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The GENIUS dark matter project
Laura Baudis
Stanford University
The GENIUS collaboration
MPIK HeidelbergKurchatov Institute MoscowDubnaNijnii Novgorod...
Direct detection of WIMPs
elastic scattering off nuclei (Goodman, Witten 1985):
look for the energy deposited by the recoiling nucleus
0 ~ 0.3 - 0.5 GeV/cm3
v ~ 220 km/s, MB-distrib
good candidate from SUSY: LSPm = 10 - 1000 GeV< 10-41 cm2
event rate < 1 event/kg drecoil energy < 100 keV
dn/dEr
Er
Expected recoil spectrum
muon g-2 measurement
If due to SUSY:
upper bound on the neutralino mass: 500 GeV
minimum cross section is large: 10-9pb
CDMS I
CDMS II
Baltz-Gondolo 01
GENIUS
GErmanium in liquid NItrogen Setup
L. Baudis et al., NIMA 99Proposal: hep-ph/9910205
array of 40 natural HPGe detectors in Li N (100kg)
goal: reach the extremely lowbackground of 1 ev/100 kg y keVbelow 100 keV
test a large part of MSSM parameter space for neutralinos
GENIUS: detection technique
ionization in p-type HPGe detectorsno recoil discriminationsingle/multiple events give somebackground reduction
Main background reduction:
by operating naked Ge crystals directly in liquid nitrogen
Naked Ge detectors
feel well in liquid nitrogen
contacts established usingonly 3 g of material(stainless steel to fix innerand outer contacts)
here: test detector (425 g)held on kevlar wires
Performance in LiN
no electrical interferenceno microphonicsup to 6m cables betweencrystals and FETs
resolution:1 keV @ 300 keV
threshold:2.5 keV
133Babackground
Possible location: Gran Sasso
Possible layout
study in collab. with Messer-Griesheim, Germany
Design of the holder system
1,2 or moreconcentric layersof Ge crystals
holder made ofhigh molecular PE
Background expectations
Monte Carlo simulations based on GEANT3.21 + GCALOR
Geometry: 12 x 12 m tank, 2 m PE foam, 2 mm steel walls, holder system of HD1000, 40 Ge detectors, muon veto on top of the tank
External background: photon and neutron flux from rock muon interactions + induced activities
Internal background: intrins. contam. of LiN, steel vessel, holder system, Ge-crystals activation of Ge and LiN at sea level
External background
simulation of measured and n-flux in GS
Component Events/100 kg y keV
(<100 keV)
gammas 0.4
neutrons 0.04
muon showers 0.2
muon -> n 0.1
muon capture << 0.01
goal 1
12 m tank
2m borated PE foam
muon veto: 96 % eff.
Internal background
Source Radionuclide Purity Count rate/
100 kg yr keV
Liquid
nitrogen
238U232Th40K222Rn
3.5 x 10-16 g/g
4.4 x 10-16 g/g
1.0 x 10-15 g/g
3 Bq/m3
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.03
Holder
system 238U/232Th 1.0 x 10-12 g/g 0.0015
Steel
vessel 238U/232Th 5.0 x 10-9 g/g 0.08
GOAL 1
Cosmogenics in Germanium
assumptions: 10 days @ sea level 68Ge: saturration 3 yr below ground activity
3H, 49V, 54Mn, 55Fe, 57Co, 60Co, 65Zn, 68Ge
3H Q = 18.6 keV T1/2 = 12.35 yr
68Ge EC E(Ka) = 10.37 keVQEC(68Ga) = 2921 keV
T1/2= 270 d
3H, 68Ge
assumptions: 10 days @ sea level 68Ge: saturration 3 yr below ground activity
3H 3.6 Bq/kg
~113 decays/yr
200 ev/100 kg yr keV (12-19 keV)
68Ge EC 28 Bq/kg 1.1 ev/100 kg yr keV
solutions?3H: shielded production 1m heavy concrete ~ 5 mwe: factor 30 1 d transportation: factor 10 better: produce detectors in undeground lab!68Ge: decays after another 2 yr, subtract 10.37 keV line
