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1 The Getty Conservation Institute Field Trip Report By F. LeBlanc, Head, Field Projects Plaza de Armas, Cusco, Peru. View of La Compania church. Organization of World Heritage Cities 8 th Symposium, Cusco, Peru, Sept. 19-23, 2005 The Organization of World Heritage Cities represents more than 200 cities that have been nominated to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. It holds biennial symposiums. This year’s symposium was held in Cusco, Peru. The theme of the symposium was: “Heritage of Humanity, Heritage with Humanity”. There were five hundred fully registered participants coming from all parts of the world. Seventy mayors or deputy-mayors of World Heritage Cities were among them. The Symposium’s venue was in the municipal congress center that was built specifically to meet the needs of the Symposium. Six hundred and fifty students also participated indirectly to the symposium. The Guest Speakers’ presentations and all the presentations in the Spanish workshops were transmitted to them in the Municipal Theater via a video link. The GCI had agreed to collaborate with the OWHC and the City of Cusco to organize the scientific track of the symposium and to develop the curriculum for a heritage preservation introductory course for newly elected mayors and newly appointed decision-makers of world heritage cities. Ing. Carlos Valencia Miranda, Mayor of Cusco Denis Ricard, Secretary General of OWHC Elizabeth Kuon Arce, Symposium Coordinator

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The Getty Conservation Institute Field Trip Report By F. LeBlanc, Head, Field Projects

Plaza de Armas, Cusco, Peru. View of La Compania church.

OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn ooff WWoorrlldd HHeerriittaaggee CCiittiieess 88tthh SSyymmppoossiiuumm,, CCuussccoo,, PPeerruu,, SSeepptt.. 1199--2233,, 22000055 The Organization of World Heritage Cities represents more than 200 cities that have been nominated to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. It holds biennial symposiums. This year’s symposium was held in Cusco, Peru. The theme of the symposium was: “Heritage of Humanity, Heritage with Humanity”. There were five hundred fully registered participants coming from all parts of the world. Seventy mayors or deputy-mayors of World Heritage Cities were among them. The Symposium’s venue was in the municipal congress center that was built specifically to meet the needs of the Symposium. Six hundred and fifty students also participated indirectly to the symposium. The Guest Speakers’ presentations and all the presentations in the Spanish workshops were transmitted to them in the Municipal Theater via a video link. The GCI had agreed to collaborate with the OWHC and the City of Cusco to organize the scientific track of the symposium and to develop the curriculum for a heritage preservation introductory course for newly elected mayors and newly appointed decision-makers of world heritage cities.

Ing. Carlos Valencia Miranda, Mayor of Cusco

Denis Ricard, Secretary General of OWHC

Elizabeth Kuon Arce, Symposium Coordinator

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Understanding the place of human life in the city and how individuals and families, inhabitants and visitors, sense the physical space and value the place of heritage cities is key to understanding the dynamics that make each city unique. This debate is fundamental. How can we talk of how others experience their cities? How can we explain the sense of values, the perception of space and atmosphere? How can we present, explain, and also preserve these values? The approaches to the subject require the in-depth exchange of expertise and experience, but more than anything it is important to listen and speak out about values. This is why the Cusco 8th Symposium of the OWHC took advantage of the unique opportunity offered by this meeting of Mayors, Decision Makers and Professionals to guarantee a real platform for debate. To do so, the GCI organized the meeting in an innovative way so that each participant as an individual, professional and representative of a group, institution or entity, had the opportunity to share his/her experience at small table discussions. A Guest Speaker made an introductory presentation on each sub-theme in plenary and it was translated into the three official languages of the OWHC, English, French and Spanish. Then the room was subdivided into three smaller rooms, one for each official language. The participants were invited to go to one of these rooms where short presentations of case studies, were made alternatively by a mayor of a World Heritage City and a conservation professional. Each session was also animated by a mayor of a World Heritage City. Following each presentation, the participants were asked to discuss key questions. This guided the debates, the key ideas of which were to provide lines of thought on which participants, according to their responsibilities, would rely on and use in their task of preserving heritage cities.

Map of Peru – City of Cusco in red Panoramic view of Cusco

Flag of Peru

Santo Domingo

Typical street balcony

Typical street with colonial architecture built on top of Inca ruins.

Plaza de Armas – View towards the Cathedral

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TThhee PPrree--SSyymmppoossiiuumm IInnttrroodduuccttoorryy CCoouurrssee ffoorr nneewwllyy eelleecctteedd MMaayyoorrss ooff WWoorrlldd HHeerriittaaggee CCiittiieess

This workshop was created at the initiative of the GCI to address a serious concern expressed by the OWHC: Mayors all over the world are generally elected for four-year terms. How can we ensure that newly elected mayors of World Heritage Cities have a good understanding of their responsibilities to preserve this heritage and pass it on to the next generations? During a visit by Denis Ricard, OWHC Sec. Gen., to the GCI last year, we suggested that an introductory workshop specifically designed for this purpose be offered to newly-elected mayors every time the OWHC holds an international symposium. Cusco was the first opportunity for such a workshop that was jointly designed by the OWHC and the GCI. Twenty-two mayors participated to the one-day workshop led by Jeff Cody with the support of Claudia Cancino who not only helped with the workshop’s preparation and delivery but also with translation during the entire day. This workshop was geared to two kinds of mayors of World Heritage cities: those newly-elected, who would benefit from learning what kinds of responsibilities they have, and what resources are at their disposal as they care for their city’s cultural heritage, and those mayors whose experiences protecting historic sites urge them to learn more about where they can turn for help as they continue to confront conservation-related challenges. Both types of mayors were welcome to join the workshop, where they learned from experts as well as from each other. The workshop was conducted in English and Spanish and was divided into three parts. The first consisted of brief presentations (with useful handouts) that addressed questions such as ‘why should a mayor bother with cultural heritage conservation?’, ‘what are a mayor’s responsibilities vis-à-vis cultural heritage?’, and ‘where can a mayor turn for practical help in finding solutions for common problems?’ In answering these questions, a principal intention was to

Hotel Monasterio where the workshop began

Interior of hotel chapel - Preparing for workshop

Following introductory presentation, Mayors discussed issues in small groups

Church of San Pedro where the after-noon case study was presented and discussed

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underscore the inherently dynamic relationship between principles and actions. The second part of the workshop focused on mayors’ own experiences with problems and solutions concerning cultural heritage protection. Lively discussions not only helped mayors share their personal perspectives about conservation challenges, but they also helped mayors become better acquainted with one another. Rather than finding a single recipe for effective action, mayors sampled a variety of approaches and methods. Jeff summed up their discussions in these three points:

1- There are tensions between the various levels of governments concerning the authority and responsibility to deal with issues;

2- There are tensions between the economic realities and the political decisions that need to be made;

3- How can we involve the resident population in decisions concerning heritage issues because residents are the “soul of the city”.

