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pen
dix 1
Sup
ervisor co
mm
ittee & research
m
etho
do
logy
Sup
ervisor C
om
mittee
Dr.
Krantzb
ergis
activelyen
gagedin
researchat
the
interface
betw
een
science
and
pu
blic
po
licyw
ithexten
siveexp
ertiseo
nd
isciplin
esth
atco
uld
advan
ceG
reatLakes
sustain
ability.
She
wo
rkedfo
rth
eO
ntario
Min
istryo
fEn
viron
men
tfro
m1
98
8to
20
01
,as
the
Co
ord
inato
ran
dSen
ior
Policy
Ad
visor
for
the
Great
LakesP
rogram
.Sh
eis
ap
astp
residen
to
fth
eIn
ternatio
nal
Asso
ciation
of
Great
LakesR
esearchan
dsits
on
the
Bo
ardo
fD
irectors
for
severalGreat
Lakesan
dPo
licyrelated
no
n-p
rofit
organ
ization
s.Dr.Kran
tzberg
was
the
Directo
ro
fth
eG
reatLakes
Regio
nalO
fficeo
fth
eIn
ternatio
nal
Join
tC
om
missio
nfro
m2
00
1to
20
05
.Sh
eis
curren
tlyP
rofesso
ran
dfo
un
din
gD
irector
of
the
Do
fascoC
entre
for
Engin
eering
and
Pu
blic
Policy
inth
eSch
oo
lo
fEn
gineerin
gat
McM
asterU
niversity
offerin
gCan
ada’s
firstMaster’s
Degree
inEn
gineerin
gan
dP
ub
licPo
licy.Sh
ealso
servesas
Ad
jun
ctP
rofesso
rat
UN
U-IN
WEH
,w
orkin
go
nlake
man
ageme
nt
research.
She
has
auth
ored
mo
reth
an1
00
scientific
and
po
licyarticles
on
issues
pertain
ing
toeco
systemq
uality
and
sustain
ability
and
isa
frequ
ent
speaker
tom
edia
and
the
pu
blic.
Gailco
mp
letedh
erP
h.D
.at
the
Un
iversityo
fTo
ron
toin
enviro
nm
entalscien
cean
deco
systemh
ealth
Dr. G
ail Kran
tzbe
rgD
irecto
r of En
gine
erin
g & P
ub
lic P
olicy, M
cMaste
r Un
iversity
Dr. P
eter Sale
, Assistan
t Dire
ctor,
Co
astal Pro
gramm
e, U
NU
-INW
EH
Pro
f.Peter
Saleis
am
arine
ecolo
gistw
itho
ver4
0years
experien
cein
trop
icalco
astaleco
systems,
particu
larlyco
ralreefs.
Prio
rto
join
ing
UN
U-IN
WEH
,h
ew
asa
faculty
mem
ber
atth
eU
niversity
of
Sydn
ey,A
ustralia
(19
68
-19
87
),U
niversity
of
New
Ham
psh
ire,U
SA(1
98
8-
19
93
)an
dU
niversity
of
Win
dso
r,Can
ada
(19
94
-200
6)
wh
ereh
erem
ains
Pro
fessor
Emeritu
s.His
wo
rkh
asfo
cused
prim
arilyo
nreef
fisheco
logy,
mo
strecen
tlyo
nasp
ectso
fju
venile
ecolo
gy,recru
itmen
tan
dco
nn
ectivity.
He
has
do
ne
researchin
Haw
aii,A
ustralia,
the
Carib
bean
and
the
Mid
dle
East,an
dvisited
reefsin
man
yp
lacesin
betw
een
.H
eh
assu
ccessfully
used
his
fun
dam
en
talscien
ceresearch
tod
evelop
and
guid
ep
rojects
inin
ternatio
nal
develo
pm
ent
and
sustain
able
coastal
marin
em
anagem
ent
inth
eC
aribb
eanan
dth
eIn
do
-Pacific.H
islab
orato
ryh
asp
rod
uced
over
20
0tech
nical
pu
blicatio
ns
and
he
has
edited
three
bo
oks
dealin
gw
ithm
arine
ecolo
gy.Dr.Sale
curren
tlylead
sth
eC
on
nectivity
pro
gramw
ithin
the
Co
ralReef
TargetedR
esearchP
roject
asw
ellasC
oastalZo
ne
Man
ageme
nt
inth
eA
rabian
Gu
lf.
