huge jungle andthey fought each other. There must be one who is stillalive, but something unusual happened. The two whowere chosen by the force fell in love. So, theycouldnt leave each other to die, but thats the way itshould be. Then the boy decided to kill himself toallow the girl to win. After that while he wanted to kill

himself the leader took the microphone and said, No,dont do that. You won together. That was the firstexception in this game for the lovers. Then theyhugged and kissed and they went back to their villagetogether. They lived in happiness forever. That was agood movie and a wonderful weekend.


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My Best TeacherBy Abdullah (Saudi Arabia)

I think my father is my best teacher becausehe taught me a lot of things I need to use in my life.He taught me how to respect people older than me.For example, I remember what he said when I wasangry and talked with him. He told me to think before

speaking. I think my father is my best teacher in theworld.

My First Trip to the U.S.A.By Ji Hyun (South Korea)

First, I came to Nashville two year ago.Second, I felt happy because I met my three aunts.We hadnt met for ten years. Third, I stayed inNashville for two months. I also traveled toWashington, D.C. with my youngest aunt, herboyfriend, and my cousins sister, Emily. Next, westayed for four days. I visited the White House andmany museums. Washington D.C. was much hotterthan Nashville. There were many people, stores, andcars. Then, I thought that Washington, D.C. was a bigcity. Also, the city was very complicated. Finally,sometimes I remember my trip to Washington D.C.and I wish to travel to other local places.

IEI International LunchBy Shaher (Saudi Arabia)

First of all, I am a new student at IEI and Ihad a good time yesterday with my teachers andfriends. There was something special. It was anInternational Lunch.

So, the idea for the International Lunch is for

everyone to bring in some kind of food. Then someteachers and students bring some food, sweets,donuts, and cake. It was good food. I brought a cake,but it was not my choice because I gave my friendsome money and he bought this.

Finally, I ate lunch with my friends: Ahmad,Habeeb, and Ahmad F. and we had a nice time.

The Future DirectionBy Eric (Taiwan)

In today's society money is very importantand can help us do more things. For example, wecan use money to buy food, clothes, a house, etc.

Why did I come to IEI to study English? Thereason is I want to be a successful businessman. So,the first important thing is to develop my languageskills. It can help me to talk with people from othercountries. I think, if I can communicate with them, Ican get more orders. So, I hope I can get betterduring these two years. In fact, it's a little hard for mebecause I don't have a lot of time to keep onstudying. I need to go back to Taiwan to work. But,anyway, learning English is my only goal now.

WRITING FOUR

The War in SyriaBy Ahmed (Saudi Arabia)

The war in Syria is not between one countryand another one its within itself. However, all ofthem say we are the right way. What makes this warmore harder is all of them have different religioussect, there is no way to make the leader stop that hasa different religion than his people or citizens. Basharal-Assad with a small group have the same religionstruggling to still be the leader.

With all these problems that currently occur,and murder, they cant stop him.People want to solvethis problem, and they dont want more bloodshedand injuries, Now they hate him more than previoulybecause there more bloodshed and moreinjuries.They have to find a solution for this problem.

Why did the people turned against the Syrianruler? Because for a long time until now they havetried to get their freedom, and another problem is thecost of living ,and they have a lot of unemployment,so they have to make this war with him. With all these

problems that occur inside his country, and pressurefrom other states, he still does not give up.

First, in anywhere in this world the humanhas to have freedom, but in Syria there is no freedomwho have different religious sects than the leader.That is not justice. The Syria people say" thatsenough" and everyone agrees with them becauseeveryone knows about that. To prove that ,he killedonly people from different religion, and made all theworld disagree with him.

Second, the most important thing every dayin human life is food, and it is too expensive in Syria.What can do to live without it they chose to start thewar against him, to live like human people in theworld. They chose to war ,and that is better thanliving with rising food costs.

Third, we all need jobs to have money, but ifwe cant find a job ,how can buy food ,clothes, paythe rent of the house, etc?.In Syria a lot of peopledont have jobs. They live a hard life and they arepoor, so This war is for their lives, and for the nextgeneration.


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In short, All the world looks to what they have,and it is still warring. Hopefully Bashar assad willleave.People in Syria don t want more bloodshed andmore injuries. If it isn t good with him, maybe it will bebetter with someone else.

The Differences Between Real Friends and UnrealFriendsBy Binh (Vietnam)

In life, we need many feelings, such as love,family, and devotion, but the most important andpopular is friendship. Vietnamese people have asaying: wealth is thanks to friend; high-rolling isthanks to wife. That means friendship is a chief partin our life and everybody even needs to have friends.However, we dont always meet good friends. So howcan we know who is a real friend and who is anunreal friend? This essay will explore this questionbased on where you meet your friend, affinity andsharing and lastly time and ordeal.

First, we talk about who is false friend? Anunreal friend is a friend whom you meet at someunwholesome place such as: evil bar, club or group.Sometimes you meet unreal friends and you areactually a benefit to them. This is very easy tounderstand; if someone wants to be your friendbecause they need something from you, that personis not a real friend.

You also cant deem someone a friend if theydont care and share with you when youre fun, sad orpain. Because friendship needs affinity and sharing tounderstand more about each other. You wont be agood friend if you dont understand anything aboutyour friend.

The last one is time and ordeal, you and your

friend havent been real friends yet if your friendshipends in short time and there hasnt been any ordealto prove your amity. For example, in the movie weusually watch two friends love the same girl or thework of their job and they have to fight each other. Insome case they cant pass that ordeal. So they losttheir amity and they become each others enemy.

Second, what do you think about realfriendship? Follow Childhood is the best time to get afriend because at that time, you and your friend arenave and unaffected. You dont have to compete toget money, find a job or worry for your life future. Soyou and your friend become friend for no any reason

except to have fun. When you grow-up, you also canmeet real friends at sound places such as church,school, work, gym or park. Sometimes real friendseven appear in special cases like when you meetsome hard problem and they volunteer to help youlike when your car breaks down or youre sad thatyou want someone to share your burden with you. Ifyou are in an arduous situation they dont laugh atyou, but are ready to help you. That proves they arevery courteous, helpful and kind-hearted. So I surethey will be a good friend.

Another factor to make a real fr iend is affinityand sharing. If you are a real friend, for sure whenyour friend is sad, joyful or pain you have to inquireafter them. Because when you talk a lot, you shareyour feelings with your friend and your friend shareswith you too. So you and him can understand eachother more and will be nearer and dearer together.

Finally, the most important quality of

friendship is time and trial. Time means how longyour friendship can be continue? With the real friendyou always have friendship in a long long time ormaybe forever. And ordeal is an aspect that clarifieswho is a real friend. Anyway, if you really respectyour friendship, surely you can pass any ordeal. Forexample, I took a most difficult situation: what will youdo when you and your friend loves the same girl? Willyou fight with your friend to dispute the love or willyou give up that person to your friend? If you are areal friend you cant have a choice between loveamity. So the best way is to let it naturally solve itself,dont do anything, just hear the answer of the girl. Ifshe has chosen your friend, you shouldnt be angryor hate them. Because if you really love that personand are a good friend, when your friend and theperson whom you love are happy, you will also behappy. And if she has chosen you, you shouldcomfort your friend and make them understand you.