The public market in front of San Pedro's Church. Prior to the municipality’s concerted action with street vendors, the street to the right was entirely filled with vendor's stalls, signs, garbage and temporary constructions of all kinds.

The third part of the workshop focused on a case study site within the host city of Cusco. There, in the vicinity of San Pedro church, mayors confronted firsthand a stimulating series of issues associated with cultural heritage conservation. In the vicinity of the municipal market, the streets had been literally taken over by vendors. It was total chaos and generating impossible social conditions. The municipality decided to work with the residents to clean the place up by creating a group to represent the vendors, building a new market and retail area and offering the vendors a new structured and organized retail environment. In the course of discussions about how local Cusquenos are addressing those social and conservation issues, mayors actively learned more about the questions posed earlier in the day, and they became more familiar with some of the conservation realities facing Cusco today. The workshop culminated in a brief evaluation session followed by an informal reception.

Group discussion in San Pedro’s Church

Plan showing in red the public market and in blue San Pedro’s Church

Mayors arriving at the church

Parade in front of San Pedro’s Church organized by a local group

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The participants considered that the experiment was successful because it offered intense discussions among mayors and offered a good platform for understanding general principles and viewing concrete examples. It is a useful first step in creating a constructive future OWHC workshop.

Small group of World Heritage Cities' mayors discussing issues and concerns with Jeff Cod

TThhee SSyymmppoossiiuumm

TTuueessddaayy,, SSeepptteemmbbeerr 2200 The opening ceremonies were held in the cloister of Convento Santo Domingo. In the bitter cold of the evening, the participants listened to the national anthem of Peru and Cusco, and welcoming speeches from the Mayor of Cusco, Mr. Carlos Valencia Miranda, the Minister of Education of Peru, Mr. Javier Sota Nodal, the OWHC President, Mr. George Giannopoulos, mayor of the city of Rhodes, Ron Van Oers the representative of the World Heritage Center, and myself on behalf of the Getty Foundation and the Getty Conservation Institute. These speeches were followed by traditional music and dances “Alegoria Cusqueña Intinapaykuy”.

Textile section, interior of the public market next to San Pedro’s Church

Meat section, interior of the public market

Hundreds of residents look at a public exhibition of historic and recent images of the market area

Javier Sota Nadal, Peru Minister of Education

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WWeeddnneessddaayy,, SSeepptteemmbbeerr 2211

Opening speeches for the scientific symposium. 500 delegates were registered and 650 students listened in via a video link.

The Minister of Education of Peru, Mr. Javier Sota Nodal read a message sent by Javier Perez de Cuellar, former United Nations Secretary General and a Peruvian. He said that it was a privilege for Cusco to host such a prestigious symposium and that by working together for the preservation of the cultural heritage of our cities we were helping to curb the tensions, the violence and the wars that are plaguing our modern societies. He concluded by saying that Cusco was not only the archaeological heart of the Andes but also its contemporary cultural one. It is the heart of the history, the art and the Inca, colonial and imperial cultures of Peru. Françoise Descamps then introduced the Scientific Symposium. She explained to the participants how the GCI had structured the next two and a half days to allow them a maximum amount of time to discuss between themselves. The objective was not to lecture to them, but to offer them case histories presented by mayors and conservation professionals that would lead them to reflect on the three themes of the symposium. The speakers had been selected to offer the broadest possible geographical representation. She also explained that this was an experimental approach for an international conference because participants would be divided into three groups for these discussions according to the three official languages of the OWHC, French, English and Spanish as this was the only possible way for them to have a true dialogue. During the discussions, the participants will have the possibility to write down their lines of thoughts, ideas or suggestions for further study or research on the three themes. This would then be summarized and shared with the audience by the three Rapporteurs, Jean-Louis Luxen (Belgium) for Theme I, Dinu Bumbaru (Canada) for Theme II and Alfredo Conti (Argentina) for Theme III. Following are excerpts from the main Speakers for each theme.

Javier Perez de Cuellar, former UN Secretary General and Peruvian

Francoise Descamps introduced the Scientific Symposium

Facade of Cusco’s new convention center

Convention center’s courtyard – Posters were exhibited in the courtyard’s gallery

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TThheemmee 11:: CCiittiizzeenn ppaarrttiicciippaattiioonn iinn tthhee rreevviittaalliizzaattiioonn ooff wwoorrlldd hheerriittaaggee cciittiieess:: ssuucccceesssseess aanndd ffaaiilluurreess Guest Speaker: Emil Van Brederode (Netherlands)

EEUURROOPPEEAANN HHEERRIITTAAGGEE DDAAYYSS:: AA SSUUCCCCEESSSSFFUULL FFOORRMMUULLAA FFOORR AAWWAARREENNEESSSS RRAAIISSIINNGG.. “Dear Gijs, Here in France a “Journée Portes Ouvertes” is organized. It is going very well. An initiative of Jack Lang, the French minister of culture. We visited in Comps the Eglise de Saint-Pierre. Would this be something for Holland?”

In 1985 these were the opening words of a postcard sent to me as an employee of the Dutch Ministry of Culture by an old colleague who moved after his retirement to France. A short note indeed, but one with great effect.