Pro
f.D
r.H
assanFath
has
wid
eacad
emic
and
ind
ustrial
experien
cein
desalin
ation
&en
ergytech
no
logies.
Cu
rrently
he
isth
eP
rofesso
ro
fP
racticeat
Masd
arIn
stitute
of
Science
and
Techn
olo
gy.P
rior
toth
atD
r.Fath
was
aP
rofesso
rin
Alexan
dria
Un
iversity(Egyp
t)an
dV
isiting
Pro
fessor
atth
efo
llow
ing
institu
tes:K
ing
Ab
du
lA
zizU
niversity,
(KSA
),Q
atarU
niversity,
Un
iversityo
fB
eirut
and
Un
iversityo
fTech
no
logy
(Iraq).
Dr.
Fathis
the
auth
or
of
two
filedp
atents
inM
SF-M
EDd
esalinatio
ntech
no
logies.
He
has
pu
blish
eda
bo
ok
entitled
"Desalin
ation
Techn
olo
gy",an
dis
the
co-au
tho
ro
fth
eEn
cyclop
edia
of
Desalin
ation
&W
aterR
euse
(DESW
AR
E)an
dau
tho
ro
f"Sele
ction
so
fD
esalinatio
nScien
tificEn
cycloped
ia”(in
press).
Inad
ditio
nh
eh
asp
ub
lished
over
10
0p
apers
ind
esalinatio
nan
den
ergytech
no
logies.
Dr.
Fathalso
has
asign
ificant
ind
ustrialan
den
ginee
ring
experien
ce,h
aving
wo
rkedfo
rA
tom
icEn
ergyo
fC
anad
aLim
ited(A
ECL)
and
On
tarioH
ydro
(Can
ada);
Saud
iA
rabian
Marketin
gan
dR
efinin
gC
o.
(SAM
AR
EC/A
RA
MC
O),
Co
nso
lidated
Electricity
Co
mp
any
(SCEC
O-W
),an
dSalin
eW
aterC
on
version
Co
rpo
ration
(SWC
C),
Saud
iA
rabia;
and
the
leader
of
new
therm
ald
esalinatio
np
rocesses,D
oosan
’sW
aterR
esearchan
dD
evelop
men
tC
enter,U
AE.
Ms.H
ann
ekeV
anLavieren
com
pleted
her
masters
degree
inM
arine
Bio
logy
and
Ecolo
gyin
19
97
atth
eU
niversity
of
Gro
nin
gen,
the
Neth
erland
s.H
erresearch
focu
sedo
nth
erelatio
nsh
ipb
etwee
nth
estru
ctural
com
plexity
of
corals
and
associated
reeffish
com
mu
nities
and
the
imp
acto
fsm
all-scale
fisheries
inth
eSp
ermo
nd
eA
rchip
elago,
Sulaw
esi,In
do
nesia.
She
began
her
careeras
aFish
eriesB
iolo
gistfo
rth
eN
etherlan
ds
Institu
tefo
rFish
eriesR
esearchw
here
she
stud
iedcatch
com
po
sition
and
po
pu
lation
dyn
amics
of
targetan
dn
on
-targetfish
species
inth
eD
utch
beam
trawl
fishery
and
alternative
fishin
gm
etho
ds
tored
uce
by-catch
.Lo
ngin
gto
return
toth
etro
pics,
she
too
ku
pa
po
sition
as(co
astal/marin
e)Tech
nical
Ad
visor
for
aco
nservatio
np
roject
inth
eP
hilip
pin
esfo
rth
eN
etherlan
ds
Develo
pm
ent
Agen
cyin
19
99
.H
eresh
ew
orked
closely
with
local
com
mu
nities,
con
du
ctedexten
siveco
astalm
on
itorin
gan
dtrain
ing
activities,an
dd
evelop
edan
integrated
coastal
man
ageme
nt
plan
.In
20
01
,sh
em
oved
toKen
yato
join
the
Un
itedN
ation
sEn
viron
men
tP
rogram
me,
Regio
nal
SeasP
rogram
me
,w
here
she
dealt
with
issues
such
assm
allislan
ds,M
PAs,co
astalbio
diversity,cetacean
man
ageme
nt,m
angro
ves,climate
chan
gean
dm
arine
invasive
species
with
in18
region
alpro
gramm
es.Since
Septem
ber
20
06
,she
has
been
wo
rking
for
UN
U-IN
WEH
asth
eC
oastal
Ecosystem
sP
rogram
me
Officer,
and
togeth
erw
ithD
r.Peter
Salem
anages
and
coo
rdin
atesco
astalpro
jects.