I am an international student. I try to learnEnglish very hard every day. Because I want to talkwith any people from anywhere in the world and get alot of friends. However, I know finding a simple friendis easy but finding a real friend is very hard. So if youstill didnt meet a good friend, dont be despondentand keep going to find one. Your life will be moreinteresting and easygoing when you have a good

friend. And if you have gotten a good friend, dont doanything wrong to lose them; let respect them and doanything good for them, and you will be certain to behappy.

PassionBy Ali (Saudi Arabia)

What does passion mean? Its a feeling thatkeeps us connected with everything we like, such aswhen we are impulsive with no reason, or when wespend a lot of time thinking about something we love.The passion might be love, desire, strong emotion, or

all of the above.The first one is love. Its like unseen stringsconnect the person with the things that he loves.Love creates poems. Its a peaceful feeling. The childloves his toys; the father loves his family; thereligious loves his God. Love makes value in the life.

Next one is desire. Its a feeling that keepsyou linked with the future. The carrier pigeon wasconverted to cell phones, the horses were convertedto cars. Our life is developed because we desire abetter life. It makes you extract all your power to


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reach your goals. Its creative for competition andinnovation.

The last one is strong emotion. Its a feelingthat is strong and barely controllable. Sometimesmakes you cry. Causes you jump when you arehappy and gives you a sensation that you are thehappiest creature on the earth even if you are not.

Now do you think love, desire and strong

emotion can describe the passion? I think even thethree words that I use to describe the passion theyneed tomes for each one let alone passion.

LoyaltyBy Mohammad (Saudi Arabia)

Loyalty means to love something until youfeel this is a part of you, and do everything for thatlove. Also,It means to present what you can for that,and you must sacrifice for what you are loyal to.Wehave three things we must be loyalty to: our religion,our country , and our families.

First, you need loyalty for your religion andyour doctrine.This does not mean you are the enemyfor other religions,but rather that you should respectthem, and at the same time your responsibility is todo everything that you can for your religion.Forexample, you can give everybody a prefect imageabout your religion by how you deal with them.

Second, if you have a good country to keepyou, make a good life for you, care about you, giveyou all of your righghts,support you, and care aboutjustice within the community, you need to give thiscountry all your loyalty from all your heart, and youmust cling to them.

Morever,The once who deserve your loyalty

the most are your family.They keep you, care aboutyou, love you, and help you when you need,especially your parents especially aid you, becausethey think about you all the time,were there to carefor you all the time, were there staying up next to youall the night when you were sick, and they deserveyour respect and sacrifice, also.

Finally, we have many things which deserverespect and loyalty, and we must not be late toapplaud for this or give them love from deep withinour hearts. In conclusion, when you give loyalty tothe most important people in your life, you are doingwhat is right and better for your life and for your

heart.

Loyalty and DisloyaltyBy Patricia (Colombia)

Loyalty is a feeling of affection that lets youchoose the right thing and stand up for what youbelieve and in whom we believe. True loyalty is thevalue of faith; disloyalty is defined as treason.

First, loyalty is the key to bring friendship andany other relationship to a serious and deep place.We all have a true friend which means commitment

and that company accompanies the good and badtimes are unconditional. In addition, at school, work,or in our own homes, the largest value loyalty. It isthe way to authentic respect and faith. Also, loyalty isessential. Loyalty is love in action, caring attitudesand thoughts. Loyalty carries feelings of gratitude andconscience by all who have it. Furthermore, loyalty isrelated to the sense of belonging, responsibility,

respect and prudence; it is the value that helps aperson act with respect to their word and withconsistency of action. Last of all loyalty is the base ofwhat want to build, such as a marriage, a bettercountry, and true friendship. Some examples such asa marriage based on honesty and respect; love,respect and care for historic heritage or just afriendship with solid bases.

First disloyalty does not recognize acommitment or belief in someone or something. It ischaracterized by feelings of envy, falsehood,treachery and deceit. Now disloyalty is rationale isbased on the main interests of material, monetary,personal and sentimental desires but is never sincereor real. Disloyalty is characterized by a deepfrustration and a constant competition to have andwant what others have. Finally disloyalty meanstreason towards others. A traitor cannot believe inwhat you do or be trust worthy it. In addition, we allneed true friends loyal and sincere relationships. Thisis the most precious treasure we have and a personwho does not build true loyalty in relationships is apoor person in soul, heart, and spirit.

Finally, loyalty is the greatest virtue that wehave. It is the essence of friendship the oxygen of areal relationship. Without it a person will always beunfair and will not build real relationships. In

conclusion, loyalty shows a genuine interest forothers while being true to yourself. It is the only wayto show loyalty to others; a disloyal person only findsfailure and treason on the way.

Two LeadersBy Rakan (Saudi Arabia)

Every one in the world knows the king ofSaudi Arabia. His name is Abdullah. He is the bestleader in Saudi Arabia. When he becomes king, heswears to fix and improve Saudi Arabia such aseducation, health care, infrastructure, the

development of society, and economy.First, Abdullah makes a decision to send a lotof students to the U.S. to get a good education. Eachyear he offers millions to help students who study inthe U.S. He wants the students to develop thecountry. In addition, he has opened a lot of hospitalsin Saudi Arabia and special hospitals to treat cancer.Some of the hospitals are free. Each person can goto treat himself. Also, he opened special companiesto fix and extended the roads. Now the roads arebetter than before. Furthermore, he helps a lot ofmen that cannot get married by paying for their


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wedding. The people lovehim so much. He uses theoil to fortify his country. He always listens to thepublic. He did that his brothers could not do.

Second, everyone knows Adolph Hitler. Hewas a criminal. He did not open a lot of schools, buthe destroyed them. He did not care about healthcare. He was famous for killing children and women.He crushed the streets by tanks and spread fear in

the people' hearts. He made an army to spill theblood in Germany. A lot of presidents convicted him.He made a flood of blood in Germany.

In conclusion, some leaders want to improvetheir countries to be great countries in the world, butothers do not want to develop their nations. Theywant to steal and destroy their countries' worth.

HeroBy Sultan (Saudi Arabia)

What does hero mean? Several times youwant to be like someone you look up to. That personor that thing is called a hero, so you follow your hero.My hero has always been and will be my dad. Hehas a great personality, job, and hobbies.

The first aspect is a hero's personality. Mydad is spontaneous. Most of the time he does what

he feels without negotiating with anybody. Forexample, sometimes when problems happen, healways gets angry, so we are almost scared of him.He is reliable to everyone at anytime, so if he wantssome help he gets it. And he is observant at all hisplans for every day.

In fact, I think anyone who gets a job like mydad is a lucky person, because he is a supervisor at

the airport. Dad is always responsible about his job,and never sleeps late or does something to result inany negative consequences.