In my contribution to the symposium I will present to you 20 years of experience with ‘Heritage Days’ in Europe. How did it start? What was the impact on government policy? How could it be such an effective instrument to increase awareness of cultural heritage? As a consequence of the postcard from France a small working group came together and two years later the first Heritage Day, or Open Monuments Day, as we call it in the Netherlands, was a fact. Why was France the first country in Europe to initiate in 1984 a Heritage Day? Around 1980, the care of monuments in France started to change. Up until then it had been focused on the protection of large prestigious monuments such as cathedrals, castles, palaces and government buildings. However a new government, with Jack Lang as the Minister of Culture, also introduced the aim of protecting more ordinary buildings like houses, shops, cinemas, cemeteries and 20th-century buildings. On the other hand the public was shocked. They were more accustomed to the care of prestigious monuments. At the same time a government policy of decentralization or de-concentration came into fashion. This was the climate in which the French “Journée Portes Ouvertes” (Open Doors Day) was created. The aim was to bring the public into closer contact with historic buildings. In the Netherlands there was a similar development in policies for monument care. A new Monument Act was in preparation to decentralize tasks from central government to local authorities. Many people and organizations dedicated to the historic heritage were of the opinion that this might be a risky operation. Would the local city

Emil Van Brederode from the Netherlands, Guest Speaker for theme I, citizen’s participation

Jean-Louis Luxen from Belgium, Rapporteur for theme I

Emil Van Brederode and Jean-Louis Luxen

Amita Baig from India presented a case history for public participation and Francois LeBlanc from GC

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council take the right decisions for the protection of monuments? What about the licenses for change and restoration, the priorities for restoration subsidies, and so on? This all depends on local democracy, and therefore on the interest of the citizens. If they are not interested, the politicians will not be interested. If the policy for monument care comes closer to the citizens, we also have to bring the citizens closer to the monuments! The idea from France for a Heritage Day seemed a golden idea at the right moment.

What does “Heritage Day” mean?

The formula of the Heritage Day is to open, once a year on a special day or weekend, a number of historic buildings free of charge to the public. In and around those buildings something extra or special is offered to the public: information about the history of the building, guided tours through the buildings and the town, concerts, theatre, presentations of historic societies, demonstrations of crafts and restoration practice, activities for children, and so on and so forth. ... The first Dutch Heritage Day in 1987 was immediately an enormous success, and based on this success the decision was made that the Open Monument Day should be a yearly event. Some figures from the first year: • 300 local committees (42% of the municipalities in the country) • 2 500 open buildings • 350 000 visitors (2.4% of the total population) • 2 000 press articles. ... Another touching story is that of an old farmer in the countryside. He was asked to include his huge farm and garden in the program. He agreed only to open his garden. When the first visitors arrived on Heritage Day they looked through the windows to the rich interior of the building. They were so interested that the farmer invited them to have a look inside. At the end of the day he had himself guided more than 400 visitors through his house. Because of their enthusiasm he started to think about the future. He had no children or other relatives. What should happen to his farm, the furniture and the garden? As a result of the Heritage Day he decided to bequeath his property to a

Architect Mario Castillo Santano responsible for converting the historic building into a modern convention center in less than a year

Convention center’s courtyard

Participants in the courtyard during a break between sessions

Claudia Cancino helping with the reorganization of the tables and chairs for the discussion period

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foundation. Some years later he died and the complex is now a museum. ... Returning to the Open Monument Day in the Netherlands, here are some figures from last year: • 3 500 open buildings • 80% of all the municipalities in the country participating • 900 000 visitors (5.5% of the total population) • 78% of the inhabitants know about the Open Monument Day. Having overseen almost 20 years of Open Monument Days in the Netherlands, I would like to give you some results, describe some of the spin-off effects and draw some conclusions. I think experiences in most of the other countries in Europe are more or less the same.

Citizens are more aware of their cultural heritage Heritage Days contributed to a broader public interest in historic buildings. That is recognized in government policy. I can hardly think of any governmental report or speech in which Heritage Day is not mentioned as a proof of growing public interest. Heritage Days are also a place for trying out new techniques or approaches to raising awareness among the public, such as involving children in heritage. In the Netherlands there is a handbook published that can be used by the local committees to make their program more attractive for young people. It is a loose-leaf bundle of pages with yearly extensions. But it is still difficult to attract children. Most visitors are adults. A good trick is to let the children guide visitors around the monuments. An example of this was a School Adopt Monument project in a medieval castle near Amsterdam. The reactions of children, parents and other visitors were very positive.

New alliances were established In many cities there had been no real co-operation between heritage organizations and the local government or public service. Working together they found out each other’s qualities. They invented other projects related to the Heritage Day, for example a publication, an inventory, an exhibition, to start or complete a restoration project on the next Heritage Day and so on.

Proud owners The owners of monuments were surprised by the reactions of the visitors. They realized how proud they could be of their properties. I gave you already the example of the old Dutch farmer. On the other hand the cities realized how important the owners themselves are for the care of the monuments. In some cities they organize meetings every year with the owners in the framework of the Heritage Days. They can talk in a relaxed manner about the possibilities of participation, the history of the town and so on. If they arranged such

Bruno Dela from the World Heritage City of Lyon in France

Jeff Cody and Jeanne Marie Teutonico discussing with the Mayor of Kandy, Sri Lanka

Claude Dubé, Director of UNESCO’s Chair in Quebec City, Canada

Traditional weaving demonstration

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a meeting in another context they would risk the owners talking only of financial support or complaining about licenses and regulations.

Tourist products

Heritage Days resulted in thousands of publications – brochures, leaflets, books, maps, and itineraries – that can also serve tourists during other parts of the year. In many cities better co-operation has grown with tourist agencies. The experience of the Heritage Days makes it easier to ask owners to give access to other events as well. Some of the buildings that opened their doors on a Heritage Day for the first time are now open on a more regular basis.

Increasing local policies As I mentioned before, one of the reasons for starting the Heritage Days was the fear that local authorities were not ready to take their responsibilities within a new decentralized system. When a mayor or city councilor was persuaded to give a speech on the occasion of the start of Heritage Day it was often the first time that they had thought and spoken about this subject. When they saw the broad audience in front of them and later the results of the day, they realized that this subject did interest the public. In democratic countries politicians are always interested in that, because they want to be re-elected. We have seen the increase of the local polices in the field of historic monuments over the last 20 years. In 1987, besides the state-protected monuments, there were only 8 657 monuments listed by local by-laws. Now this number is 36 160. I dare say that without the monument days this increase would have been unthinkable.

Conclusion Making people more aware of their cultural heritage is a fundamental contribution to its preservation. The formula of the Heritage Days

Cusco architect Grethel Cervantes Ordonez

George Giannopoulos, re-elected President of the OWHC

Virginia Horton and Claudia Cancino worked very hard to ensure the success of the Symposium’s scientific track

Juan Manuel Martinez, OWHC secretariat in Quebec City, Canada

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appears to be an effective instrument in increasing such awareness. To include a Heritage Day in their awareness strategy is a challenge for all world heritage cities. If cities outside Europe consider doing the same, I would recommend to them to look for an experienced partner city in Europe. I would be happy to help you to find one.