Dr. H
assan Fath
, Pro
fesso
r, M
asdar In
stitute
Ms. H
ann
eke
Van
Laviere
n,
Pro
gramm
e O
fficer, C
oastal
Pro
gramm
e, U
NU
-INW
EH
Sup
ervisor C
om
mittee
Interview
Map
Ap
pen
dix 2
Qatar &
UA
E cou
ntry p
rofiles
Qatar C
ou
ntry P
rofile
Ge
ograp
hy:
De
mo
graph
ic:
Located
with
in th
e Arab
ian
Penin
sula Q
atar is surro
un
ded
b
y Persian/A
rabian
Gu
lf, sh
aring b
ord
ers with
Saud
i A
rabia.
Total area o
f 11
,43
7 km
2*
Cap
ital city: Do
ha
Clim
ate:
Un
der th
e Ko
pp
enC
limate
Classificatio
n Q
atar is co
nsid
ered a h
ot d
esert clim
ate (BW
h)
Ma
ps fro
m C
IA W
orld
Factb
oo
k
87
%
13
% Qatar P
op
ulatio
n
Bre
akdo
wn
*
Expats
Natio
nals
21
.8%
76
.7%
1.5
%
0-14
15
-64
65+0
.0%
20
.0%
40
.0%
60
.0%
80
.0%
10
0.0
%
Age (years)
Pe
rcen
t of to
tal po
pu
lation
(Natio
nals &
exp
ats)
Age
Structu
re in
Qatar**
Total Po
pu
lation
: 1,9
51
,59
1
(20
11
est.)*
Pop
ulatio
n G
row
th R
ate: 4
.93
% (2
01
1 est.)*
Labo
ur Fo
rce:1
.24
1 m
illion
(20
11
est.)*
Qatar C
ou
ntry P
rofile
Econ
om
ic Ind
icators (2
01
1e
st.)
TotalG
DP
(at PP
P)
$1
81
.7 B
illion
GD
P p
er capita (at
PP
P)
$1
02
,70
0
GD
P real gro
wth
rate1
8.7
%
Cu
rrency in
USD
0.1
0%
73
%
6.9
0%
GD
P C
om
po
sition
by Se
ctor
agricultu
re
ind
ustry
services
Main
Ind
ustrie
s:
liqu
efied n
atural gas, cru
de
oil p
rod
uctio
n an
d refin
ing,
amm
on
ia, fertilizers, p
etroch
emicals, steel
reinfo
rcing b
ars, cemen
t, co
mm
ercial ship
repair
All eco
no
mic d
ata
is ba
sed o
n 2
01
1 estim
ates
82
%
18
%
Share
of To
tal Prim
ary Ene
rgy Sup
ply
in Q
atar 20
09
**
Natu
ral Gas
Oil
Key In
dicato
rsC
om
po
un
d In
dicato
rs
Energy P
rod
uctio
n
(Mto
e)
13
9.9
5TP
ES/Pop
ulatio
n
(toe/cap
ita)1
6.9
1
TotalP
rimary En
ergy Su
pp
ly (Mto
e)
23
.82
TPES/G
DP
(PP
P)
(toe
/tho
usan
d 2
00
0
USD
)
0.6
5
Electricity
Co
nsu
mp
tion
(TW
h)
23
.04
Electricity C
on
sum
ptio
n/
Pop
ulatio
n (KW
h/cap
ita)1
6,3
53
CO
2Em
ission
s (M
t of C
O2 )
56
.53
CO
2 /Pop
ulatio
n(t C
O2 /cap
ita)4
0.1
2
CO
2/G
DP
(PP
P)
(kg CO
2/2
00
0 U
SD)
1.5
5
Table
:
Econ
om
y:
Ene
rgy:
Table
:
Qatar C
ou
ntry P
rofile
Wate
r:
59
%
2%
39
%
Fresh
Wate
r With
draw
al by Se
ctor
Agricu
lture
Ind
ustry
Mu
nicip
al
Wate
rR
eso
urce
sV
olu
me
(km
3/yr)So
urce
Ren
ewab
le Natu
ral Reso
urce
s:
Gro
un
dw
ater0
.06
FAO
AQ
UA
STAT,2
01