start early with detector production, store underground
Cosmogenics in LiN
Isotope T1/2 Energy
[keV]
Activity
[Bq/g]
Rate/
100kg yr keV3H 12.3 y 18.6 (-) 3.8 x 10-8 negligible
7Be 53.3 d 477.6 () 3.7 x 10-9 0.8
10Be 1.6 x 106y 555 (-) 8 x 10-15 negligible
14C 5.7 x 104y 156 (-) 1.4 x 10-4 0.01
Goal 1
10 d transportation @ sea level
Other background sources
radionuclide production in Ge/LiN by induced sec. n:
14N(n,x)aB, 70,72,73,74,76Ge(n,x)aB
negativ muon capture in LiN -> rates and decays ofproduced isotopes:
- + (7,14) -> (6, 14)* +
(6,14)* -> (Z‘,A‘) + (1-4)n,,p
inelastic muon scattering:
+ N -> ‘ + X*
contributions are notrelevant
Expectations for GENIUS
GENIUS
CDMS Soudan
CRESST
HDMS
CDMS 2000DAMA 3
V. Mandic, R. Gaitskell
with 100 kg Ge:
detect WIMP signaturevia annual modulation
current status?
GENIUS Test Facilityis approved and being installed @ GS
Genius Test Facility
borated PE 14 natural (40 kg) HPGein a volume of 0.064 m3
of ultra-pure LiN
0.5 mm steel vessel 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 m polystyrene 5 cm inner shield of HPGe 10 cm low level Cu30 cm of Pb15 cm borated PE
L. Baudis et al., hep-ex/0012022
2 m x 2m
Genius-TF goals
background: 2 events/ kg y keV: 0 - 50 keV:factor of 10 better than Heidelberg-Moscow
test material purities down to this leveldesign of crystal support system new DAQ and electronicsreliability of calculation of cosmogenic productionlong-term stability of naked HPGe in LiN
Background estimations
MC simulations:
photon, neutron, muon flux in GS
intrinsic radioactivity of:liquid nitrogensteel vesselpolystyrene foamGe, Cu shieldscrystal holder systemGe crystals+ cosmogenic activation of Ge and Cu
Assumptions for material purities
Ge crystals upper limit HM
LiN 1000 x Borexino
Rn in LiN 325 Bq/m3 (Heusser 2000)
Steel Hd (Heusser 2000)
Ge bricks 100 x limit HM
Polystyrene first measurements in HD
Copper HM (cosmo + anthro)
Holder system SNO meas. for acryl
Cosmogenics in Ge30 days production + transportation @ sea level
1 year de-activation below ground
Sumspectrum
Genius-TF: expectation
based on:
2 events/kg y keV
1 yr exposure
2 keV/11 keV threshold
Genius-TF & WIMP signature
Eth= 2 keV (11 keV)B = 4 events/kg y keV M = 40 kg (nat) Ge
0.4 - 1.4 yr (1.3 - 5 yr) exposure required to see the DAMA signal with 50% - 90% probability and 99.5 % CL (S. Cebrian et al., Astrop. Phys. 14 (2001), hep-ph/9912394)
but: new detectors -> Eth= 0.5 keV!will significantly improve the sensitivity to the annualmodulation signature
good chance to see an annual modulation
Status of Genius-TF
Infrastructure built at Gran Sasso
5 detectors are ready (crystals + signal/HV contacts)
Cold hardware is being built in Heidelberg
New electronics: MPIK, Heidelberg
Setup to be installed in GS during the next months
First results expected by end of 2002
Conclusions for GENIUS
technology: simple, well understoodproduction of 40 HPGe detectors: straightforwardLiN purification method proved by BOREXINO
1 event/100 kg yr keV can be reached if:
tank diameter: 12 mproduction of cosmogenics in Ge minimizedsurface contaminations under control
cover large part of MW- parameter spacedetect a WIMP signature
backup slides
Muon induced neutrons
Negative muon capture