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1. Historical Principles and Perspectives .... Paul M. Wax A1 Antiquated Antidotes .... Paul M. Wm 2. Toxicologic Plagues and Disasters in History Paul M. Wax PART A THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY 35 Initial Evaluation of the Patient: Vital Signs and Toxic Syndromes ............................ .37 Neal E. Flomenbaum, Lavis R. Goldfrank, Robert S. Hofian, Mary Ann Howland, Neal A. Lewin, and Lewis 5. Nelson Principles of Managing the Poisoned or Overdosed Patient ................................. .42 Neal E. Flomenbaum, Lewis R. Goldfrank, Robert S. H o b a n , Mary Ann Howland, Neal A. k in, and Lewis S. Nelson Electrocardiographic Principles ....... Cathleen Clancy Diagnostic Imaging . . David 1 Schwartz Laboratory Principles .................................. Petrie M. Rainey Techniques Used to Prevent Gastrointestinal Absorption Anne-Bolette]. Christophersen and Lotte C.G. Hoegberg Syrup of Ipecac ... ............. Mary Ann Howland Activated Charcoal ..... Mary Ann Howland Whole-Bowel Irrigation and Other Intestinal Evacuants . . Mary Ann Howland Pharmacokinetic and Toxicokinetic Principles ..................................... Mary Ann Howland Principles and Techniques Applied to Enhance Elimination David S. Goldfarb and Daniel Matalon Use of the Intensive Care Unit ........ Mark A. Kirk andJ. Samuel Pope

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Page 1: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

1. Historical Principles and Perspectives . . . . Paul M. Wax

A1 Antiquated Antidotes . . . . Paul M. Wm

2. Toxicologic Plagues and Disasters in History Paul M. Wax

P A R T A

THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY 35

Initial Evaluation of the Patient: Vital Signs and Toxic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Neal E. Flomenbaum, Lavis R. Goldfrank, Robert S. Hof ian , Mary Ann Howland, Neal A. Lewin, and Lewis 5. Nelson

Principles of Managing the Poisoned or Overdosed Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Neal E. Flomenbaum, Lewis R. Goldfrank, Robert S. H o b a n , Mary Ann Howland, Neal A. k i n , and Lewis S. Nelson

Electrocardiographic Principles . . . . . . . Cathleen Clancy

Diagnostic Imaging . . David 1 Schwartz

Laboratory Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petrie M . Rainey

Techniques Used to Prevent Gastrointestinal Absorption Anne-Bolette]. Christophersen and Lotte C.G. Hoegberg

Syrup of Ipecac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

Activated Charcoal . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

Whole-Bowel Irrigation and Other Intestinal Evacuants . . Mary Ann Howland

Pharmacokinetic and Toxicokinetic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

Principles and Techniques Applied to Enhance Elimination David S. Goldfarb and Daniel Matalon

Use of the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . Mark A. Kirk andJ. Samuel Pope

Page 2: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

xxii TABLE OF CONTENTS

P A R T B

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY 183

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s E c T I ON I . BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR BASIS .185

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Chemical Principles .185 StephenJ. Traub and Lewis S. Nelson

. . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Biochemical and Metabolic Principles Kurt C. Kleinschmidt and Kathleen A. Delaney

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Steven C. Cuny, Kirk C. Mills, and Anne-Michelle Ruha

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Withdrawal Principles .249 RichardJ. Hamilton

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S E C T I O N 1 1 . PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS: ORGAN SYSTEMS .255

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Thermoregulatory Principles .255 Susi U. Vassallo and Kathleen A. Delaney

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Principles Alan h! Charney and Robert S. H o f i a n

18. Psychiatric Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mark R. Serper and Michael H. Allen

19. Neurologic Principles . . Rama B. Rao

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. Ophthalmic Principles Adhi Sharma, Martin]. Smilkstein, and Frederick W Fraunfelder

21. Otolaryngologic Principles . . . . William K. Chiang

22. Respiratory Principles Robert S. HofJinan

23. Cardiovascular Principles . . . . . . . Robert A. Hessler

24. Hematologic Principles . Marco L. A. Sivilotti

. . . . . . . 25. Gastrointestinal Principles Donald l? Kotler and Neal E. Flomenbaum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. Hepatic Principles Kathleen A. Delaney

27. Renal Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donald A. Feinfeld and Vincent L. Anthony

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. Genitourinary Principles Jason Chu

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. Dermatologic Principles Dina Began

Page 3: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

s E c T I o N I I I . SPECIAL POPULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465

30. Reproductive and Perinatal Principles . . Jeffrey S. Fine

31. Pediatric Principles . . . Jeffrey S. Fine

32. Geriatric Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Judith C . Ahronheim and Mary Ann Howland

. . . . 33. Postmortem Toxicology Rama B. Rao and Mark Flomenbaum

SC-1 Special Considerations: Organ Procurement from Poisoned Patients . . . . . . . . . . Rama B. Rao