0
Surface
water
0.0
0FA
O A
QU
ASTAT,
20
10
Total w
aterreso
urce
s 0
.06
FAO
AQ
UA
STAT,2
01
0
Totalren
ewab
le per cap
ita3
2.9
7m
3/yrFA
O A
QU
ASTAT,
20
10
High
er qu
alityn
on
con
ventio
nal reso
urce
s:
Desalin
ation
0.4
0D
esalData
Reu
se –tertiary
or b
etter0
.07
Glo
bal W
ater Market 2
01
1, G
WI
Total n
on
con
ventio
nal reso
urce
s0
.47
Table
:
88
%
12
%
An
nu
al Wate
r Re
sou
rces b
y Sou
rce
% o
f ann
ual w
ater
resou
rces com
ing fro
md
esalinatio
n
% o
f ann
ual w
ater
resou
rces com
ing fro
mn
atural ren
ewab
le sou
rces
Water fo
otp
rint o
f Qatar
residen
t : >30
00
m3
/yr
>2th
e glob
al average
Qatar C
ou
ntry P
rofile
De
salinatio
n:
Figure
: Installe
d cap
acity by p
lant size
, tech
no
logy, raw
wate
r qu
ality and
use
r catego
ry
Qatar C
ou
ntry P
rofile
Plan
t Nam
eTe
chn
olo
gyC
apacity (m
3/d)
Ras Laffan
1M
SF cogen
eration
18
2,0
00
Ras Laffan
2M
SF cogen
eration
27
2,7
60
Ras A
bu
Fon
tasA
1M
SF2
04
,57
0
Ras A
bu
Fon
tasA
3M
SF9
0,9
20
Ras A
bu
Fon
tasB
MSF co
generatio
n1
50
,00
0
Ras A
bu
Fon
tasB
2M
SF cogen
eration
13
6,3
80
De
salinatio
n site
s in U
AE w
ith a p
lant cap
acities o
ver 50
,00
0m
3/day
Table
: De
salinatio
n p
lants in
Qatar w
ith
capacitie
s ove
r 50
,00
0m
3/day
UA
E Co
un
try Pro
file
Clim
ate:
Un
der th
e Ko
pp
enC
limate
Classificatio
n th
e UA
E is con
sidered
a h
ot d
esert climate (B
Wh
)***
Ge
ograp
hy:
Located
with
inth
eA
rabian
Pen
insu
laUAE’s
coastlin
elies
pred
om
inan
tlyo
nth
ePersian
/Arab
ianG
ulf,w
itha
smallp
ortio
nalso
on
the
Gu
lfo
fO
man
.It
shares
bo
rders
with
Saud
iArab
iaan
dO
man
.
Total area o
f 83
,60
0 km
2**
Cap
ital city: Ab
u D
hab
iM
aps fro
m C
IA W
orld
Factbo
ok
De
mo
graph
ics:To
tal Pop
ulatio
n: 5
,31
4,3
17
(2
01
2 est.)**
Pop
ulatio
n G
row
th R
ate: 3
.05
5%
(20
11
est.)**
20
.4%
78
.7%
0.9
%
0-1
4
15
-64
65
+0.0
%2
0.0
%4
0.0
%6
0.0
%8
0.0
%1
00
.0%
Age (years)
Pe
rcen
t of to
tal po
pu
lation
(Natio
nals &
exp
ats)
Age
Structu
re in
UA
E**
70
%
30
%
UA
E Po
pu
lation
B
reakd
ow
n*
Expats
Natio
nals
UA
E Co
un
try Pro
file
Econ
om
y:
Ene
rgy:
Main
Ind
ustrie
s:
liqu
efied n
atural gas, cru
de
oil p
rod
uctio
n an
d refin
ing,
amm
on
ia, fertilizers, p
etroch
emicals, steel
reinfo
rcing b
ars, cemen
t, co
mm
ercial ship
repair
Econ
om
ic Ind
icators (2
01
1e
st.)