Case Histories Case histories were then presented by mayors Carlos Valencia Miranda (Peru - Spanish), Gabor Demszky (Hungary - English), Abbès Mohsen (Tunisia - French). Lively discussions followed for 20 minutes. Case studies were then presented by conservation professionals Dinu Bumbaru (Canada), Amita Baig (India), Didier Repellin (France). Lively discussions followed for 20 minutes.

In some cities, children were asked to be the guides during Heritage Day visits

TThhuurrssddaayy SSeepptteemmbbeerr 2222

TThheemmee 22:: IInnttaannggiibbllee hheerriittaaggee iinn aa wwoorrlldd hhiissttoorriiccaall cciittyy:: iiddeennttiiffyyiinngg aanndd ssuuppppoorrttiinngg iitt.. Guest Speaker: George Abungu (Kenya)

WWOORRLLDD HHEERRIITTAAGGEE CCIITTIIEESS AANNDD IINNTTAANNGGIIBBLLEE HHEERRIITTAAGGEE Intangible heritage has recently been in the limelight due to the recognition given by UNESCO through an international convention that not only recognizes the importance of such heritage but will now also address its protection. Intangible heritage has been with humanity since the origins of human culture. Intangible heritage is held in many forms and by human actions that include memory, experiences, song and dance, art, performances, oral tradition and history. However this heritage has been on the peripheries of discussion of the definition of heritage. There has been a tendency to draw a line between tangible and intangible heritage, a line that in many cases hardly exists, since all tangible heritage derives its importance and meanings from the intangible. Even cities with their buildings, roads, pathways, open

Didier Repellin, Inspecteur général des monuments historiques from Lyon, France presented a case history on the theme of citizen participation

Victor Pimentel of Peru, one of the signatory to the Venice Charter with Elizabeth Kuon Arce and Francois LeBlanc

George Abungu, Kenya, Guest Speaker for theme II, the intangible heritage

Dinu B umbaru, ICOMOS Secretary General, Rapporteur, theme II

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spaces, museums, theatres, neighborhoods etc. contain great elements of intangible heritage that define social relations and create unity and cohesion in towns. The intangible heritage is not only found among illiterate societies or in the developing world. Intangible heritage, those beliefs, values, actions, that are engrained in our daily lives but that we take for granted, are found in all humanity and play a major role in the way we understand our environment and relate to other people. This was demonstrated by the Bishop of Hereford, UK, when talking about his cathedral. “Hereford Cathedral’s history is much older in human terms than any of the building’s fabric, and my first responsibility is to the care of that human community. I need to protect the life of the cathedral organists and masons, singers and librarians, schoolteachers, archivists, and vergers and to emphasize that heritage resides in the pattern of their lives, in their liturgies, in their scholarships, in their singing. All those things have to be understood by the person who is to help develop and manage the change of that heritage”. This is applicable to the mayors of the World Heritage Cities as they are also dealing with human beings. World Heritage Cities demonstrate great achievements of humanity. Often they are assemblages of great works of planning, architecture, and the arts, and often reflect interaction between cultures. They are important demonstrations of human creativity over a long historical period. World Heritage Cities are points of human concentration. This brings both opportunities and challenges to their management. Apart from the problems brought about by infrastructure deterioration and other demands on the physical and social fabric of the cities arising from population growth, there are often also a large number of new inhabitants from different social settings, many of whom have no social attachment to the values of the spaces within these cities, leading to non-appreciation of their heritage and a lack of sustainable conservation. It has been shown in a World Heritage City like Lamu, Kenya, that while the local community originating from the island and owning property in the town tend to take care of their property well and when required, restoring their houses according to traditional technologies and material, those from outside Lamu, especially government employees and civil servants who are temporary residents of the town, tend to treat the dwellings that form part of the World Heritage Cities as functional spaces with no intrinsic cultural or architectural values. Thus while the locals are tied to the buildings in a much more spiritual and social way and make changes in conformity with the traditions, the newcomers tend to look at the houses as places of habitation while on duty. The locals have accumulated societal memory held as intangible heritage and passed over generations through individuals and through social behaviors as determined by the society. Intangible heritage is therefore important for conservation, as it is the means of passing on values to the next generation and

Francisco Siravo from the Agha Khan foundation presented a case history, theme III

Anet Tomaskesis helped with the organization of the Scientific Symposium and Jeff Cody lead the Workshop for newly elected mayors; both are from the GCI

Cusco mayor Carlos Valencia Miranda with mayor of Kazan, Russia, the city elected to host the next OWHC symposium in 2007

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ensuring the appreciation and continuity of such heritage. In managing the World Heritage Cities, this is an element that needs to be taken into consideration and promoted. Like other urban areas, World Heritage Cities are multicultural urban settlements that are also spaces of co-existence and cooperation between communities. They often reflect harmonious relations between peoples. At times, however, they can be areas of potential conflict. Being multicultural and multiethnic they attract people from different places and backgrounds who come to either enjoy the heritage or to seek opportunities that arise from the city’s world heritage status. These diverse groups of peoples with different values and social backgrounds pose problems of managing diversity. Tourists expect to be able to maintain their own values, and are often not aware of local values and what is expected of visitors. The city managers must understand the “dos” and “don’ts” of the local community. These are not held in the physical structures but in people’s beliefs, practices and social experiences, all forming a people’s intangible heritage. How does one ensure that the benefits accrued from tourism as a result of the privileged position of such cities are enjoyed in harmony with both the local people as well as the visitors feeling that they have spaces and that their needs are respected? On the same level, world heritage cities can provide space for conflict resolution particularly when used to promote respect for diversity and when the city provides space for a common celebration of all identities. World Heritage Cities are often arenas of cultural dialogue as they bring together many people with diverse cultures. Like museums they are multi-faceted custodian of shared heritage with numerous interest groups that require recognition. At times some of the interests are competitive and require proper management. Cultural heritage encompasses in its various forms people’s identity, a sense of belonging and pride. This is even much more pronounced in World Heritage Cities where citizens try to associate themselves with the high cultural achievements of such cities. How then can World Heritage Cities maximize the richness and abundance of their heritage? Expressions of intangible heritage such as songs, dances, cuisine, poetry, bull fighting or dhow racing can be used not only to bring harmony among citizens of World Heritage Cities through community gatherings to foster a sense of equal representation for all, but also to attract international attention and support. Many World Heritage Cities today host major cultural events annually that are used to attract visitors and to create wealth and sustainability. Lamu in Kenya has a long-standing ceremony with religious origins, which has led to a most important annual gathering, bringing people from many parts of eastern and southern Africa as well as beyond the boundaries of the continent. The Maulidi, a celebration of the birthday of the Prophet Mohammed, started in Lamu at the end of the 19th century by a holy man called Hussein Swaleh from Comoros in the