P A R T C

THECLlNlCALBASlSOFMEDlCALTOXlCOLOGY 521

s E C T I ON I . CASE STUDIES

. . . A. ANALGESICS AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY MEDICATIONS

34. Acetaminophen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert G . Hendrickson and Kenneth E. Bizovi

A5 N-Acetylcysteine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . 35. Salicylates Neal E. Flomenbaum

A6 Sodium Bicarbonate . . Paul M . Wax

36. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs . . . . . . . . . Martin G. Belson and William A. Watson

37. Colchicine and Podophyllin . . . . . . . . . . . . Joshua G. Schier

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. Opioids Lewis S. Nelson

A7 Opioid Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. FOODS, DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL AGENTS .620

39. Dieting Agents and Regimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christine Haller

40. Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jeanmarie Perrone

A8 Deferoxamine . Mary Ann Howland

Page 4: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. Vitamins Beth Y Ginsburg

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42. Essential Oils S. Eliza Halcomb

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43. Herbal Preparations Oliver L. Hung and Neal A. Lewin

44. Athletic Performance Enhancers . . . . Susi U. Vassal10

45. FoodPoisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael G. Tunik

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Botulism.. Lewis R. Goldfrank and Neal E. Flomenbaum

A9 Botulinum Antitoxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lewis R. Goldfrank

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . PHARMACEUTICALS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47. Anticonvulsants Suzanne Doyon

A10 L-Carnitine . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48. Antidiabetics and Hypoglycemics George M. Bosse

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Dextrose Larissa I. Velez and Kathleen A. Delaney

A12 Octreotide . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49. Thyroid and Antithyroid Medications Nicole C. Bouchard

50. Antihistamines and Decongestants . . . . Anthony]. Tomassoni and Richard S. Weisman

A13 Physostigmine Salicylate . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. Antimigraine Medications Jason Chu and Neal A. Lavin

52. Antineoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard Y. Wang

. . . . A14 Leucovorin (Folinic Acid) and Folic Acid Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53. Pharmaceutical Additives Sean I? Nordt and Lisa E. Vivero

D. ANTIMICROBIALS ...................................................,..,.843

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. Antibiotics, Antifungals, and Antivirals . . . Christine M. Stork

Page 5: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

55 . Antituberculous Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 Edward W Boyer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A15 Pyridoxine Mary Ann Howland

56 . Antimalarials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 G . Randall Bond

E . CARDIOPULMONARY MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

57 . Anticoagulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 Mark Su and Robert S . Hoffman

A16 Vitamin K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A17 Protamine Mary Ann Howland

58 . Calcium Channel Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 Francis DeRoos

59 . P-Adrenergic Antagonists . . . . . . . .

I Jeffrey ~ r u b i h e r

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A18 Glucagon Mary Ann Howland

60 . Other Antihypertensives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946 Francis DeRoos

61 . Antidysrhythmics . . . . . . . . . . . . Neal A . Lewin and Lewis S . Nelson

62 . Cardioactive Steroids . . . . . . . . Jason B . Hack and Neal A . Lewin

A19 Digoxin-Specific Antibody Fragments (Fab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 Mary Ann Howland

63 . Methylxanthines and Selective P2-Adrenergic Agonists . . . . Robert J . Hoffman

E ANESTHETICS AND RELATED MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 . Local Anesthetics David R . Schwartz and Brian Kaufman

65 . Inhalational Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 Brian Kaufman and Martin Griffel

66 . Neuromuscular Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenneth M . Sutin. Brian Kaufman. and Sanford M . Miller

A20 Dantrolene Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenneth M . Sutin 1 Brian Kaufman 1 and Sanford M . Miller

G . PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

67 . Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 David Juurlin k

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xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

68. Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Howard A. Greller

. . . . . . . . 69. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Lada Kohan

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Atypical Antidepressants .lo70 Christine M. Stork

7 1. Cyclic Antidepressants . . . . . . . . Erica L. Liebelt

72. Sedative-Hypnotics . . David C. Lee

A21 Flumazenil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

H. SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73. Amphetamines 1118

William K. Chiang

. . 74. Cocaine . . . . . . . . .I133 Robert S. Hoflman

75. Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luke Yip

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A22 Thiamine Hydrochloride .I162 Robert S. Hoffman

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76. Ethanolwithdrawal.. Jeffrey Gold and Lewis S. Nelson

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77. Disulfiram and Disulfiramlike Reactions Edwin K. Kuffner

78. y-HydroxybutyricAcid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lawrence S. Quang

79. Inhalants . . . . Heather Long

. . . . . . . . . . . 80. Hallucinogens Kavita M. Babu and Robert I! Ferm

8 1. Cannabinoids . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael McGuigan

82. Nicotine and Tobacco Preparations . . . Morton E. Salomon

3 PhencyclidineandKetamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruben Olmedo

I. METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1244

84. Antimony . Asim E Tarabar

85. Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marsha Ford

Page 7: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

A23 Dimercaprol (British Anti-Lewisite or BAL) . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86. Bismuth Rama B. Rao

