The Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd

Copyright 2016 by Stanford University

The Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.

v.

Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. and

Fuzhou Municipal Administration and Engineering Co., Ltd.,

A Dispute over a Financial Borrowing Contract

Guiding Case No. 53

(Discussed and Passed by the Adjudication Committee of the Supreme People’s Court

Released on November 19, 2015)

CHINA GUIDING CASES PROJECT

English Guiding Case (EGC53)

October 28, 2016 Edition∗

∗

The citation of this translation of the Guiding Case is:《福建海峡银行股份有限公司福州五一支行诉长

乐亚新污水处理有限公司、福州市政工程有限公司金融借款合同纠纷案》 (The Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of

Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd. v. Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. and Fuzhou Municipal Administration

Engineering Co., Ltd., A Dispute over a Financial Borrowing Contract), STANFORD LAW SCHOOL CHINA GUIDING

CASES PROJECT, English Guiding Case (EGC53), Oct. 28, 2016 Edition, http://cgc.law.stanford.edu/guiding-

cases/guiding-case-53. The original, Chinese version of this case is available at 《中国法院网》

(WWW.CHINACOURT.ORG), http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/11/id/1756741.shtml. See also 《最高人

民法院关于发布第 11批指导性案例的通知》 (The Supreme People’s Court’s Notice Concerning the Release of

the 11th

Batch of Guiding Cases), Nov. 19, 2015, http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/11/id/1756734.shtml.

This document was primarily prepared by Nathan Harpainter, Sean Webb, and Dr. Mei Gechlik; it was

finalized by Dimitri Phillips and Dr. Mei Gechlik. We thank Yeshu Yang for her research assistance. Minor editing,

such as splitting long paragraphs, adding a few words included in square brackets, and boldfacing the headings, was

done to make the piece more comprehensible to readers; all footnotes, unless otherwise noted, have been added by

the China Guiding Cases Project. The following text is otherwise a direct translation of the original text released by

the Supreme People’s Court.

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Keywords

Civil Financial Borrowing Contract Pledge of the Right to Proceeds

Registration of a Pledge Realization of Pledge Rights

Main Points of the Adjudication

1. The right to proceeds [associated with] a concession right to operate [a project]

may be pledged and may be treated as an account receivable in the registration of the pledge.

2. Given the nature of the right to proceeds [associated with] a concession right to

operate [a project], it is not appropriate to convert [the right to proceeds] into money, auction it

off, or sell it off. Where the pledgee alleges that he1 has priority for payment, a people’s court

may order the debtor who has pledged [his] debt claims to pay the pledgee in priority out of the

account receivable [reflecting] the right to proceeds.

Related Legal Rule(s)

Article 208, Article 223, and Article 228, Paragraph 1 of the Property Law of the

People’s Republic of China2

Basic Facts of the Case

The Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.3 (hereinafter referred to

as “Haixia Bank Wuyi Sub-Branch”), the plaintiff, claimed: After the plaintiff and defendant

Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd.4

(hereinafter referred to as “Changle Yaxin

Company”) signed a [certain] Entity Borrowing Contract,5 [the former] loaned RMB 30 million

to [the latter]. Defendant Fuzhou Municipal Administration and Engineering Co., Ltd.6

1 The terms “he” and “his” as used herein are gender-neutral terms that may refer to “she” and “her” or “it

and “its”. 2 《中华人民共和国物权法》(Property Law of the People’s Republic of China), passed and issued on

Mar. 16, 2007, effective as of Oct. 1, 2007, http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2007-03/19/content_554452.htm. 3 The name “福建海峡银行股份有限公司” is translated here as “Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.” in accordance

with the translation used on the company’s website, at http://www.fjhxbank.com/index.php?do=news&ntid=10&id=417. 4 The name “长乐亚新污水处理有限公司” is translated here literally as “Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment

Co., Ltd.” 5 The original text reads “单位借款合同” (“Entity Borrowing Contract”). For details about this contract, see

infra text accompanying notes 8 and 9. 6 The name “福州市政工程有限公司” is translated here literally as “Fuzhou Municipal Adminisration and

Engineering Co., Ltd.”

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(hereinafter referred to as “Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company”) provided a surety7

with joint and several liability for the aforementioned borrowed amount. The four parties,

[namely,] plaintiff Haixia Bank Wuyi Sub-Branch, defendants Changle Yaxin Company and

Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company, and the Construction Bureau of Changle

Municipality, which was a party external to the case, signed a [certain] Guarantee Agreement for

the Pledge of the Concession Right to Operate. [According to this agreement,] Fuzhou

Municipal Administration Company provided a guarantee by pledging the concession right to

operate Changle Municipality’s sewage treatment project.

