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JOINT CENTER FOR
ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH
The Future of Grid Storage Research and Development
George CrabtreeDirector, JCESR
Argonne National LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
Outline
Li-ion experience
Electricity Grid Futures
Beyond Li-ion Batteries
Grid Storage: Rapidly Reframing Wholesale MarketsWisconsin Public Utility Institute
University of Wisconsin – MadisonNovember 14, 2016
Webpagehttp://www.jcesr.org/
Further Reading
Review ArticleGeorge Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey
MRS Bulletin 40, 1067-1076 (Dec 2015)
http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FMRS%2FMRS40_12%2FS0883769415002596a.pdf&code=9324c4d620e3
16a0e051a6bcc1b17fc3
Polymer Intrinsic Microporous (PIM)
membrane
Redox Active Polymer Flow
Lithium-Sulfur electrolyte
The Energy Storage Trajectory
Personal Electronics
Lithium-ion batteries enabled
the personal electronics revolution
Forever changed the way we interact
with people and information
Transportation: $20K electric cars Diversity transportation fuels
Lower carbon emissions
Reduce energy use
Lower operating costs
Grid-scale electricity storage
Widespread deployment of wind and solar
Enhance reliability, flexibility, resilience
Uncouple instantaneous generation
from instantaneous demand
~ 2% of US energyPersonal electronics
28% of US energyTransportation
39% of US energyElectricity grid
Li-ion
Li-ion
Development of Lithium Batteries
1970-2015
Gravim
etric Energy D
ensity (W
.h/kg)
Co
st (
US$
/kW
. h)
3000
2000
1000
0
300
200
100
0
Year
20151970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Ni-MHNi-Cd
1971Conceptualization
1991Commercialization
Crabtree, Kocs, Trahey, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015)
Lessons from Lithium-ion Batteries
Long incubation period
Lithium-ion battery of 1991looked nothing like
the 1970s vision
Many (most) good ideas fail
Multiple paths forward are critical
20 year
incubation
Electricity Grid Challenges
Storage breaks the historic constraint of
instantaneously balancing generation and demand
Build for the peak demand ~ 40% greater than average demand
40% more infrastructure than we need
Peak demand met with oldest, dirtiest, most expensive, least efficient generation
used a small fraction of the time
Storage matches disparate generation and demand time profiles
Enables new functionality, new operating paradigms, new business plans
Generation Transmission Distribution
Customer“behind the meter”
Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup
Energy Market Arbitrage
Frequency Regulation
Spinning/Non-spinning Reserves
Voltage Support
Black Start
Peak Efficiency Operation
Congestion Relief
Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance
Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance
Demand Management
Time of Use
Demand Charge
Demand Response
PV Management
Virtual Power Plants
Back-up Power
Customized Micro-grid Services
The Storage Horizon
Utility
High cost of storage – stack the benefitsMany stacking options – which are most compelling?
New paradigms for grid operationNew regulatory structures
New business plans
Energy Storage Values Vary Dramatically Across Leading Studies
Time of Use Bill ManagementDemand Charge Reduction
Backup Power
Increased PV Self-Consumption
Resource AdequacyDistribution Deferral
Energy Arbitrage
Transmission Congestion Relief
Transmission Deferral
Frequency RegulationSpin / Non-Spin Reserve
Voltage SupportBlack Start
100 200 300 400 500 900
Service Value [$/kW-year]
Fitzgerald et al The Economics of Battery Energy Storage
Rocky Mountain Institute (2015)
The grid of the future will not
look like the grid of the past
Interlocking macro-micro grids
Customized electricity
service
Market participatio
n
Demand response
Time of day pricing
Renewable smoothing,
time shifting, backup
Infrastructure deferral
smart
sto
rag
e
today
Three Emergent Transitions: Storage + Smart + Distributed
Macro-grid + smart distributed solar, storage
and vehicle micro-grid
Personalized electricity service
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
NG
RID
$100/kWh
400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L
800 W/kg 800 W/L
1000 cycles
80% DoD C/5