TotalG
DP
(at PP
P)
$2
60
.8 B
illion
GD
P p
er capita (at
PP
P)
$4
8,5
00
GD
P real gro
wth
rate3
.30
%
Cu
rrency in
USD
0.8
%53
.9%
45
.3%
GD
P C
om
po
sition
by Se
ctor
agricultu
re
ind
ustry
services
All eco
no
mic d
ata
is ba
sed o
n 2
01
1 estim
ates
82
.5%
17
.5%
Share
of To
tal Prim
ary Ene
rgy Sup
ply
in U
AE 2
00
9
Natu
ral Gas
Oil
Key In
dicato
rsC
om
po
un
d In
dicato
rs
Energy P
rod
uctio
n
(Mto
e)
16
8.8
TPES/Po
pu
lation
(to
e/cap
ita)1
2.9
6
TotalP
rimary En
ergy Su
pp
ly (Mto
e)
59
.6TP
ES/GD
P (P
PP
)(to
e/th
ou
sand
20
00
USD
)0
.50
Electricity
Co
nsu
mp
tion
(TW
h)
79
.5Ele
ctricity Co
nsu
mp
tion
/ Po
pu
lation
(KWh
/capita)
17
,29
6
CO
2Em
ission
s (M
t of C
O2 )
14
7.0
CO
2 /Pop
ulatio
n(t C
O2 /cap
ita)3
1.9
7
CO
2/G
DP
(PP
P)
(kg CO
2/2
00
0 U
SD)
1.2
6
Table:
Table
:
UA
E Co
un
try Pro
file
Wate
r:
83
%
2%
15
%
Fresh
Wate
r With
draw
al by Se
ctor
Agricu
lture
Ind
ustry
Mu
nicip
al
Wate
rR
eso
urce
sV
olu
me
(km3/yr)
Sou
rce
Ren
ewab
le Natu
ral Reso
urce
s:
Gro
un
dw
ater0
.12
FAO
AQ
UA
STAT,2
01
0
Surface
water
0.1
5FA
O A
QU
ASTAT,
20
10
Total w
aterreso
urce
s 0
.15
FAO
AQ
UA
STAT,20
10
Totalren
ewab
le per cap
ita1
9.9
7m
3/yrFA
O A
QU
ASTAT,
20
10
High
er qu
alityn
on
con
ventio
nal reso
urce
s:
Desalin
ation
3.1
8G
WI D
esalData
Reu
se –tertiary
or b
etter2
.17
Glo
bal W
ater Market 2
01
1, G
WI
Total n
on
con
ventio
nal reso
urce
s5
.35
95
%
5% An
nu
al Wate
r Re
sou
rces b
y Sou
rce
% o
f ann
ual w
ater
resou
rces com
ing fro
md
esalinatio
n
% o
f ann
ual w
ater
resou
rces com
ing fro
mn
atural ren
ewab
le sou
rces
Water fo
otp
rint o
f UA
E
residen
t : 31
36
m3/yr
2.2
6th
e glob
al average
Table
:
UA
E Co
un
try Pro
file
De
salinatio
n:
Figure
: Installe
d cap
acity by p
lant size
, tech
no
logy, raw
wate
r qu
ality and
use
r catego
ry
UA
E Co
un
try Pro
file
Shuw
eihatA
l Mirfa
De
salinatio
n site
s in U
AE w
ith a p
lant cap
acities o
ver 50
,00
0m
3/day
UA
E Co
un
try Pro
file
Plan
tN
ame
Tech
no
logy
Cap
acity (m3/d
)
Shu
weih
at1
Shu
weih
at 2M
SF cogen
eration
MSF co
generatio
n4
54
,20
04
59
,14
6
Al M
irfaA
l Mirfa
MSF co
generatio
nM
SF cogen
eration
10
2,1
44
73
,80
0
Ab
u D
hab
iA
bu
Dh
abi
MSF
MSF
95
0,0
00
60
,00
0
Um
m A
L Nar East A
Um
m A
L Nar East B
Um
m A
L Nar W
est 7-8
Um
m A
L Nar 1
-4U
mm
AL N
ar IWP
PU
mm
AL N
ar B
MSF
MSF
MSF
MSF
MSF co
generatio
nM
SF
82
,50
09
8,4
00
11
0,0
00
76
,40