Because Changle Yaxin Company could not repay the principal and interest of the loan

according to the schedule, [the plaintiff] sued and requested [that the court] order:

[1] Changle Yaxin Company to repay the plaintiff the principal and interest of the

borrowed amount;

[2] that the legality and validity of the Guarantee Agreement for the Pledge of the

Concession Right to Operate and the plaintiff’s priority for payment [when] the

pledged item listed on the agreement was auctioned or sold off [were] confirmed;

[3] the use, in priority to settle all of the amounts that should be repaid to the plaintiff, of

the sewage treatment service fees paid to the two defendants by the Construction

Bureau of Changle Municipality; [and]

[4] Fuzhou Municipal Company to bear joint and several liability for the clearance of

debts.

Defendants Changle Yaxin Company and Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company

defended their positions, claiming: The concession right to operate the Urban Sewage Treatment

Plant of Changle Municipality was not a statutory right that could be pledged. In addition, the

pledge of the concession right to operate had not been registered. Therefore, the plaintiff’s

litigation request for auctioning and selling off the concession right to operate the Urban Sewage

Treatment Plant of Changle Municipality had no legal basis.

The court handled the case and ascertained:8 In 2003, the three parties, [namely,] the

Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality as the transferor, Fuzhou Municipal

Administration Company as the transferee, and the Finance Bureau of Changle Municipality as

the witnessing party, signed a [certain] Concession Contract for the Construction and Operation

7 The original text reads “保证” (“surety”), which, in China’s law concerning guarantees, is defined as a type

of guarantee. See 《中华人民共和国担保法》(Guarantee Law of the People’s Republic of China), Articles 6–32,

passed and issued on June 30, 1995, effective as of Oct. 1, 1995, http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-

12/05/content_4645.htm. 8 The original text does not specify which court is referred to here. It is likely meant to be the first-instance

court of this case, namely, the Intermediate People’s Court of Fuzhou Municipality, Fujian Province.

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of the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle Municipality, stipulating: the Construction

Bureau of Changle Municipality conferred to Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company the

concession rights to be in charge of the investment, construction, operation, and maintenance of

the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle Municipality project and its associated facilities.

[The contract] stipulated details concerning the rights and obligations of the two parties to the

contract [i.e., the transferor and the transferee]. On October 22, 2004, Changle Yaxin Company

was established. The company was a project company established by Fuzhou Municipal

Administration Company for the performance of the Concession Contract for the Construction

and Operation of the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle Municipality.

On March 24, 2005, the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City Commercial Bank9 and

Changle Yaxin Company signed the Entity Borrowing Contract, stipulating: Changle Yaxin

Company borrowed RMB 30 million from the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City Commercial

Bank; the borrowed amount was to be used for the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle

Municipality BOT10

project; the time limit for the borrowed amount was 13 years, beginning on

March 25, 2005 [and ending on] March 25, 2018. [The two parties] also made clear stipulations

on the method of calculating interest and interest on overdue [payments]. Fuzhou Municipal

Administration Company [provided] a surety, bearing joint and several liability for Changle

Yaxin Company’s aforementioned borrowed amount.

On the same day, the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City Commercial Bank, Changle

Yaxin Company, Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company, and the Construction Bureau of

Changle Municipality jointly signed the Guarantee Agreement for the Pledge of the Concession

Right to Operate, stipulating: Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company provided a guarantee

for Changle Yaxin Company’s borrowed amount from the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City

Commercial Bank by pledging the concession right to operate conferred by the Concession

Agreement for the Construction and Operation of the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle

Municipality.11

The Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality agreed to the guarantee.

Fuzhou Municipal Administration Company agreed to use, in priority, the proceeds from the

concession right to operate [the project] for clearing Changle Yaxin Company’s debts listed

9 The name “福州市商业银行” is translated here as “Fuzhou City Commercial Bank” in accordance with the

translation used on the bank’s website, at http://www.fjhxbank.com/index.php?do=news&ntid=12&id=277. 10

The original, Chinese text reads “BOT”, which means “Build-Operate-Transfer”. A BOT project usually

involves a public-private partnership in which a private company agrees to build public infrastructure and, in return,

is granted the right to operate the infrastructure for a period of time and the right to proceeds from the infrastructure

so as to recover the cost of the project. At the end of this concession period, the private company transfers the

infrastructure to the government. For more discussion of the topic, see, e.g., World Bank, Concessions, Build-

Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Design-Build-Operate (DBO) Projects, http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-

partnership/agreements/concessions-bots-dbos#BOT_projects. 11

The original text reads “《长乐市城区污水处理厂特许建设经营协议》” (“Concession Agreement for

the Construction and Operation of the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle Municipality”), which is likely

meant to be “《长乐市城区污水处理厂特许建设经营合同》” (“Concession Contract for the Construction and

Operation of the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant of Changle Municipality”), as mentioned earlier in the Guiding

Case.