Poster from individuals and institutions from all over the world covered various aspects of the Symposium’s theme

Typical poster

Serge Viau from Quebec City, Canada, presented a case history, theme III - tourism

Church spire of Convento Santo Domingo

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Indian Ocean. The event has put Lamu on the world map and every year brings together thousands of much-needed visitors who come to not only take part in the celebrations, but also bring in financial resources and help the local economy. A parallel cultural event has developed to complement the Maulidi, the Lamu Cultural Festival, celebrates the rich and diverse heritage of the coast of East Africa. Such ceremonies are a good indicator of the role of World Heritage Cities as reservoirs of heritage and reconcilers of differences through human interaction and cultural celebrations. World Heritage Cities with their outstanding values offer the most appropriate platforms for such performances, providing dramatic backdrops with their unique physical characteristics. Many World Heritage Cities are rich in such kinds of heritage. Another East African heritage site, Zanzibar, has demonstrated its cultural importance through its annual dhow heritage celebrations, and also hosts the most important film festival in Africa. Associated with this has been the development of a music school that trains people from the island on taarab and other culturally significant musical instruments. The sustainability and promotion of the intangible heritage in the form of music has been ensured more through the position of Zanzibar as a World Heritage City that continues to attract visitors. Cultural heritage provides identity, pride, opportunity for economic progress; it is an avenue for human contacts and human relations. The World Heritage Cities as part of this heritage have great opportunities by using both their tangible and intangible heritage.

Case Histories Case histories were then presented by mayors Xosé A. Sánchez Bugallo (Spain), Kesera D. Senanayake (Sri Lanka), and Chikh Salah Bahmed (Algeria). Lively discussions followed for 20 minutes. Case histories were presented by professionals Patricia Rodriguez for Eusebio Leal (Cuba), Chulpan Khabiballina (Russia), and Jean-Louis Luxen (Belgium). Lively discussions followed for 20 minutes.

Traditional dances Traditional costumes Traditional crafts

Typical Cusco balcony

Hotel Libertador where all the GCI staff and Scientific Symposium speakers and rapporteurs were lodged

Plaza de Armas

Plaza de Armas

Plaza de Armas

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TThheemmee 33:: HHoossttiinngg ttoouurriissttss iinn wwoorrlldd hheerriittaaggee cciittiieess:: hhooww ttoo rreeccoonncciillee tthhee nneeeeddss ooff tthhee rreessiiddeennttss.. Guest Speaker: Graham Brooks (Australia)

HHOOSSTTIINNGG TTOOUURRIISSTTSS IINN WWOORRLLDD HHEERRIITTAAGGEE CCIITTIIEESS:: HHOOWW TTOO RREECCOONNCCIILLEE TTHHEE NNEEEEDDSS OOFF RREESSIIDDEENNTTSS

Introduction My task today is to introduce Theme 3, ‘Hosting tourists in world heritage cities: how to reconcile the needs of residents’, and to challenge each and every one of you to consider the circumstances in your own cities in relation to the subject. I speak to you today not as representatives of any particular city, but as individual community leaders. There is no doubt that the inscription of an historic town or city on the World Heritage List will generate tourism, often in very high numbers. Most of the member cities in the Organization of World Heritage Cities have experienced increases in international interest and tourism since they were inscribed. In many cities this increase and its associated development have brought benefits to the local population as a whole. Alternatively, in a few cities, the benefits have been enjoyed by only a limited number of local residents. Those cities that experience relatively high levels of tourism also recognize the social and economic tensions that can be generated for local residents, leading to discontent or even resentment. Tourists will always be attracted to places where the local residents take pride in their place and are ready to welcome visitors. Action by the local authorities to protect the quality of life for local residents is vital for any historic city to sustain tourism in the longer term. The challenge presented to each of you in Theme 3 of this symposium is to identify the pressures and benefits of tourism in your city and to discuss ideas with your colleagues that can protect and enhance the quality of life of your citizens. There is also no doubt about the dynamic relationship between an historic city and tourism. Some cities experience relatively little tourism and are keen to attract more. Others have achieved what they consider to be a sustainable and comfortable level of tourism, while many historic cities suffer tourist congestion, especially during peak seasons. In each case the local people will interact with tourists in different ways. They may support efforts to increase tourism and strengthen the local economy. They may feel totally at ease with the number of

Graham Books, President of the ICOMOS International Committee on Tourism, Guest Speaker on theme III - tourism

Alfredo Conti from Argentina, Rapporteur for theme III – tourism

Architecture, Santa Catalina Street

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visitors with whom they mix in the streets and squares. Alternatively, they may resent the fact that they can no longer enjoy their city and are always competing with tourists for space, local services and opportunities to enjoy or improve their quality of life. It is essential for each of you to understand the position of your city in relation to what might be called the “life cycle of tourism”. Managing this “life cycle” is a vital component in the protection of the quality of life of your residents. Over the last 30 years it has been my privilege and pleasure to visit 86 of your member cities, some on a number of occasions. I am fully aware of the enormous variety of characteristics that are represented within your membership. Your cities vary in terms of age, historical development, location, ease of access, size, population, economic development and urban complexity. The length of time that you have been inscribed also varies, giving a wide divergence in your tourism experiences. ... Who are the real clients of government tourism policy? I will concentrate my presentation today on two major themes:

• Mediation between local residents and tourism interests in the competition for local resources and for local opportunities.

• “Life cycles” in the dynamic relationship between tourism and the historic city.