Thirdly, his hobbies are interesting. He was agood player on a famous team in my country.Actually, he is till a great player! Dad got a lot of goldmedals at races, and boxing. I think he lovesMohammed Ali Klai.

In conclusion, I hope everyone will be like mydad or better than him. Also, I wish everybody getshis hero.

WRITING FIVE

What Happens If People Do Not RecycleBy Paulo Leme Lopes (Brazil)

In todays world, one of the most discussedissues is environmental matters and they exist allover the world. Its no wonder if you think how we,human beings, are using our natural resources. Yearafter year, we are increasing the use of thoseresources that someday will end. We have thetendency to blame the politicians, and indeed, theyhave the power to change a lot of things but so farthey havent. Therefore, they are guilty. But we haveour own burden of guilt, and we also have the powerto change things. How? Just by recycling. And whatdo you think could happen if we dont start to recycleimmediately?

According to the website environment-

green.com, about 60% of our everyday waste couldbe recycled. But here in the United States, forexample, only 28% of our trash gets recycled, thatmeans, we could recycle 72% more waste. Can youimage how much trash that is? How much waste iscontaminating our soil, rivers and oceans? Its a lot -that is for sure. We can do much better than this. Allthis is happening just because we dont care, we arelazy or sometimes we think somebody else will do itfor us. We assume we have people who are paid todo this.

However, there is no excuse for us not to beconcerned. The street sweepers have a lot work todo already and they dont need us to give them morework. Its so easy, in fact. All we have to do isseparate our garbage, and the government willactually take care of the recycling. If we dont startright now, we will suffer the consequences, living in aworld more polluted than ever and that will result inseveral effects.

First of all, not recycling will generate tons ofunnecessary trash. According to the websitegreenwaste.com, every person produces an averageof 4.5 pounds of garbage per day and that leads us to1.5 tons per person per year. In the whole world, weproduce 21.5 million tons of food remains each year.If we put all of this garbage on a compost instead ofjust throwing away, can you think in how little gas

emission we would have? And that is just one aspect.Think about paper. We have the tendency to thinkthat paper disappears fast in the nature, and thatthere is no problem. Still, according togreenwaste.com, every ton of recycled paper cansave 3.5 cubic yards of landfill, 17 trees, 7,000gallons of water, 380 gallons of oil and 4100 kilowatthours of energy. In addition, what about plastic? Thewebsite reuseit.com claims that there are an averageof 46,000 plastic pieces per square mile in ouroceans. And all those are just some examples.


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Another consequence of all this unnecessary trash isthat our cities are getting dirtier. How many timeshave you seen someone throw a bottle of somebeverage outside the window of a car? Or maybe,how many times have you done it? Some peoplemight think, thats not my problem, but that is such aselfish way of thinking.

Second, not recycling will increase the

pollution rates and so choosing not to recycle directlyaffects our health. Think about all the unnecessarygas emission in our atmosphere from which you cancatch many types of diseases, from a simple irritationin your eyes to, through a long exposure, lungcancer, a heart or brain disease and not to mentionother kinds of lung related diseases as asthma,bronchitis and pneumonia. Another vital health issueis we should be more careful on how we use ourdrinkable water resources. According to the UnitedNations Environment Program (UNEP), freshwatermakes up around 2.5% of the total volume of water.Of this about 70% is ice and snow, and almost 30%is on underground. Lakes and rivers constitute onlyabout 0.3% of freshwater. The Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO) and UN-Water claim that in the last century, the use offreshwater has increased more than twice due to ourpopulation growth. That is simple math, just dontwork. You might say that the industries are guilty ofthis, and you may be right, but are we doing our part?I dont think so. What do you think will happen withthat plastic bottle that you threw out your carswindow? Probably, after some time it will rain andyour bottle will end up in some river. Now, addbillions of people doing the same every minute. Theresult is catastrophic. What about that simple sheet of

paper that you left in the middle of the street? Youmight think that there is no problem and that it will bedissolved really quickly by Mother Nature. But haveyou ever thought what is going to happen with all ofthose chemical elements? They will be absorbed bythe soil and will pollute our underground water.

In conclusion, our world is in danger, and ourfuture is being threatened by us. The solution is inour hands, and is our obligation to do somethingabout it. Its easy! Be careful with your garbage and,put it in an appropriate place. It wont take too long,and you wont lose a lot of time. Think about it. Whatkind of world do you want to leave for our children?

Do you think is fare leaving a messed up world forthem? Indeed, politicians and industries are thebiggest villains, and we should protest against whatthey do. But we can start to do something right nowtoo. What? Once again, just recycle.

SmokingBy Abdulrahman (Saudi Arabia)

Smoking is one of bad habits that a lot of peoplehave. According to quitsmoking.com, cigarette smokecontains over 4.000 chemicals, including 43 knowncancer causing (carcinogenic) compounds and 400other toxins. These include nicotine, tar, and carbon

monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia,hydrogen cyanide and arsenic! Due to these,smoking causes many diseases and a lot of badthings that the smoker will receive. Every yearhundreds of thousands of people die from diseasescaused by smoking cigarettes and so I would like totalk about the reasons and consequences of smokingwith some examples that I saw in my life.

Teenagers are always curious abouteverything. They want to try out everything,especially things that are not allowed to them, likesmoking, driving and drinking. When I was in highschool, I saw my friends smoking cigarettes. I tried tokeep them away from me, because I wasn't asmoker, but I couldn't because all my friends weresmoking. When I finished my first year of high school,I started smoking. Friends and a persons age alwayshave an effect on someones behavior, just like whathappened to me. The majority of smokers who I havemet started smoking in their teens. The government,schools and parents should teach children how theycan protect themselves from bad habits, especiallysmoking cigarettes, because smoking might bringmany bad things afterwards.

Another reason is that four years ago, one ofmy friends stayed with his father in a hospital,because his father had a disease. He had a lot of

stress and free time and after two weeks he startedsmoking cigarettes. People who have stress due todaily life, smoke to try to relax or kill time.

According to arabbab.com, 1.1 billion peoplein the world smoke! The majority of smokers buy onebox every day that cost on average $5.00! Thatmeans five billion dollars are spent every day forbuying cigarettes! A lot of money is spent oncigarettes, but on the other hand, little is paid fororganizations for the poor or for education. Weshould review this situation and put some rules forcompanies that sell cigarettes because it is a wasteof money and a way to get diseases.

Diseases are the main result for people whosmoke. According to inforeseachlab.com, around 5.4million deaths every yeas are caused by smoking:Smoking is said to kill 6.5 million people in 2015 and8.3 million humans in 2030, with the biggest rise inlow-and middle income countries. Over 443.000Americans (over 18 percent of all deaths) diebecause of smoking each year. 1.2 million people inChina die because smoking. Thats 2.000 people aday! I would like call smoking a world war, becausewe lose a lot of people every day.