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under the borrowing contract. The Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality and Fuzhou

Municipal Administration Company agreed to use sewage treatment fees in priority for clearing

Changle Yaxin Company’s debts listed under the borrowing contract. [The parties also agreed

that] where [debts owed to] the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City Commercial Bank were still

not cleared, [the Sub-Branch] had the right to realize, in accordance with law, [its] pledge rights

by various methods, including auctioning off [the rights].

After the aforementioned contract was signed, the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City

Commercial Bank released, in accordance with the contract, a loan of RMB 30 million to

Changle Yaxin Company. Beginning on October 21, 2007, Changle Yaxin Company did not

repay the full amount of principal and interest according to the schedule in the contract.

[The court] also ascertained that the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City Commercial Bank

was renamed the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fuzhou City Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. on April 28,

2007 and then further renamed the Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.12

on

December 1, 2009.

Results of the Adjudication

On May 16, 2013, the Intermediate People’s Court of Fuzhou Municipality, Fujian

Province, rendered the (2012) Rong Min Chu Zi No. 661 Civil Judgment:

1. Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. should, within ten days of the judgment’s

coming into effect,13

repay the Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co.,

Ltd. RMB 28,714,764.43, as principal of the borrowed amount, plus interest (RMB

2,142,597.60, as tentatively calculated up to August 21, 2012; afterwards, the interest

is to be calculated in accordance with the stipulations of the Entity Borrowing

Contract until the principal and interest of the borrowed amount are all repaid).

12

The original text reads “福建海峡银行股份有限公司五一支行” (“The Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia

Bank Co., Ltd.”), which is likely meant to be “福建海峡银行股份有限公司福州五一支行” (“The Fuzhou Wuyi

Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.”) (emphasis added), the name of the plaintiff in the Guiding Case. 13

The original text reads “判决生效” (“the judgment’s coming into effect”). According to Article 155 of the

Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, judgments and rulings that have come into effect are

judgments and rulings of the Supreme People’s Court as well as judgments and rulings which, according to law,

may not be appealed or which have not been appealed within the prescribed time limit. See 《中华人民共和国民

事诉讼法》 (Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China), passed, issued on, and effective as of Apr. 9,

1991, amended two times, most recently on Aug. 31, 2012, effective as of Jan. 1, 2013,

http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2012-09/01/content_2214662.htm.

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2. Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. should, within ten days of the judgment’s

coming into effect, pay the Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.

lawyers’ fees of RMB 123,640.

3. The Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd. is, immediately from

the day the judgment comes into effect, to have the right to collect directly from the

Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality the sewage treatment service fees that

should be paid to Changle Yaxin Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd. and Fuzhou Municipal

Administration and Engineering Co., Ltd. by the Construction Bureau of Changle

Municipality and exercise priority for payment [using] the sewage treatment service

fees [for clearing] the debts confirmed by the first and second items of this judgment.

4. Fuzhou Municipal Administration and Engineering Co., Ltd. is to bear joint and

several liability for the clearance of the debts confirmed by the first and second items

of this judgment.

5. [The court] rejects the other litigation requests of the Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of

Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd.

After the judgment was pronounced, the two defendants appealed. On September 17, 2013, the

Higher People’s Court of Fujian Province rendered the (2013) Min Min Zhong Zi No. 870 Civil

Judgment, rejecting the appeal and upholding the original judgment.

Reasons for the Adjudication

In the effective judgment, the court opined: 14

[The fact that] defendant Changle Yaxin

Company did not repay the plaintiff the principal and interest of the borrowed amount in

accordance with the contract constituted a breach of contract. [Changle Yaxin Company] should

repay the plaintiff the principal of the borrowed amount as well as pay interest and the fees for

realizing the debt claims. As the party providing a surety with joint and several liability, Fuzhou

Municipal Administration Company should bear joint and several liability for the clearance of

the debts in dispute. The focal points of the dispute in this case were primarily the issues of

whether the pledge of the concession right to operate the sewage treatment project was valid and

of how to realize the pledge right.