15 yr calendar life
EUCAR
$100/kWh
95% round-trip
efficiency at C/5 rate
7000 cycles C/5
20 yr calendar life
Safety equivalent to a
natural gas turbine
JCESR: Beyond Lithium-ion Batteries for Cars and the Grid
Vision
Transform transportation and the electricity grid
with high performance, low cost energy storage
Mission
Deliver electrical energy storage with five times the energy
density and one-fifth the cost of today’s commercial batteries
within five years
Legacies
• A library of the fundamental science of the materials and
phenomena of energy storage at atomic and molecular levels
• Two prototypes, one for transportation and one for the electricity
grid, that, when scaled up to manufacturing, have the potential
to meet JCESR’s transformative goals
• A new paradigm for battery R&D that integrates discovery
science, battery design, research prototyping and
manufacturing collaboration in a single highly interactive
organization
JCESR Creates a New Paradigm for Battery R&D
Multivalent Intercalation
Chemical Transformation
Non-Aqueous Redox Flow
CR
OS
SC
UT
TIN
G
SC
IEN
CE
Systems
Analysis and
Translation
Cell Design
and
Prototyping
Commercial
Deployment
Battery Design
Research Prototyping
Manufacturing Collaboration
MATERIALS
PROJECT
Sprints
Discovery Science
++
TECHNO-ECONOMIC MODELING“Building battery systems on the computer”
ELECTROCHEMICAL DISCOVERY LAB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEzsKJwYjDQ
Focus exclusively on beyond lithium ion
A single highly interactive organization
JCESR’s Beyond Lithium-ion Concepts
Multivalent Intercalation
Chemical Transformation
Replace monovalent Li+ with
di- or tri-valent ions: Mg++, Ca++, Al+++, . . .Double or triple capacity
Replace solid electrodes with liquid
organic solutions or suspensions: lower cost, higher capacity, greater flexibility
Macromolecular
Organic Redox Flow
Lithium-ion “Rocking Chair”
Li+ cycles between anode and cathode, storing and releasing energy
Replace intercalation with high energy
chemical reaction: Li-S, Li-O, Na-S, . . .
e
Li+Li metal anode
Sulfurcathode
Li+
e
Metal oxide
cathode
Graphite anode Liquid
organic electrolyte
Mg++
e
Metal oxide
cathode
Mg metalanode Liquid
organic electrolyte
Liquid organic
electrolyte
Redox Active Colloid
Redox Active Polymer
Redox Active Oligomer
Redox Active Molecule
Proof-of-concept
Prototypes Transportation
Grid
Organic Redox Flow
TE modeling
Genome
Synthesis
EDL
MaterialsComponentsIntegration
Li-Sulfur StationaryLi-O
Li-S Flow
Four Prototype Targets
Air-Breathing Aqueous
Sulfur
Science-Driven Outcomes
MultivalentMg++, . . .
Science-Driven Outcomes
Final Prototype Targets Selected Jan 2016
JCESR Spins Out Two Startups
Nitash Balsara, Alex Teran and Joe
DeSimone (UNC)
Inorganic-polymer hybrids for Li anode
batteries
Villaluenga et al, PNAS 113, 52, (2015)
Robin Johnston, Michel Fouré, Brett Helms
and Peter Frischmann
Lightweight energy storage
for the electrification of flight
Li et al, Nano Lett. 15, 5724 (2015)
Best All-around TeamBay Area I-Corps competition
Blue Current
Sepion
Engaging the private sector
Training next generation entrepreneurs
Building JCESR relationships
Further Reading
Jonathan Walker and Charlie Johnson, Peak Car Ownership: The Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016, http://www.rmi.org/peak_car_ownership.
Jeffery B. Greenblatt and Samveg Saxena, Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of US light-duty vehicles, Nature Climate Change 5, 860 (2015).
Garrett Fitzgerald, James Mandel, Jesse Morris, Hervé Touati, The Economics of Battery Energy Storage, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016
George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey, The Storage Frontier: Lithium-ion Batteries and Beyond, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015).
Why Energy Storage May Be the Most Important
Technology in the World Right NowForbes Apr 1, 2016
Frontiers of EnergyNature Energy Jan 11, 2016Ten experts, including JCESR’s George Crabtree, share their vision of coming energy challenges
Perspective: The Energy Storage RevolutionNature Oct 28, 2015How next-generation storage can change the car and the grid
Lithium Batteries: To the Limits of
LithiumNature Oct 28, 2015
Why We Need
A Revolution in
Energy Storage
PBS Jan 5, 2016