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Warning, smoking causes lung cancer, heartdisease, emphysema, and may complicatepregnancy. We see this sign on the cigarette boxand some commercials, but smoker don't understandit or rather they don't want understand it. We have toteach our children the good way to keep themselvessafe. Smoking killing a lot, so we should fight is habitto live in healthy life.

Seeing models in the media creates and spreadsa body image that is harmful to young womenBy Heidi (Germany)

Many children have idols and some of theseidols are models. Children would love to be likemodels: skinny, tall and beautiful but know childrenthe effects? I want to explain why children shouldnthave the plan to be models.

The first reason is that it could be dangerous.In young years, children should eat healthy food andnot think about being skinny. At this age, they needall the vitamins and minerals and it can only beachieved from the right nutrition. If you miss this atthis young age it can have negative effects in theirfuture, like an underdevelopment of their organs ordeformity of the bones. Many parents think that iftheir child eats fruit and vegetables it can only behealthy and that its good to have no fat on theirbody. But a balanced nutrition should also containsfat and chance it in energy. When children eat toolittle they are tired and have no power.

The next important factor is the psychologicalpressure that starts too early. Some parents pushtheir children already at a young age. They go tocastings when the child is only three years old. They

must learn how to walk like a model and to makemovements like a model. Little children dont knowwhether they want it, but the parents only see thematerial purpose, what they can earn in the futureand the hope of having no more financial worries. Soparents push and push the child until they win acasting, whether there are tears or not, they dontcare. Some parents might say, my child love to bewell dressed and stylish. However, they force thechild to be in a good mood, to laugh and promise togive gifts after the casting. Where is the dignity of thechild? It has a right to play and to be a child.

The last point is that children focus on

pictures in magazines where they see beautifulmodels without any flaws. Children dont know whattricks they work with on the computer. You can turnan ugly swan into a beautiful swan. That is whatchildren dont know and what parents wont tell theirchild. Many models are not beautiful from nature.They get bigger breasts, the nose or the whole facechanged. Parents have the opinion and say it is goodif children look after their personal appearance.Anyway, the children lose their childhood, theirpersonality then the whole day is only one thought to

be a model and forget that there are other interestingthings in their life.

So, I appeal to the parents to think about notto take their childrens childhood and let a child be achild. When the child is old enough to make his or herown decision, they can become a model. The parentsmust know how dangerous it can be and help theirchildren to get away from the crazy plan to be a

model.

The decline of the newspaperBy Simone (Brazil)

The newspaper has been the most importantway of communicating for decades. But after sevendecades, the circulation of American newspapers hasbeen declining gradually. According to Frank Ahrens,the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) estimatesthat 30.4 million American now to pay a newspaperMonday through Saturday, on average, and about 40million do so on Sunday. These figures come from379 of the nations largest newspaper. In comparisonin 1940, 41.1 million Americans bought a dailynewspaper, according to the Newspaper Associationof America.

The first fact that contributed to the decline ofthe newspaper has been the news on TV thatbecame very popular. People prefer to stay in front ofthe TV in their comfortable chair in their living roomwith their family and watch all news in there.However, with the development of the Internet, thedecline of the newspaper increased and people reallystarted to prefer to read their news on the Internet.And that maybe the real cause that newspaper hasdeclined.

But what are other reasons why peopleprefer the Internet over the newspaper? We have alot of motives but certainly the convenience of theInternet is the biggest reason. Through the Internet,people can search for exactly what they want to readand they can choose which way they want. Forexample, they can read about any topic they wantand can access a wide range of national andinternational newspapers. On the Internet, news getupdated more regularly, while most newspapers areonly printed once a day. Another interesting point ofthe Internet is that the news come from a wider rangeof sources, including newspapers, because many

newspapers have their own websites where peoplecan read the newspaper online and get more up todate news.

On other hand, we have people that supportthe idea that because of decline of the newspaper,the employees have lost their jobs and that this is abad development. However, I think it is not a realeffect because while the Internet has grown, thenumber of employees working for online sources hasprobably increased too.

I think when we buy fewer printed newspaperthis can cause a good effect for the environment


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because to print the newspaper they use a lot ofpaper and for to make paper they use a lot of treesand it harms the environment. For this motive whenwe buy less print newspaper we can help to save theplanet.

In the end, we can conclude that the declineof newspaper is part of the process of naturalevolution of the communication and one day its might

not exist any more.

RecyclingBy Roberson (Brazil)

Recycling wasnt an issue discussed in thepast, but it is extremely necessary today. In severalUN meetings in which the main world leadersparticipated, the issue has been discussed due to theeffects of global warming and the exhaustion ofnatural recourses. Now, many countries have startedto worry about recycling. According to recentresearch by Evans, the United States produce onaverage 228 million tons of waste per year and that isthe equivalent of 40% of the world waste and theworlds population of 5%. However, the US in thepast ten years recycling has double and an increasedamount of US municipal waste is recycled. There arecountries, like Austria and Germany that are modelsin organized recycling system and other countries areworse. For example, Bulgaria isnt recycling wasteand sends all waste to landfills (Evans). It shows thatpeople in the world is worried about environmentalproblems. Probably, the prejudices that are causedby use incorrect of natural recourses are starting. Ifthe worlds countries start to recycle now, it will havebenefits to health and environment. We dont need to

spend money, but we need to think about the bestway to save ourselves of environmental issue in thefuture.

A few of the main consequences of a lack ofrecycling on the environment are: low air and waterquality, toxic waste disposal, depletion of naturalresources, endangered species, and the increasingthreat of global warming. Another problem is materialdecomposing time. For example, glass is an easilyreusable or recyclable material, but it is almostindestructible taking about 4,000 years todecompose (Evans). So, the way that waste is beingdisposed is important. For example, landfill and

incineration which are ways of treating the waste areinappropriate to the environment and causecontamination in air, soil, and groundwater and forpeople that work there. These issues have to berevalued by world governments, because it bringsdevastating consequences to soil and to water.

However, recycling can be a way of reducingsome of these environment issues. Some countrieslike China, arent working a lot on this problembecause they have an economic interest in product togrow. Otherwise, there are many benefits of recyclingand it can be one way of saving money too.

The first environment effect of recycling is ofcourse the reduction of waste. Each year, the worldpopulation grows a lot and current research hasshown that the worlds population has a tendency togrow until 2050, thus this is signal that the amount oftrash will increase more. In the process there isselection of waste. The recyclable waste is sent to adump that separates all waste and reuses it in a

process of recycling. This facility sends the recoveredmaterials to be sorted and prepared into factory formanufacturing, so the other dumps receive only apart of the waste. Therefore, this will decrease theamount of waste we produce and improve our qualityof life.

A second environmental effect is savingmoney. There are some ways of reusing the recycledwaste and saving money at home. Three years ago,a Brazilian man invented a heater built with recycledproducts. The heater is able to heat water to 40degrees Celsius and can be used for supplying ashower with water. Another example is that peopleuse recycled products to make handcrafts and sellthem at high cost. Also, you can reuse recycledpackaging at home for other domestic use. At a largescale, some companies can reuse tires, which aretriturated and dissolved along with pitch, inmanufacturing of asphalt. There are many ways andexamples of using recycled waste and people thatsave money with this resource.