1. On the issue of whether the concession right to operate the sewage treatment project

could be pledged

The concession right to operate a sewage treatment project is the right to operate and

maintain the sewage treatment plant and to obtain the corresponding proceeds. The operation

14

The original text does not specify which court opined. Given the context, this should be the Higher

People’s Court of Fujian Province.

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and maintenance of a sewage treatment plant is an obligation of the business operator, whereas

the right to proceeds is a right of the business operator. The operation and maintenance of a

sewage treatment plant are not transferrable property rights. Therefore, the pledge of the

concession right to operate the sewage treatment project in dispute was substantively the pledge

of the right to the proceeds of the sewage treatment project.

On the issue of whether the right to proceeds [associated with] the concession right to

operate a project such as a sewage treatment project could be pledged, the following aspects

should be considered: first, in this case, the Guarantee Agreement for the Pledge of the

Concession Right to Operate of the sewage treatment project in dispute was signed in 2005. The

laws, administrative regulations, and related judicial interpretations at that time did not provide

for the pledging of the right to proceeds from a sewage treatment project. However, the right to

proceeds from a sewage treatment project and the right to proceeds from a highway are similar in

nature. Article 97 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues

Concerning the Application of the “Guarantee Law of the People’s Republic of China”15

provides:

A pledge of a right to proceeds from immovable property, including highway

bridges, highway tunnels, or highway ferries, shall be handled in accordance with

Article 75, Item (4) of the Guarantee Law.

[Article 97] clarifies that a right to proceeds from a highway is [one of] the [“]other rights that

can be pledged in accordance with law[” stated in Article 75 Item (4) of the Guarantee Law].16

[Thus,] a right to proceeds from a sewage treatment [plant], which is similar to [a right to

proceeds from a highway], should also be allowed to be pledged.

Second, [the document titled] The Western Development Office of the State Council’s

“Implementation Opinions on Several Policies and Measures Concerning the Grand

Development of Western Regions”,17

which was forwarded by the General Office of the State

15

《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国担保法〉若干问题的解释》(Interpretation of the Supreme

People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the “Guarantee Law of the People’s Republic of

China”), passed by the Adjudication Committee of the Supreme People’s Court on Sept. 29, 2000, issued on Dec. 8,

2000, effective as of Dec. 13, 2000, http://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/2000/12/id/39359.shtml. 16

Article 75, Items (1)−(3) of the Guarantee Law list different types of rights that can be pledged. These

rights include, inter alia, money orders, checks, shares, and patent rights. Item (4) is a catch-all phrase that reads

“[o]ther rights that may be pledged in accordance with law” (“依法可以质押的其他权利”). See Guarantee Law of

the People’s Republic of China, supra note 7, Article 75. 17

《国务院西部开发办〈关于西部大开发若干政策措施的实施意见〉》 (The Western Development

Office of the State Council’s “Implementation Opinions on Several Policies and Measures Concerning the Grand

Development of Western Regions”), issued on and effective as of Aug. 28, 2001,

http://news.xinhuanet.com/china/2001-12/21/content_173036.htm.

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Council on September 29, 2001 ([via a notice designated] Guo Ban Fa〔2001〕No. 73),18

sets

forth:

With respect to those water conservancy development projects and urban

environmental protection projects (such as urban sewage treatment, garbage

disposal, etc.) that possess certain loan repayment capacities, the gradual launch

of lending business [based on] pledging the right to proceeds or the right to charge

fees of these projects [should] be explored.

This was the first clarification that pledges of rights to proceeds of sewage treatment projects

could be tentatively implemented.

Third, although a right to proceeds from a sewage treatment project is a future monetary

claim, its exercise period and the amount of proceeds can be determined and [thus] it is a definite

property right. Fourth, because a right to proceeds from a sewage treatment project is a future

monetary claim arising from the provision of sewage treatment services, [this right] can, by its

nature, also be brought within the purview of “accounts receivable”, which are allowed to be

pledged since the promulgation of the Property Law of the People’s Republic of China

(hereinafter referred to as the “Property Law”).19

Therefore, as a particularized property right,

the right to the proceeds of the sewage treatment project in dispute could be allowed to be

pledged.

2. On the issue of announcing the pledge right over the right to the proceeds of the

sewage treatment project

With respect to the issue of announcing the pledge right over the right to the proceeds of

the sewage treatment project, because the right to proceeds has already been brought within the

purview of “accounts receivable” [provided for] in Article 223, Item (6) of the Property Law

since the law became effective on October 1, 2007, a pledge should be registered via the system

for the registration and announcement of pledges of accounts receivable at the Credit Reference

Center, the People’s Bank of China20

before the pledge right can be established in accordance

with law.