01
13
,65
02
84
,12
5
Al Taw
eelah
A1
Al Taw
eelah
A1
Al Taw
eelah
A2
Al Taw
eelah
B1
Al Taw
eelah
B2
Al Taw
eelah
B3
MSF co
generatio
nM
ED co
generatio
nM
SF cogen
eration
MSF co
generatio
nM
SF cogen
eration
MSF co
generatio
n
98
,00
02
40
,00
02
27
,00
03
40
,95
01
04
,40
03
14
,60
0
Jebel A
liJeb
el Ali M
Station
Jebel A
li GJeb
el Ali L1
JebelA
li L2Jeb
el Ali K
2
MSF
MSF co
generatio
nM
SF cogen
eration
MSF co
generatio
nM
SF cogen
eration
MSF co
generatio
n
12
7,2
00
63
6,4
40
27
3,0
00
31
7,8
00
25
0,0
00
18
2,0
00
Plan
tN
ame
Tech
no
logy
Cap
acity (m3/d
)
Palm Ju
meriah
RO
64
,00
0
Du
bai Ext.
MSF
60
,00
0
HA
MP
S Ph
ase IIR
O co
generatio
n9
1,0
00
Ras
Al K
haim
ahM
ED6
8,1
90
Al Fu
jairah 1
Al Fu
jairah 1
Al Fu
jairah 2
Al Fu
jairah 2
MSF
RO
cogen
eration
MED
RO
cogen
eration
28
4,0
00
17
0,0
00
45
4,2
00
13
6,2
60
Table
: De
salinatio
n p
lants in
UA
E with
capacitie
s ove
r 50
,00
0m
3/day
Ap
pen
dix 3
Desalin
ation
techn
olo
gy pro
files
Mu
lti-Stage Flash
(MSF) P
rofile
The
MSF
pro
cesstakes
advan
tageo
fth
efact
that
water
bo
ilsat
successively
low
ertem
peratu
resif
the
pressu
red
ecreasesacco
rdin
gly.In
the
pro
cess,a
stream
of
heated
seawater
flow
sth
ou
ghth
eb
otto
mo
fa
vesselcon
tainin
gu
pto
40
cham
bers,o
rstages,each
op
erating
ata
slightly
low
erp
ressure
than
the
previo
us
on
e.Th
elo
wer
pressu
recau
sesth
eh
ot
seawater
tob
eginb
oilin
gim
med
iatelyu
po
ne
nterin
ge
achn
ewstage,
causin
ga
po
rtion
of
the
seawater
toin
stantly
vapo
rise,o
rflash
,in
tosteam
.Th
eflash
edvap
ou
rrises
rapid
ly,p
assing
arou
nd
the
ou
tside
of
atu
be
bu
nd
lecarryin
gco
ol
seawater,
wh
ereit
isco
nd
en
sedin
top
ure,d
istilledw
ater.
Mu
lti-Effect D
istillation
(MED
) Pro
fileIn
the
MED
pro
cess,d
istillation
takesp
lacein
aseries
of
cham
bers,
or
effects,o
peratin
gat
pro
gressivelylo
wer
pressu
res.W
ithin
eacheffect,
coo
lseaw
ateris
sprayed
over
ah
eatexch
anger
tub
eb
un
dle
wh
ilesteam
flow
ing
thro
ugh
the
tub
esis
con
den
sed
into
pu
rep
rod
uct
water.
Ou
tside
the
tub
es,th
eth
inseaw
aterfilm
bo
ilsas
itab
sorb
sh
eatfro
mth
este
am.
The
resu
lting
vapo
ur
isin
trod
uced
into
the
tub
es
inth
en
exteffect.
The
pro
cessis
repeated
thro
ugh
the
length
of
the
plan
t.Th
eefficien
cyo
fth
eM
EDp
rocess
canb
ein
creasedw
ithth
ein
trod
uctio
no
fvap
ou
rco
mp
ression
toen
ergiselo
wp
ressure
steamgo
ing
into
the
evapo
rator.