In addition, we can save natural resources byrecycling. If we reuse paper, we can save manytrees. So as a comparison Evans shows that Onaverage everyone uses up to two pine trees worth ofpaper each year and it is estimated that half a milliontrees must be cut down to produce the paper for each

weeks newspapers (Evans). The number of tree cutdown every year is high and can be avoided. Plasticalso is a natural recourse that is used in largequantities and is responsible for many prejudices toenvironment, because the manufacturing of plasticemits CO, uses much water and pollutes the watersand soil. In some cases, the use of natural resourcesis increasing and the environmental issues areappearing. Thats why reusing recycled productshelps reducing the scarcity of natural resources.

Recycling is easy to do at home and takeslittle time. The benefits that the habit of separatingtrash has on environment are more. The reduction of

waste and preservation of natural recourses areimportant consequences to the future of children andof humanity. In consequently, it can save money andimprove the quality of air and water. If the populationcontinues growing until 2050, the research indicatesthat there will be many environmental consequences,thus the attitude to eliminate environmental issuemust start now or we will see severe consequencesin the future.

Source: Evans, Michael. Recycling. Publication.Michael Evans, 20 May 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.


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SmokingBy Yanlin (China)

Today more and more people start smokingbecause of various reasons, such as stress, fatigue,or just because of peer pressure. But I think allreasons are not real reasons, since smokingcigarettes is nothing but consuming poison. The

following paragraphs will show some effects ofsmoking.First of all, I think smoking can damage the

environment. The smoke of cigarette pollutes the airthat people breathe every day. Also, some smokersthrow their cigarette ends everywhere and thesecause not only damage to the environment, but alsoincreases work for cleaners. Furthermore, they mightcause a big fire. I can still remember the big fire thathappened in my hometown in 1995 which wascaused by a small cigarette end and lots of peoplewere injured in that fire.

In addition, smoking can affect people'sappearance, such as teeth, skin, hair, and nails.Recently, I read a report about the effects of smokingon people's appearance. All in all, the result ofchronic smoking might be yellow teeth, bad smell ofmouth, bad skin condition, dry hair and easilybreaking nails.

In worse cases, smoking can also causemore serious diseases, such respiratory disease, andcardiovascular disease, even cancer or death.According to official statistics, almost 5,000,000people die of smoking each year, and this numberwill be increase to about 10,000,000 people in thefollowing 25 years. It means more than 10,000,000people will die of smoking for 25 years, and those will

also include people who are smoking today!Furthermore, many smokers think smoking

just hurt themselve, but actually they don't knowabout the fact that their smoke can also damageother people who are not smoking. They don't knowthat passive smoking causes more harm to non-smokers. However, who is the most common victimof passive smoking? It is your dear family who liveswith you every day!!

In conclusion, I want to say that if you justwant to stay healthy for yourself or for other people,please stop smoking, and if you don't smoke, pleasedo not start. And if you smoke, please stop it as soon

as possible!!!

Should be prohibited the use of cell phones whiledriving?By Paulo Moraes (Brazil)

For many centuries, people have tried tointroduce new things to facilitate our lives. We are inconstant development and over the years our liveshave gotten busier. We have more and more thingsto do and, unfortunately, we don't have enough timeto do them all, so we use tools that we have

invented to help us. The problem is when we don'tuse these things correctly. One of the best examplesthat we can use is the use of cell phones whiledriving. Every year, we see statistics showingnumbers about this, but where is the real problem?Some people say that it must be prohibited andothers say the opposite. The point is, people need tolearn how to use their phones and they need to do it

correctly.Nowadays, our lives are not easy. We needto take care of the family, work all day, sometimes weneed to study too, and we need to do all this in oneday. So we start doing two things at the same timeand it happens when we drive and talk on the cellphone. We spend a lot of time driving and we solve alot of problems talking on the cell phone, thats whywe always do these two things together. So we needto remember the statistics: 28% of cars accidentsinvolve talking or texting on cell phones. The problemis that people don't have rules. We know that isdifficult not to use the cell phone but people abuse itand use them all the time, and a lot of times texting.So it is true, we really need to use them and thereforewe need rules to follow and the government mustcreate these rules.

We already know that isn't easy stay withoutour cell phone. We need to drive daily, and of course,we will do these things together. Now, thegovernment needs to do their job. It means that thegovernment needs to create laws for drivers and theyneed to make sure that this laws will be followed,They could create a law to compel drivers to use thehand-free headset. With this, the drivers would havethe hands free only to drive all the time and theywouldn't text anymore. Some studies say that laws

and rules don't work, and they suggest that cellphones must be completely prohibited while driving.They argue that the reason for car accidentsinvolving cell phones is because the drivers weredistracted on the cell phone. However, the point hereis that a lot of things can distract the drivers and it isnot only the cell phone. We can argue that changingthe station radio, talking to others sitting in the carwith us or something on the road could distract thedriver. So the cell phone is not a principal distraction,and the most important point is, that drivers need tokeep their hands free only to drive.

All the time we see people driving and talking

on the cell phone, but worse than this is to seepeople eating or shaving while driving a lot of times.This is a real reason causing cars accidents. Driversalways want to do something more than just drive,these things cause distraction and in consequencethey cause accidents. Seeing all this things we canimagine that the cell phone is not the only problem.We can think, that its not the only problem but it isyet another problem. It is true, so the governmentneed to create laws to prohibit what really need to beprohibited and to create rules to make it safer to usewhat we really need to use.


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These two things, cell phones and driving,have become important parts of our lives and for a lotof people living without their cell phone makes themfeel like being naked. It seems funny but somepeople just can't work without these things. Theymake our lives easier and now we can't live withoutthem anymore. So we need to acknowledge that tolive in harmony with both things and with all the

people we need to follow certain rules to be good foreveryone and like all rules and laws, the governmentneeds to be working together to make this happen.

A great inventionBy Maureen (Chile)

If you could invent something new, what productwould you develop?

I would like to invent a tree that producesextra money. You can plant this kind of tree in yourgarden house. In the beginning, you will receive smallamounts, like $1, $5 and $10, but after twenty years,you may receive $20 and $50, and when you retireyou may receive $100. The restriction is only one treeper family and the amount of money that you collectonly depends on how you take care of it.

One reason why I would like to invent thistree is because I would like to get rid of the power ofmoney and make it less important. If we imaginehaving money growing in our houses, maybe it wouldbe something more common and nothing soimportant.

Another reason is because that way youdont need to live worrying about money. You couldlive safer than we live now.

I think its great to dream about this invention.It would be the solution for so many problems thatpeople have. I would like to believe in a world thatdoesnt run day by day just to get money, money andonly money. I would prefer to go to my garden andcut some trees for a better life.IlliteracyBy Yu Jin (South Korea)

Illiteracy - the definition of illiteracy is a lackof the ability to read. There are many illiterate peoplein the world. Most of them cannot voice their opinion,and often they are even treated very badly in many

situations. Why are they illiterate? And what are theeffects of illiteracy?