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87. Cadmium StephenJ. Traub and Robert S. HofFnan

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88. Chromium Steven B. Bird

89. Cobalt . . . Gar Ming Chan

90. Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297 Lewis S. Nelson

. . . . . . . . . 91. Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fred M. Henretig

A24 Succimer (2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid) . . . . Mary Ann Howland

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A25 Edetate Calcium Disodium (CaNa2EDTA) Mary Ann Howland

92. Mercury . . . Young-Jin Sue

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93. Nickel John Curtis and Michael I. Greenberg

94. Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diane I? Calello

' -3. Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b Melisa W Lai and Michele Burns Ewald

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96. Thallium Maria Mercurio and Robert S. Hof fmn

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A26 PrussianBlue Robert S. HofFnan

97. Zinc . . . . . . . . . Michele Bums Ewald

J. HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I384

98. Antiseptics, Disinfectants, and Sterilants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paul M. Waw

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. Camphor and Moth Repellents Edwin K. Kuflner

100. Caustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jessica A. Fulton and Rama B. Rao

101. Hydrofluoric Acid and Fluorides . . . Mark Su

A27 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

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xxviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 . Hydrocarbons David D . Gummin and Daniel 0 . Hryhorcmk

103 . Toxic Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sage W Wiener

A28 Fomepizole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1460 Mary Ann Howland

A29 Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

K . PESTICIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469

104 . Pesticides: An Overview with a Focus on Principles and Rodenticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469 Neal E . Flomenbaum

105 . Barium . . . . Andrew Dawson

106 . Sodium Monofluoroacetate and Fluoroacetamide . . . . Fermin Banueto

107 . Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heikki E . Nikkanen and Michele Burns Ewald

108 . Strychnine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492 Yiu-Cheung Chan

109 . Insecticides: Organic Phosphorus Compounds and Carbamates . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard E Clark

A30 Pralidoxime . . Mary Ann Howland

A31 Atropine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519 Mary Ann Howland

110 . Insecticides: Organic Chlorines. PyrethrindPyrethroids. and DEET . . . . . . . . Michael G . Holland

1 11 . Herbicides . . . . . . . Rebecca L . Tominack

112 . Methyl Bromide and Other Fumigants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1556 Keith K . Burkhart

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L . NATURAL TOXINS AND ENVENOMATIONS 1564

113 . Mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1564 Lewis R . Goldfrank

114 . Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Palmer andJoseph M . Betz

115 . Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603 In-Hei Hahn and Neal A . &in

A32 Antivenom (Scorpion and Spider) . . . . Jeffrey N . Bernstein

116 . MarineEnvenomations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629 D . Eric Brush

Page 9: THE GENERAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY

117. Snakes and Other Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I643 Bradley D. Riley, Anthony E Pizon, Anne-Michelle Ruha, James R. Roberts, and Edward J . Otten

A33 Antivenom (Crotaline and Elapid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I657 Anthony E: Pizon /Bradley D. Riley /Anne-Michelle Ruha / James R. Roberts /Edward j. Otten

M. OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I663

118. Industrial Poisoning: Information and Control Peter H. Wald

119. Simple Asphyxiants and Pulmonary Irritants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lewis S. Nelson

120. Carbon Monoxide . . . Christian Tomaszewski

A34 Hyperbaric Oxygen . . . . . . . . Stephen R. Thorn

121. Cyanide and Hydrogen Sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christopher F! Holstege, Gary E. Isorn, and Mark A. Kirk

A35 Sodium and Amy1 Nitrites . . . . . . Mary Ann Howland

A36 Sodium Thiosulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Ann Howhnd

A37 Hydroxocobalamin . . Mary Ann Howland

122. Methemoglobin Inducers . . . . Dennis Price

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A38 MethyleneBlue Mary Ann Howland

123. Smoke Inhalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1749' Christopher E! Holstege and Mark A. Kirk

N. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124. Risk Assessment and Risk Communication . .

Charles McKay

Hazmat Incident Response Frank G. Walter

Chemical Weapons . . Jeffrey R. Suchard

Biological Weapons . . . . . . Jeffey R. Suchard

128. Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1803 Joseph Rella

S E C T I O N 1 1 . POISON CENTERS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY . . . 129. Poison Prevention and Education . . . . . .

Lauren Schwark

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

130. Poison Information Centers and Poison Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert S . Hoffman

131. International Perspectives in Medical Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aaron Hexdull and Michael Eddleston

132. Principles of Epidemiology and Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I847 Kevin C . Os~erhoudt

. . . . . . . . . 133. Adverse Drug Events and Postmarketing Surveillance Louis R. Cantilena, Jt:

134. Medications, Errors, and Patient Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pat Croskeny

135. Risk Management and Legal Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I879 Barbara M . Kirrane and Dainiw A. Druhteinis

The following material is available for the reader at goldfrankstoxicology.com:

Study Guide

Case Studies with Answers

Study Questions with Answers

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