Before I begin, there is one critical axiom that in my experience supports the need to protect the lifestyles of your local residents from tourism pressures. The real clients for any local government tourism policy initiatives are all those who live and work in your cities. Tourists and the tourism industry are simply the “actors” in the pageant of tourism. Local residents are the “directors”, the “theatre owners” and to some extent, the “audience”. They sustain the pageant and provide continuing support for the tourism actors. There is no doubt that local residents are the major stakeholders in any tourism initiatives taken by local government. They are the people who live and work in the historic city, who provide local services, supply local produce, develop locally designed merchandise based on local themes or traditions, and who care for the historic places that form the tourist attraction. They are the people who will be impacted on, either positively or negatively, by increased levels of tourism. The tourism industry has been very good at spreading a mantra that tourism will automatically bring major economic benefits. But how often do those benefits flow back to the travel company, the hotel chain or the tourism operator, who might be based overseas or elsewhere in the country? What good to the local economy are

Cusco streetscape

Iglesia y Convento Santo Domingo

Iglesia y Convento Santo Domingo

Cusco architecture

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thousands, even millions of tourists, if most of what they spend does not stay in the region? Tourism is largely a private-sector activity that uses public assets for private gain. The host city provides and maintains airports, ports, roads, transportation and public utilities, sustains natural and cultural heritage sites, and provides water and sewerage infrastructure for the increased traffic. By comparison, with the exception of local wages, the tourism industry takes the major share of any profit. This situation cannot be sustained in the long term. While it must facilitate tourism activity, the role of the public sector should be to protect, enhance and promote local identity. Its role should not be to build infrastructure that is primarily aimed at increasing tourist numbers. Investment in public infrastructure and protection of heritage assets should primarily benefit the local community and enhance local economic activity. A new art gallery, museum or cultural center should primarily boost local pride and a community’s sense of its own identity. Increased tourism and enhanced cultural amenities for the region will be an extra bonus from such ventures. Tourists usually spend heavily on interesting local merchandise, regional crafts and products, good local or regional cuisine and accommodation. This brings the tourist income that can stay in the local economy, boosting local employment and encouraging other forms of local investment. It is essential therefore that tourism policy-making for World Heritage listed Cities concentrates on enhancing the quality of life of the local people, in the context of stimulating and facilitating tourism opportunities. In promoting this policy, I have drawn on a great deal of work that has been undertaken internationally over recent years, including:

• the ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter • the Lijiang Models for Cooperation among Stakeholders,

developed by UNESCO Bangkok in conjunction with the Nordic World Heritage Office

• Indicators for Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations and the Guidebook for Tourism Congestion Management at Natural and Cultural Sites, both published in 2005 by the World Tourism Organization in Madrid

• the PICTURE Project, which is currently examining the impact of cultural tourism on small- to medium-sized historic cities across Europe.

Mediation between tourism and residents regarding competition for local resources and opportunities The challenge for each mayor and city manager is to mediate between tourism interests and local residents in the use and allocation

Cusco architecture

Cusco architecture

Cusco architecture

Cusco architecture

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of local resources and the exploitation of local opportunities that are generated by tourism activity. The political processes involved in such mediation must be equitable, transparent and inclusive for the stakeholders.

Competition for local resources Difficulties arise when, as a result of high levels of tourism activity, local residents cannot gain access to the range of resources that they traditionally enjoyed within their city. Conversely, resentment can arise when the benefits of tourism are confined to a relatively small area of the city and to those who are actively engaged in providing services to visitors. As will be discussed later, problems also occur when thresholds are reached and local people begin to feel overwhelmed by the numbers and pressures of visitors in the city. Local government must not wait until thresholds are passed before taking action. Solutions will be much more difficult to implement if they are unnecessarily delayed, or not anticipated earlier. Depending on the specific nature of the historic city, the local resources that can be impacted upon may include the following.

Public spaces within the city. These can include squares, plazas, piazzas, parks and gardens, market places, shopping areas, main streets crowded with retail activity, and the quiet streets where children play and residents gather to talk and discuss their daily lives. They can include places of worship, civic and community places, libraries, meeting rooms, cultural centers and galleries, sporting facilities and those special places that define the very character or identity of the city. Good local management and civic improvement programs can benefit from tourism-generated income. However it is the public spaces of a city where the highest negative impacts from tourism are usually experienced. Congestion from crowds of visitors, increased levels of traffic and parking congestion from tourist buses and motor vehicles, and the resulting disruption to normal daily life, can be a major source of irritation and frustration for local residents. They can feel excluded from their own special places by large crowds, long queues or thoughtless behavior by visitors who do not understand the local culture or cultural practices, or by inequitable entry prices. Tourists often arrive in large groups or at peak periods, heavily impacting on the capacity of public spaces that may have traditionally served a relatively small population. Day-trip visitors from cruise ships or nearby recreational destinations often place extraordinary pressures on local resources.

Cusco typical retail shop

Convento de Santa Catalina

Convento de Santa Catalina

Convento de San Francisco

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As tourists explore the quieter streets and spaces, local people can feel as though they have been reduced to objects of curiosity, with their privacy invaded, almost like animals in a zoo. Late night noise and other inappropriate behavior can arise when large numbers of tourists congregate in relatively restricted sections of the city. Active tourism management by the local authorities is essential to protect the quality of life for the residents.

Local retailing and services One of the more subtle impacts is the loss of diversity in local retailing that can occur when shops or markets in sections of the city are converted to serve the interests and needs of visitors. Local people find it increasingly difficult to purchase their traditional range of merchandise and services or are required to travel further for shopping. The higher rents that can be earned from the tourist trade often force out traditional retailers and small-scale workshops. Rising housing costs and property values can also displace traditional residential occupants in favor of tourism related uses.

Local transportation Many historic towns and cities have used tourism revenue to subsidies local transportation, especially in off-season periods. High or fluctuating levels of tourism can have an adverse impact on local transportation services, especially if schedules are disrupted or access to the city center becomes difficult. Local residents will become discontented if they see local resources being allocated to the construction of roads and transportation systems that will primarily benefit tourists. New roads, improved street lighting, new buses or trains, special transportation schedules, and other services that only provide enhanced access or amenity at tourist sites may provide little real benefit to local residents.