The first cause of illiteracy is the economiccondition of the people - in other words poverty.This is the most realistic thing. So, children need towork and cant be spared for school. Also, if childrenwant to go to school, they have to pay their textbook,school uniform, and some school activity fee.

However, often parents cannot pay for their childreneducation and so the children cannot benefit from thebenefits of school.

The second reason is that some culturesdont offer the same opportunities for men andwomen because they believe that men and womenhave different roles in their society. For example,men have to go to school and then they have to get ajob. On the other hand, women have to do housework and take care of their babies. It looks like it isvery unfair, but actually this situation still exists inmany countries. In my country, we also had verystrictly separated roles between men and women inthe past. Especially rural areas are not affected bythe implementation of educational programs.

Illiteracy has two different effects. One isrelated to the house or family life and the other isrelated to the view of society.

First of all, if people become illiterate, theireconomic condition is very poor because it is verydifficult to get a job. Moreover, they dont get a jobthat gives them a high salary or treats them verygood. Finally, the other view on illiteracy iscaused by society. Nowadays, in this advanced,competitive world people have a very cold viewpointabout illiterate people. People even ignore suchpeople, treat then badly and are not interested in

them. Also, illiterate people cant stand up to theirboss or the government, fight for their rights oragainst their treatment easily because they cannotread the important laws and regulations. So they getvery daunt feeling and dont have confidence inthemselves.

In conclusion, many illiterate people cannottake advantage their opportunities and rights. It is avery serious problem confronting us. Governmentsshould find the best way to help them. Also the mostimportant thing is we should find a way to correct theperception of society and create continued interestfor them!


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WRITING SIX

Increase Cognitive AbilityBy Mandana Azhdarinassab (Iran)

IntroductionYour brain is much better than you think

Brain function and mind issues have always been examined by mankind. The mind and brain are the mostvital things in our body. Humans were created by two parts: physical and spirit. People have been living based onwillingness and ambitions. It is believed the world is a mind and a dream. People think and then they act. We followwhat the brain and mind order us to do.

Actually, it is obvious society has been thinking, planning, and experimenting on highly functioning mindsfor many years. In fact, they have tried hard and we can use these facilities very easily. Therefore, everythinginitially comes from our ideas and mind.

It is not feasible to do our daily jobs without thinking and the brain functioning. In contemporary life beingsmart and increasing IQ is one of the most important and interesting issues, especially for businessman, teachers,scientists and researchers. Having a better and more secure life is effected by being smart and developingintelligence. In my opinion, being smarter at any age is possible but not easy. However, there are so many ways todo this and obtain them and depends on many things including family, environment, food, and education.

What is brain function?

The brain is one of the most vital and complex parts of human body. The weight of this important part isalmost three pounds and is the center of intelligence and senses. The brain is called the crown jewel of humanbody. However, the most important thing which has been studied by human beings is the brain's functions. Howdoes it work, how to keep it healthy, and what happens when the brain is diseased or dysfunctional? (NationalInstitute of Health 2-7).

The brain works completely as one organism. However, it is composed of three parts:1. fore brain2. mid brain3. hind brain

1. The fore brain is the largest and most highly developed part of human brain.2. The mid brain controls some reflex action and controls eye movement and other voluntary movements.3. The hindbrain controls the bodys vital functions such as respiration and heart rate. This part motivates inlearning, playing music (piano) or playing tennis (National Institute of Health 2-7).

What is intelligence?One should not pursue goals that are easily achieved. One must develop an instinct for what one can just barelyachieve through ones greatest efforts. -Albert Einstein

When we talk about intelligent people, do you think intelligence means people who are smart by biologicalfactors, or people who know math, doctors, and educated people? However, this is not always true. Intelligencemeans, increasing your fluid intelligence or your capacity to learn new information or actually use new ideas inorder to solve problems or difficulties (Kuzewski 2-8). A good working memory is pretty important so make themost your thinking to improve your working.

Increasing your IntelligenceThere are five ways to increase your intelligence:

1. Seek novelty. One interesting hobby for people has been seeking novelty. When you seek novelty so

many things are going on. First, you are creating new synaptic connections with every new activity youare going to engage. These connections are built in each other by increasing your neural activity andcreating more connection and finally learning takes place. Novel activity triggers dopamine whichcreates a higher motivation state and then fuels engagement and primes neurons while neurogesis takesplace which increases in synaptic plasticity.

2. Challenge yourself. There are many things that train our brain to get smarter such as sudoku which theytell you to do in your free time. However, the important point is individual brain training games dont makeus smarter. Actually, they make you more proficient at the brain training game.

3. Do things the hard way. For example, using the GPS for finding the road but finding a new address withoutyour GPS and just with concentration on the map and geography. This will help you find new places assoon as possible.


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4. Networking. Your brain gets more efficient and really good at it. But unfortunately it got lazy. It didnt needto work in order to play the game well, so the cognitive energy and glucose went somewhere else instead.But it is not your useful when it comes to cognitive growth. In order to keep your brain active and improveyour cognitive functions you need to keep moving onto another challenging activity.

5. Think creatively. Thinking creatively will help you achieve neural growth. This does not mean painting apicture or doing something artsy. When we talk about thinking creatively it means creative cognitionitself. For thinking creatively we need both sides of the brain the right and left, switching back and forth,between conventional and unconventional thinking. You should find novel ideas that are also

appropriate to the activity you are doing. In order to get the best result you need both sides of your brainshemispheres to connect with each other (Kusewski 3-8).

Biological Influences, Gender, and CultureIt has been shown in a few studies where pre-schoolers in two Guatemalan villages (where under

nourishment is common) where given protein nutrition supplements for several years and even in lowest economicfamily those children showed an increase in performance on intelligence test. This means cognitive abilities areinfluenced by biological factors (Science and Society 58).

In addition, it has been shown the black females are twice as likely to have IQ scores of about 120 as blackmales, for finding this reason there is not a possible genetic explanation (Science and Society 58).

According to Harvard sociologist Robert Samson, growing up in a well-off economic family can make a 25-pointdifference in IQ. Just as second generation Asian Americans are taller than their parents because of a better diet,IQ can improve with better schooling and medical care (Nisbett 57-59).

ConclusionBrain development is a process seen mostly active in a childs beginning years. The brain is functioning the

most in the early months. With this process, understanding how the brain can improve cognition is not impossible.Human beings are always interested in learning more and more about how they can enhance IQ and improve theability of learning. Based on concepts in this paper, it is helpful to listen to classical music, do exercises likeaerobics, and choose healthy food in order to be smarter. However, genetics and being raised in a well-offeconomic family is not our choice but there are lots of chances to improve cognitive functions.