18

The original text reads “国办发〔2001〕73号” (“Guo Ban Fa〔2001〕No. 73”).

For the document with this designation, see 《国务院办公厅关于转发国务院西部开发办《关于西部大

开发若干政策措施实施意见》的通知》(Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Forwarding the

Western Development Office of the State Council’s “Implementation Opinions on Several Policies and Measures

Concerning the Grand Development of Western Regions”), issued on Sept. 29, 2001,

http://caefi.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/diaoyan/fagsjk/zonghfg/200502/20050200344994.html. 19

Article 223, Items (1)−(7) of the Property Law of the People’s Republic of China list different types of

rights that may be pledged. Item (6) reads “accounts receivable” (“应收账款”). See Property Law of the People’s

Republic of China, supra note 2, Article 223, Items (1)−(7). 20

The name “中国人民银行征信中心” is translated here as “the Credit Reference Center, the People’s Bank

of China” in accordance with the translation used on the office’s website, at http://www.pbccrc.org.cn.

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Because the guarantee agreement for the pledge in this case was signed in 2005, prior to

the implementation of the Property Law, the unified registration system for accounts receivable

[provided for] in the Property Law did not apply. At that time, there were no provisions on a

unified registration and announcement system [for accounts receivable]; therefore, the then[-

effective] provisions on the registration of pledges of highway toll rights were referenced.

[According to those provisions,] the pledge was to be put on record and registered by the

department in charge and relevant stakeholders could, through the department in charge,

understand whether the right to proceeds was pledged. Once [these steps were taken,] the right

carried the effect of announcing a property right.

In this case, the Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality affixed [its] seal on the

Guarantee Agreement for the Pledge of the Concession Right to Operate and Clause 7 of the

agreement clearly stipulated that “the Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality agreed to

handle the procedures for the registration of the pledge for the plaintiff [sic] and Fuzhou

Municipal Administration Company”. Therefore, it could be determined that the department in

charge of the sewage treatment project in dispute already knew and recognized the pledge of the

right. In addition, relevant stakeholders could, through the Construction Bureau of Changle

Municipality, inquire and understand [whether or not] the relevant right of the sewage treatment

plant in dispute had been pledged. Consequently, in this case, the pledge of the right in dispute

had the elements of an announcement and the pledge right was established.

3. On the issue of the methods to realize the pledge right over the right to the proceeds of

the sewage treatment project

The Guarantee Law and the Property Law in China21

have not specifically provided

concrete methods for realizing pledge rights. They only have general provisions on the

realization of pledge rights, that is, when the pledgee exercises his pledge rights, he may [reach]

an agreement with the pledgor to convert the pledged property into money or to have priority for

payment on the amount obtained from auctioning or selling off the pledged property.

However, [because] the right to proceeds from a sewage treatment project is a future

monetary claim, the pledgee may request that the court allow his collection of money directly

from the pledgor [i.e.,] the debtor, and, with respect to that money, exercise priority for payment.

Therefore, there is no need to adopt the methods of converting [the pledged property] into money

or auctioning or selling it off. Moreover, the right to proceeds is accompanied by a certain

burden and the subject [operating] the business is of a specific nature. Given its nature, it is also

not appropriate to auction or sell it off. Therefore, the plaintiff’s requests for auctioning off or

selling off the pledged item listed in the Guarantee Agreement for the Pledge of the Concession

Right to Operate and for exercising priority for payment were not supported.

According to the stipulations in the agreement, plaintiff Haixia Bank Wuyi Sub-Branch

had the right to directly collect the sewage treatment service fees from the Construction Bureau

21

The original text reads “我国” (“my/our country”) and is translated here as “in China”.

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of Changle Municipality and, with respect to the sewage treatment service fees collected,

exercise priority for payment. Because the defendant should still carry out normal operation and

maintenance of the sewage treatment plant in accordance with the contract, if [the plant] could

not be normally operated, the treatment of Changle Municipality’s urban sewage would be

affected. The plaintiff's collection of the sewage treatment fees would also be affected.

Therefore, [the court decided that] when the plaintiff collected the sewage treatment service fees

from the Construction Bureau of Changle Municipality, it should exercise its rights reasonably

and reserve for the defendant necessary and reasonable expenses for operating the sewage

treatment plant.

(Adjudication personnel of the effective judgment: HE Zhong, ZHANG Qianghua, and

ZHU Honghai)

Documents

The Fuzhou Wuyi Sub-Branch of Fujian Haixia Bank Co., Ltd