Reve
rse O
smo
sis (RO
) Pro
fileTh
ep
rocess
of
osm
osis
invo
lvesw
aterm
olecu
lesin
ad
ilute
solu
tion
diffu
sing
thro
ugh
asem
i-perm
eable
mem
bran
eto
aco
ncen
trated
solu
tion
un
tile
qu
ilibriu
mis
achieve
d(i.e.
wh
enb
oth
solu
tion
sare
equ
allyco
ncen
trated
).The
reversem
ovem
ent
on
water
mo
lecules
from
aco
ncen
trated
solu
tion
toa
dilu
teso
lutio
ncan
be
achieved
by
pu
tting
pressu
reo
nth
eco
nce
ntrate.
Pu
rew
atergo
esth
rou
ghth
esem
i-perm
eable
mem
bran
e,b
ut
the
solu
teio
ns
do
no
t.Th
eu
seo
freverse
osm
osis
ind
esalinatio
nw
asp
ion
eeredin
the
19
60
san
dco
mm
ercialisedin
the
19
70
s.Sin
ceth
en,
there
has
bee
na
dram
aticfall
inth
eco
sto
fd
esalinatio
nu
sing
this
pro
cess.Th
ish
asb
eend
riven
by
greater
mem
bran
eefficien
cyan
dfallin
gm
emb
rane
costs.
Co
gen
eratio
nTh
ermal/m
emb
rane
hyb
ridp
lants
areb
ecom
ing
anim
po
rtant
areao
fd
evelop
me
nt
ind
esalinatio
n.Th
ereare
two
differen
tkin
ds,
altho
ugh
the
firstkin
dis
no
tstrictly
ah
ybrid
.It
isa
com
bin
ation
of
co-lo
catedth
ermal
and
mem
bran
ed
esalinatio
np
lants
attache
dto
ap
ow
ergen
eration
facility.This
enab
lesth
ep
ow
erp
lant
tom
aintain
ah
ighb
aseload
thro
ugh
ou
tth
eyear,
switch
ing
ou
tpu
tto
water
pro
du
ction
du
ring
off-p
eakp
eriod
s.Th
isis
the
meth
od
mo
sto
ftenem
plo
yedb
yd
esalinatio
np
lants
inth
eG
ulf
region
,u
sually
usin
gan
MSF
systemw
hich
cancap
italizeo
nw
asteh
eatfro
mp
ow
ergen
eration
plan
ts.
MSF/M
ED &
RO
Hyb
rid Syste
ms
The
secon
dkin
do
fh
ybrid
—th
etru
eh
ybrid
—in
volves
inte
grating
ath
ermal
and
am
emb
rane
pro
cess
either
simu
ltaneo
usly
or
inseries
ina
single
pro
du
ction
train.M
emb
rane
distillatio
nis
the
termu
sedfo
ra
hyb
ridw
here
the
two
pro
cessestake
place
simu
ltane
ou
sly.Th
isap
pro
achh
asb
een
pro
veno
na
small
scale,b
ut
sofar
the
respo
nse
from
ind
ustry
has
be
enlu
kewarm
.Th
eu
seo
fm
emb
ranes
—p
articularly
nan
o-filtratio
n(N
F)m
emb
ranes
–u
sed
inseries
with
therm
altechn
olo
gyis
better
estab
lished
.The
next
develo
pm
ent
inth
isarea
will
be
tod
evelop
anM
ED/R
O/N
Ftri-h
ybrid
,w
ithN
Fo
peratin
gas
ap
re-treatme
nt
for
the
MED
pro
cessan
dth
eR
Op
rocess
(wh
ichw
ou
ldo
perate
inp
arallel),an
dth
eR
Otakin
gfeed
water
wh
ichh
asb
een
pretre
ated
by
the
MED
pro
cess.R
ecent
researchsu
ggeststh
atraisin
gth
efee
d-w
atertem
peratu
rein
the
RO
pro
cessred
uces
the
feedw
aterp
ressure
requ
ired.
De
salinatio
n P
roce
ss Co
mp
arison