Works CitedDemorest, S. and Morrison, S. Does Music Make You Smarter. Special Focus Music and the Brain. September, 2000: 11-17.Farewell-Kingsley, Kathy. Smart stuff: eating the right food can boost your brain power. Vegetarian Times. May, 1997: 92.Hillman, C, Erickson, K and Kramer, A. Prospectives. Nature Publishing group. 2008: 58-60.Kirp, David. Getting Smarter About IQ. The American Prospect. May 2009: 57-59.Kuszewski, Andrea. Scientific American. Science in Action Award. March 7, 2011: 11-13.

Schllenberg. G. Psycological Science. Music Lessons Enhance IQ. 2004: 511-512.The Original


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The Meaning of The Second Amendment to the United States ConstitutionBy Natalia Sedykh (Russia)

IntroductionThe Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the most disputable provision of the Bill of

Rights. The Second Amendment states: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, theright of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Supporters of individuals right believe the secondamendment allows individuals to defend themselves and their property from outlaws of all kinds: ordinary criminals

and government officials who exceeded their authority. Representatives of a state's right consider that the secondamendment guarantees nothing to the people and protects only the states' right to muster and arm military units.The Second Amendment is regarded by some people as not answering today's needs of regulation of firearms, asa threat to the public safety, and as a provision with no relevance to modern problems. We will research the secondamendment's original meaning created by developers of the Constitution and also some debatable questions of thepossibility of using the second amendment in real life. For this purpose, we turn to the classical philosophy of the15th 18th centuries which generated the idea of the armed citizen in the republican theory, analyze the historicalprocess of creation of the Bill of rights, and consider some questions of adequacy of the second amendment to vitalrealities.

Historical process of the creation of the Bill of RightsJames Madison and his colleagues drafted the Bill of Rights at a time when Americans thought strongly

about protecting individual rights from a potentially dangerous central government. So, the drafters firmly believedin two principles: (1) Individuals had the right to possess arms to defend themselves and their property; and (2)states retained the right to maintain militias composed of these individually armed citizens. The drafters alsobelieved that professional armies should exist only in wartime and that, in any event, the military should always besubordinate to civilian control.

State bills of rights and the amendments to the Constitution proposed by the various statePrinciples about individual's right to possess arms and state's right to maintain militias had been articulated

in the several state bills of rights as well as in the amendments to the Constitution proposed by the various stateratifying conventions. Article 13 of Virginia's Declaration of Rights, adopted on June 12, 1776, declared, "That awell regulated Militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defenseof a free State" (Cress 70). Two months later, Pennsylvania declared that "the people have a right to bear arms forthe defense of themselves and the state." Both documents linked the citizen's responsibility for the defense of thestate to the threat of standing armies: standing armies were "dangerous to liberty" and must be kept "under strictsubordination" to the civil government (Reynolds 480).

Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina adopted similar declarations during the first year of independence.Delaware and Maryland borrowed language from Virginia's Article 13; North Carolina, following Pennsylvania'slead, declared that "the people have a right to bear arms, for the defense of the State." Vermont, though not tobecome a state until 1792, quoted verbatim Pennsylvania's Article 13 in its 1777 Declaration of Rights (Cress 72).

New Yorkers, who suggested over fifty amendments to the Federal Constitution, observed: "People have aright to keep and bear Arms; a well regulated Militia, including the body of the People capable of bearing Arms, isthe proper, natural and safe defense of a free state" (Reynolds 482).

Influential Americans clearly differentiated individual possession of arms from service in the militia. SamuelAdams offered an amendment at his state's convention that read: "And that the said Constitution be neverconstrued to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press or the rights of conscience; or to prevent thepeople of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms" (Cress, 72). ThomasJefferson was a vigorous advocate of gun ownership because he believed that it fostered both personal andsocietal virtue; 32 a model constitution that he drafted for Virginia in 1776 included a provision guaranteeing that

"No freeman shall be debarred of the use of arms within his own lands or tenements."65. Similarly, Anti-FederalistPatrick Henry agreed, stating that, "The great object is that every man be armed... Every one who is able may havea gun" (Reynolds 490). Thus, the right to keep and bear arms was considered an essential form of protection notjust for home and hearth, but also against government tyranny.

Drafting the Bill of RightsHaving buttressed the corporate nature of society with the Constitution, Madison and others set out to

protect the individual from the potentially overweening power of the community. Significantly, Madison's ownproposal for integrating the Bill of Rights into the Constitution was not to add them at the end (as they have been)but to interlineate them into the portions of the original Constitution they affected or to which they related. He didnot separate the right to bear arms from other individual rights designed to protect the individual. When preparingnotes for an address supporting the amendments, Madison reminded himself: "They relate first to private rights"


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(Cress, 73); and when he consulted with Edmund Pendleton, Madison emphasized that "amendments may beemployed to quiet the fears of many by supplying those further guards for private rights" (Cress 73).

Others assumed the same stance. Madison's confidant, Joseph Jones, believed the proposed articles were"calculated to secure the personal rights of the people so far as declarations on paper can affect the purpose"(Shalhope 130). Tench Coxe, writing as "the Pennsylvanian," discussed individual guarantees and then, inreference to the second amendment, maintained that, "the people are confirmed by the next article in their right tokeep and bear their private arms" (Shalhope 131).

When Madison and his select committee drafted the Bill of Rights, they did their best to combine briefly the

essential elements of the various state bills of rights as well as the many suggestions made by state ratifyingconventions. The effort resulted in a good deal of cutting, revising, and synthesizing. This drafting approach wascertainly used with the second amendment, as the committee incorporated two distinct, yet related, rights into asingle amendment (Shalhope 132).

While congressmen firmly believed in the right of individual citizens to possess arms, no consensus existedregarding whether or not these people should be required to bear arms in the militia. However Madison, GeorgeWashington, Dwight, and Joseph Story considered these rights inseparable and provided excellent insight into whyit was so natural to combine these two rights into a single amendment (Reynolds 495). Madison observed that inthe case of oppressed Europeans: something beyond individual possession of weapons was necessary. But werethe people to possess the additional advantages of local governments chosen by themselves, who could collect thenational will, and direct the national force; and of officers appointed out of the militia, it may be affirmed with thegreatest assurance, that the throne of every tyranny in Europe would be speedily overturned, in spite of the legionswhich surround it (Shalhope 132). Similarly, Washington declared: "To be prepared for war, is one of the mosteffectual means of preserving peace. A free people ought not only to be armed, but disciplined; to which end, auniform and well-digested plan is requisite" (Shalhope 133).

The militia remained equally important to the drafters, because militia laws insured that American citizenswould remain armed and, consequently, retain their vigorous republican character. Beyond that, the militia providedthe vehicle whereby the collective force of individually armed citizens might become most effectively manifest.Thus, the armed citizen and the militia existed as distinct, yet dynamically interrelated elements within Americanthought; it was perfectly reasonable to provide for both within the same amendment to the Constitution (Cress 79).

