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The Expansion of Education More people in
public schools and literate 1870- 2% in HS 1900-32 states
required school to age 14
1910- 60% of all children attended school
The poor, immigrants, and minorities still lagged behind
Higher Education for Women
As with other reforms, there was a struggle to gain advances in women's educational opportunities.
The first colleges to accept women were Tulane Sophie Newcomb Radcliffe (Harvard’s all-
woman counterpart)
Higher Education for African Americans Historically all-black colleges
Howard Fisk Atlanta University Center
Booker T. Washington Former slave and founder of Tuskegee
Institute School for blacks that taught farming, carpentry,
brick making, shoemaking, printing and cabinetmaking
Believed that blacks should first build economic power and then political power would follow
September, 1895, Washington became a national figure when one of his speeches was widely reported by the country's newspapers.
Washington's conservative views made him popular with white politicians
Other African-American leaders did not agree with his ideas and the movement split
Counter Movement to Tuskegee WEB Du Bois
Led the Niagara Movement Called for the end of racism
NOW! Did not agree with B.
Washington and charged that the best and the brightest must lead the others towards equality now through politics and a quest for justice. The Souls of Black Folks- most
famous publication
Excerpt from “The Souls of Black Folks” Herein lie buried many things which if read
with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here in the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line. W.E.B.Du Bois
New Forms of Entertainment in the Gilded Age Vaudeville shows- generally
white singers and musicians who traveled throughout the country
Minstrel shows- white singers who dressed in black face paint and perpetuated racial inequalities; sometimes black singers put on blackface as well
Music in the Gilded Age Jazz and Ragtime music
most popular Started within the African-
American community in and around New Orleans and other southern cities Scott Joplin most famous
composer and musician
Popular Publications in the Gilded Age Newspapers
In order to increase circulation, newspapers often exploited their position by sponsoring a flamboyant and irresponsible approach to news
The term “yellow journalism” was born “If it bleeds it leads”
Joseph Pulitzer- sensational NY journalism
Wm. Randolph Hearst- sensational West coast journalism
Pulitzer v Hearst
East Coast v West Coast
Popular Publications in the Gilded Age Magazines
Weekly, monthly stories
Most popular Horatio Alger stories Fiction/myths of rags
to riches Fed into social
Darwinism beliefs Books-
Mark Twain Bret Harte and other
adventure stories
Sports in the Gilded Age Sports became popular
spectator activity Beginning of team and
pro sports Baseball led the way
The “national pastime" 1869: The Cincinnati Red
Stockings became the first openly-salaried team and are thus considered the first professional team.
Boxing, basketball, bicycling, football also became popular
The World of Jim Crow Character in minstrel shows
(traveling musical review) called Jim Crow
This name was attached to the laws and regulations passed after Reconstruction that attempted to keep African Americans from achieving equality
Jim Crow laws- voting, jobs, accommodations, and education Included Poll taxes, Grandfather
clauses, white primaries…
Plessey v Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case
concerning the legality of having separate railroad cars for white
Did this violate the “equal protection” clause of the 14th Amendment??
The Supreme Court said, “NO”, citing the idea of “separate but equal” Set back equality for blacks
almost 70 years
The Rise of Hate Groups Violence and lynching
in many areas Often due to lack of jobs
and the economic instability of era
KKK and other hate groups became popular in South AND North Race riots in Atlanta
Northern violence was also on the rise Race riots in NY and
Springfield, IL
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People- NAACP The NAACP was organized in 1909 Concern over race riots and Jim Crow Many Niagara Movement leaders joined and
combined forces with whites to overcome inequalities and violence
WEB Du Bois charged that Booker T. Washington was not helping the cause by remaining quiet
The NAACP grew rapidly into a national group Is still important today in civil rights causes
Women’s Rights in the Gilded Age Important Issues
Should women have equality?? Should they work outside the home?
Should they get the right to vote? Helped with women’s independence
Department stores Mail order catalogs Rural Free Delivery-RFD
More outside-the-home jobs available But mostly domestic work, industry,
and service industry not professional jobs
The “New Woman” era Wealthy women also
participated Volunteered for
protests Women’s clubs
boomed By turn of the
century- things began to change-
Fashion, books, and music
Margaret Sanger- Margaret Sanger was educated as
and worked as a nurse. In her work with poor women on the
Lower East Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies.
She came to believe in the importance to women's lives and women's health of the availability of birth control, a term which she's credited with inventing.
In 1912, Sanger gave up nursing work to gave advice about birth control This was against the law The Comstock Act