Local infrastructure Visitors to historic places may demand a higher level of services and infrastructure than that available for local residents. In these circumstances it has been common for some tourism destinations to provide much higher levels of water supply, sewerage, waste disposal, electricity, telecommunications and other local services such as police, health, traffic management and security for tourist facilities than for the majority of the local population. While tourists appreciate these services, the local people can feel alienated or disadvantaged if there is no apparent improvement in the level of their services.

Competition for local opportunities One of the most important reasons for living in a city is to gain access to opportunities that can improve the quality of life. These opportunities include employment, education and training, recreation, small business development and opportunities, wealth generation and property ownership. Cities become a magnet for rural people who want to improve their condition.

Convento de San Francisco

Convento de San Francisco

Convento de San Francisco

Cusco Architect Oscar Contreras Florez

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For developing economies, tourism is regarded as providing a significant boost to the local economy, reversing periods of post-industrial decline or expanding the capacity of the city to absorb high levels of rural migration. Those fortunate to live in more developed economies take for granted their right to gain access to the opportunities provided by the city. If excessively high levels of tourism activity or the competition from the tourism industry prevent this access, discontent and resentment will arise. Opportunities for employment and education are often linked. If the local people do not have the right skills, potential employers, especially in the tourism industry, will bring workers in from other places. Education programs for local people should include training not only in the service and modern technological industries, but in the many trades and practices that ensure the city can maintain and enhance its physical attractions and heritage resources. Employment programs in the tourism industry should aim to involve a broad range of local people. It is essential that as many people as possible in the city have access to the enhanced economic activity arising from tourism. Small business operators, local service and produce suppliers, local transportation providers, crafts and trades people, can all benefit from tourism if they have a reasonable opportunity for access. The international resources of the tourism industry can overwhelm local investors, suppliers and business operators, shutting them out of the opportunities they have a right to exploit. Tourism traffic is often concentrated within limited sections of the city, creating an imbalance in the opportunities for local business operators to gain access to the enhanced activity. It is also essential that the economic, social and cultural benefits generated from tourism are equitably spread across as many sections of the local population as possible. It may be necessary for local government and its agencies to actively ensure that market forces do not result in inequities and unrest among less fortunate residents of the city.

Equity of access to local mediation processes It is essential that all relevant stakeholders have access to the local political processes that mediate between the competing interests of tourists and local residents. This key aspect of the quality of life for local residents represents a great challenge for civic and political leaders and administrators. Each of you at this symposium must think long and hard to ensure that the residents of your city are given a chance to have their voices heard. Unfortunately, it is often the case that important projects developed to capture tourism benefits for the national or local economy ignore or over-ride the interests of local residents. More typically, the longer-term outcomes of planning and resource allocation decisions are not

The introductory workshop for newly elected mayors was held at Hotel Monasterio

Hotel Monasterio

Hotel Monasterio

Hotel Monasterio

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considered until resource competition thresholds are reached and local residents feel resentment and discontent. If the local population is actively engaged in the mediation processes, they are more likely to accept the decisions taken and the outcomes in terms of tourism impacts and the distribution of benefits. The mediation processes required in historic cities to resolve competing expectations can be between local stakeholders and external tourism-related business interests, or between small stakeholders and large tourism-related business interests. As discussed above, local stakeholders include residents, working people, retailers, trades people, academics, business operators, suppliers, service providers, property owners, custodians of civic or religious places, the media, young people, the elderly, the unemployed and the wealthy. Local stakeholders are not just those who live or work in the popular tourist areas of the city, but the entire city population. All of these people have a right to take part in the political processes that determine priorities and directions for the allocation of resources across the city and how tourism activities are managed and integrated into the life of that city...

Life cycles in the tourism experience of historic cities The relationship between tourism and World Heritage Cities is dynamic. While inscription on the World Heritage List virtually guarantees a high level of tourism interest, the realities of international travel, ease of access, tourism promotion in source markets, competition from other destinations, political, social and cultural developments in the world economies, all impact on the fluctuations in tourism arrivals at any particular historic city. In general there are three stages in the “Life Cycle” of the tourism experience for an historic city. The role of local government is to recognize where their city lies in the cycles and to ensure that the final cycle, that of decline, is avoided. The three cycles are

1. initial tourism growth and development 2. tolerance and acceptance 3. resentment, opposition and decline

It is essential for you, as political and civic leaders, to understand where your city sits within this tourism life cycle. Only then will you be able to anticipate future tourism and development trends and secure the benefits for your residents. ... The challenge for the local authorities is to recognize the trends in the relationship and to respond as quickly as possible. The city will have an enhanced ability to respond in a manner that ensures the best outcome in terms of the quality of life of its citizens. This stage in the cycle can provide a platform for a new beginning, drawing on lessons learned from the earlier experience.

Hotel Monasterio

Hotel Monasterio

Hotel Monasterio

Palace of justice

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Conclusion The challenge is clear for all of you as delegates at this symposium. You must ensure that you protect the quality of life of your local population in the face of high or fluctuating levels of tourism in your historic city. To do this you must identify where your city lies in the tourism life cycle, what needs to be done to plan for the future and who needs to be included in the competition mediation processes between tourism and residents. Not only does this make good political sense, but also it will ensure that the city remains a sustainable and attractive component within the international membership of the Organization of World Heritage Cities. Case Histories Case histories were then presented by mayors Arnulfo Vazquez Nieto (Mexico), Philip Davis (United Kingdom) and Serge Viau for Jean-Paul L’Allier (Canada). They were followed by animated discussions. Case studies were presented by professionals André Renato Pina Moreira (Brazil), Francesco Siravo (Italy), Mwalin Mwalin (Tanzania). They were followed by animated discussions.

FFrriiddaayy SSeepptteemmbbeerr 2233

SScciieennttiiffiicc SSyymmppoossiiuumm ccoonncclluuddiinngg sseessssiioonn

This session was facilitated by Jeanne Marie Teutonico, GCI’s Associate Director for Programs. She introduced the session, and the speakers. She also thanked the OWHC for offering the GCI the opportunity to collaborate in the Symposium and the City of Cusco for the local organization and hospitality.

Religious complex of Koricancha

Countryside landscape

Jeanne Marie Teutonico facilitated the Scientific Symposium concluding session

F. Descamps, J. L. Luxen and D. Repellin

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Concluding Session: From left to right, Jeff Cody, Jean-Louis Luxen, Jeanne Marie Teutonico, Françoise Descamps, Dinu Bumbaru and Alfredo Conti.