ConclusionThe Second Amendment helps to protect both political freedom and the most fundamental individual right,

the right of self-defense. The Founders intended to balance individual rights with communal responsibilities. Theright to keep and bear arms allowed individuals to defend themselves from ordinary criminals and governmentofficials who exceeded their authority. The right to organize Militia is defense from government tyranny and thepower of a standing army. It may be partly true that neither the militia nor the armed citizen is not absolutely

adequate to modern society, but people can make it work if good will and both corresponding political andeconomic conditions are framed. In any event, today's needs of regulation of firearms is compatible with thelanguage and intent of the Second Amendment. A proper interpretation of the Second Amendment would protectthe legitimate uses of firearms without making the possession of guns a sacrosanct and inviolable privilege.

Work CitedCress, Lawrence Delbert. An Armed Community: The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms. Journal of American History71.1 (1984):58 88. PrintGardiner, Richard E. To preserve libertya look at the right to keep and bare arms. Northern Kentucky Law Reviewl.10 (1982): 63-96. PrintHenigan, Dennis A. Arms, anarchy and the second amendment. Valparaiso University Law Review26.1 (1991): 107-129. PrintHalbrook, Stephen P. The right of the people or the power of the state: bearing arms, arming militias, and the second amendment. ValparaisoUniversity Law Review26.1 (1991): 131-207. PrintHardy, David T. Armed citizens, citizen armies: toward a jurisprudence of the second amendment. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy9(1986): 559-638. PrintKates, Don B. Jr. Handgun prohibition and the original meaning of the second amendment. Michigan Law Review82 (1983): 204-273. Print

Kates, Don B. JR. The second amendment: a dialogue. Law and Contemporary Problems 49 (1986): 143-150. PrintKates, Don B., Reynolds, Glenn H. The Second Amendment and States' Rights: a thought experiment William and Mary Law Review36.5(1986): 60-99. PrintLund, Nelson. The second amendment, political liberty, and the right to self-preservation,Alabama Law Review39 (1987): 103-130. PrintMalcolm, Joyce L. The right of the people to keep and bear arms: the common law tradition. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly10 (1983):285-314. PrintReynolds, Glenn Harlan. A critical guide to the second amendment Tennessee Law Review(1995): 461-511. PrintShalhope, Robert E. The armed citizen in the early republic, law & Contemprerary problems 49 (1986): 125-141.Print


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Earth & Mars in ComparisonBy Ahmed Aladamawai (Saudi Arabia)

Introduction

The Solar System is the name of the planets that consist of the sun and all the planets around the sun.There are also other solar system objects, and these are smaller than the planets; we call them dwarf planets,asteroids, meteorites, and comets. There is another kind of small planet, which follows most of the planets whichwe call moons. There are 240 moons in the solar system. One of them that we can see is from the earth. We have

eight planets in our solar system, and they are in the order from the sun including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Basically, I will write about two planets of the solar system which are ourplanet, Earth, and the most known planet and closest one to us, Mars.

The EarthOur first plant is Earth. Earth is the third planet closest to the sun. The earth is the only planet in the

universe that has life on it, because its location is perfectly from the sun, and it has water that is necessary for life,which covers most of the surface. The earth has only one moon. Its diameter is 12,756 km. The year in the earth is365 days, and 24 hours for one day. Our earth has good ground and it is covered by air. There are clouds, windsand lightning as well, and some other weather phenomena. The proportion of gases in the air is 20% oxygen, 78%nitrogen and 2% different kinds of gases. Some scientists said that if the proportion of the oxygen gets high, thanthat will make us unable to stop the fire if it gets started it in the building. On the other hand, this fact made itperfect for approximately 7,000,000,000 people to live on its lands which Mars never had, at last until this moment.The earth features the magnetosphere that protects it, and also makes it different for other plants. As humans seepictures from space, earth is known by the color blue and that gives it another name beside the earth, which is theBlue Planet as people say. The explanation for that is because of the large amount of water on the surface of theearth which is 70.8% and that is equal to 361,132,000 square kilometers (139,387,000 square miles). As a mater offact, The oceans contain 97% of our planet's available water. The other 3% is found in the atmosphere, on theEarth's terrestrial surface, or in the Earth's lithosphere in various forms and stores (Pidwirny). Conversely, landconsists of 29.2% of the earths surface and that is exactly 148,940,000 square kilometers (57,491,000 squaremiles). As I mentioned earlier, the surface of the earth is covered by land and water, and each of them are made ofparts or big areas. For land it is called continents, and for water it is called oceans. The continents by thearrangement of size are:

Asia, 43,820,000 square km. Africa, 30,370,000 square km. North America, 24,490,000 square km. South America, 17,840,000 square km.

Antarctica, 13,720,000 square km. Europe, 10,180,000 square km. Australia, 9,008,500 square km.

For oceans, the Earth has five oceans around the world and they are arranged by the size of the area that theycover:

The Pacific Ocean covers 155,557,000 square km. According to Pidwirny, The pacific ocean is thelargest ocean region covering about 30% of the Earths surface area (about 15 times the size of theUnited States).

The Atlantic Ocean covers 76,762,000 square km. By another word, it's 20.8% of the earths totalsize.

The Indian Ocean covers exactly 68,556,000 square km. and 14.4% as a rate to earth. The Southern Ocean equals 20,327,000 square km and 4.0% of the earths surface. The Arctic Ocean equals 14,056,000 square km. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean in the

earth which equals 2.8% to land and water.Mars

The other planet that I want to talk about is Mars. It is the fourth closest planet to the sun, and the famousneighbor of the earth. Some scientists say that Mars has life on it! They said there are strong indications that thewater was flowing one day on the surface of Mars, making the same effects, such as canals and valleys. However,they still discuss if it has life or not. Although the atmosphere is lower than what we have, it is enough to makeclouds, winds, and make storms as well as on its surface. Mars also has two frozen poles just like the earth. Itsdiameter is 6,794 km, and its equal to half the diameter of the earth. One year on Mars is 687 days of our days,and that is because of the time that it needs to complete the revolution around the sun. Therefore, on Mars, the dayis longer than the day on the earth by half an hour. Mars air consists of 95% carbon, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% of argon,and 0.4% of oxygen and water. All this makes the scientists believe that there is life on this planet, so that makes alot of movie producers make a lot of movie talk about aliens coming from it. Mars has two moons, Phobos and


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Deimos. Eventually, they dont look like the earth's moon; they are much smaller than it and they have irregularforms. Mars also has the biggest volcano in the solar system called Olympus.

ConclusionAfter all, do you know that those two planets are nothing in size compared to the other plants in the solar

system, and the solar system is nothing but a point in Milky Way, and the Milky Way is less than a point in thespace or the universe. So that makes us think about how all those spaces were created, and what there is still leftto explore after what we have already explored. It makes us thirsty to know more about the universe, doesn't it?

Works CitedEarth Matter. Earth Observatory Nasa. 11 April2012. Mars vs Earth. Science esa. 07 Aug 2006. Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Introduction to the Oceans". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition.Strange seas; Earth isn't the only place in the solar system to have large oceans Australian Geographic1 Jan. 2011.Academic

OneFile. Web. 4 Apr. 2012


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