Workshop for newly elected mayors First, Jeff Cody reported on the one-day pre-symposium workshop to introduce newly elected mayors to their role and responsibilities as mayors of World Heritage Cities. The main conclusions were that:

1. The experiment was deemed successful by the 22 mayors who participated.

2. The mayors said that they would have liked to have more details on the case study.

3. They enjoyed the intense discussions among mayors. 4. This workshop was a good platform for understanding general

principles and concrete examples but simultaneous interpretation would have helped to speed up the process.

5. It was a useful first step in creating a constructive future OWHC workshop.

Conclusions and suggestions from the students who followed the Symposium via video link Arch. Luis Serano Crispe reported on the student’s discussions. He said that the students thanked the organizers for allowing them to participate to this very interesting Symposium. Essentially, they said “you only love what you know” and in order “to know”, the local authorities must set in place heritage information and dissemination programs and ensure that there is an active population participation in all heritage related activities. They suggested that municipalities invest in awareness programs to promote culture and traditional techniques; to keep the social culture alive, they invited municipalities to use all means at their disposal, including radio, television, informatics and scholarship grants.

Bahmed Chikh Salah from Algeria presented a case history – Theme III

Jeanne Marie Teutonico and Jeff Cody discussing just before the Scientific Symposium concluding session

Lee Minaidis from the City of Rhodes, Greece contributed her experience of the organization of the previous symposium to help with the organization of the Cusco Symposium

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On the subject of cultural tourism, they identified what they considered to be the main attractions in the Cusco greater region. They said that from an economic viewpoint, they considered that the residents were excluded from the tourism benefits, that the relation tourist/resident was not very successful, that more should be done to ensure that the population will welcome visitors even though they consider that language is a significant challenge i.e. being able to communicate with visitors in their own languages. Because of this, they felt that there was no true cultural exchange with visitors at this time and that the local authorities and the population need to work together to improve the situation.

Theme 1 Citizen participation Rapporteur: Jean-Louis Luxen (Belgium) The group discussions yielded more than 50 pages of suggestions, ideas and recommendations. It was quite a challenge for the Rapporteur to try to summarize the results. It was obvious that the participants had common objectives, but answers that varied significantly according to each one’s social conditions. The conclusions were organized around three points.

A. Diversity of citizen participation practices B. Heritage conservation should be part of a democratic planning

process C. There needs to be a participative decision making process.

Theme 2 Intangible heritage Rapporteur: Dinu Bumbaru (Canada) The group discussions yielded 115 proposals, ideas and suggestions. They were organized around three points.

A. Recognizing the intangible dimensions of each World Heritage City’s living heritage and distinctive identity

B. Development initiatives and actions to preserve the intangible heritage of the historic city and its communities

C. Key principles to ensure the success of actions

Theme 3 Tourism Rapporteur: Alfredo Conti (Argentina) The group discussions yielded more than 100 proposals ideas and suggestions. They were organized around three points.

A. Historic City / Tourist City: Opportunities to support heritage conservation, obtain economic benefit and improve quality of life

B. Social and cultural impact of tourism on the local population C. The financial impact of tourism on the city and its residents

Denis Ricard OWHC and Françoise Descamps GCI

Jean Louis Luxen, Rapporteur Theme I

Dinu Bumbaru, Rapporteur, Theme II

Alfredo Conti, Rapporteur, Theme III

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TThhee OOWWHHCC PPaarrttnneerrss During this one-hour session, the OWHC partners introduced their organizations and shared with the participants some of their current projects or activities that could be of interest to the OWHC members. Representatives from the following organizations and institutions spoke:

• ICCROM • The World Tourism Organization • ICOMOS • The World Monuments Fund • UNESCO’s World Heritage Center • I introduced the Getty Conservation Institute and the Getty

Foundation

OOWWHHCC GGeenneerraall AAsssseemmbbllyy

OWHC General Assembly members in the Cusco Convention Center

The OWHC held its General Assembly in the afternoon of Sept. 23. It is during the Assembly that the delegates were informed that the City of Kazan in Russia was elected to be the host of the next OWHC Symposium in 2007 and that George Giannopoulos, Mayor of Rhodes was elected for another term as OWHC President.

Traditional Peruvian costumes

Denis Ricard, Secretary General of the Organization of World Heritage Cities

Isabelle Mercier from the OWHC secretariat in Quebec City, Canada

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CClloossiinngg cceerreemmoonniieess

Remains of huge zigzag defensive walls at Sacsayhuaman.

The closing ceremonies were held in the extraordinary site of the archaeological remains at Sacsayhuaman. Inca traditional dances and songs performed by more than one hundred dancers and signers entertained the participants. Though the weather was freezing cold, these young artists dressed in traditional costumes did not show any sign of discomfort.

J. M. Teutonico thanking the Symposium organizers on behalf of the GCI during the closing ceremonies at Sacsayhuaman.

On behalf of the Getty Conservation Institute, Jeanne Marie Teutonico thanked the OWHC for offering the GCI the opportunity to collaborate in the Symposium, Lizi Kuon Arce, Symposium Coordinator, and Carlos Valencia Miranda, the Mayor of the City of Cusco for the local

Closing ceremonies dances and music

Closing ceremonies speeches

Closing ceremonies awards

Closing ceremonies dances and music

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organization and hospitality; she also congratulated Rassikh Sagitov, representative of the Mayor of the City of Kazan in Russia for being selected as the city to host the next OWHC world symposium and George Giannopoulos for his election as the President of the OWHC.

SSyymmppoossiiuumm PPrroocceeeeddiinnggss The list of organizers, members of the Scientific Committee, the description of the conference themes, the papers of the Guest Speakers and all the case histories were published prior to the Symposium and given in the participant’s handouts. The Symposium conclusions and Rapporteur’s full summaries will be published on the OWHC web site.

PPrree aanndd PPoosstt--SSyymmppoossiiuumm TToouurrss Participants were offered one-day tours to the World Heritage Site of Machu Picchu and to the Sacred Valley of the Incas.

The Incas built the staggering citadel of Machu Picchu in a dramatic mountain setting. Machu Picchu survives as the most famous legacy of the fated Inca Empire.

Proceedings of the OWHC 8th World Symposium in Cusco, Peru, Sept. 2005

Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu