THE BEHAVIOUR OF FILMS ON SLIDING SURFACES 557

REFERENCES

1 G. I. FINCH, Proc. Phys. Sot. (London), B 63 (1950) 465. 2 E. G. JACKSON, Wear, 5 (1962) 417. a G. I. FINCH AND R. T. SPURR, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 2 (1951) Supplement No. 1,~. 79. 4 P. G. FORRESTER, Met. Rev., 5 (1960) 507. 5 A. E. ROACH, C. L. GOODZEIT AND R. P. HUNNICUTT, Trans. A.S.M.E., 78 (1956) 1659. 6 D. R. MILNER AND G. W. ROWE, Met. Rev., 7 (1962) 433. 7 A. P. SEMENOV, Wear, 4 (1961) I. s F. P. BOWDEN AND D. TABOR, The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, The Clarendon Press,

Oxford, 1950. 9 R. T. SPURR, Wear, 5 (1962) 55.

10 B. V. DERJAGUIN et al., Quart. Rev. (London), IO (1956) 295. ii R. T. SPURR, Wear, 3 (1960) 463.

Wear, 7 (1964) 551-557

Book Reviews

The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Part II

by F. P. BOWDEN AND D. TABOR, Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press; 534 pp.; 250 figures; 40 plates; 16 x 24 cm; price in U.K. : 84 s. net.

Fourteen years have elapsed since the publication of the first part of The Friction and Lubrication of Solids. This second part deals mainly with the studies of the Cambridge school during that period. Many new topics are presented. They range from the friction properties of such exotic solids as crystalline krypton to the friction and wear of diamond and refractory metals. New devices have been designed to observe and measure mechanical behaviour at high speeds and at high temperatures. The apparently simple and self-explanatory nature of the experiments leads to an economy of words permitting the authors to cover much ground within the framework of two volumes: the new part has to be read in conjunction with the, now classical, first volume.

New fields of research have been attacked: the friction properties of polymers, mechanisms of rolling friction, and the contribution made by hysteresis losses (a historical study throws some light on the significance of French contributions to this theme in the past). The lubricating properties of lamellar solids are tentatively placed in the frame of a crystal structure theory. Here, and in many other chapters, application of scientific reasoning to technological problems is shown. Again the range is wide, from lubrication of fibres or the skid resistance of tyres to the wear of tool steel; from bone surgery to possible friction mechanisms in animal joints.

The panoramic view presented must not distract one from the fact that the principal prob- lem with which the authors have been actively concerned for many years remains unchanged: explaining the friction and adhesion of solids in terms of the continuum theory of matter. The onset of friction and the order of magnitude of a friction coefficient are now made clearer by in- troducing plasticity relationships. The relevant chapters may still be disappointing to engineers requiring detailed guidance in the choice of materials. The chapters dealing with adhesion, more particularly with the adhesion of clean metals, are enlightening. Conditions for strong adhesion, originally studied for indium at room temperature, are now fairly well predictable from the bulk properties of the solids and indium has ceased to be a special case.

The first volume opened a new field of research; this second part, however, outlines advancing frontiers. The restraint which the authors exercise in the use of recent theories is most remarkable. A few references are made to rheological concepts and only in one section, that on the “range of action of surface forces” is an understanding of quantum mechanics implied. The interference measurements on the bifurcation of a (moist) mica sheet and the direct estimate of van der Waals forces are of great value to theoreticians.

The experimental approach taught by the authors has been applied in other laboratories to the analysis of specific technological problems. The new volume, therefore, will be a powerful tool in

Wear, 7 (1964) 557-558

558 WEAP.

the hands of all workers studying surface mechanics; the handling of any specialized tool obviousI) requires some experience and skill.

The young experimenter still fully occupied in the laboratory should be stimulated by the novel techniques and by the emphasis on lucid graphic and photographic presentation. For those, who cannot afford any more quiet hours of reading, summaries are included between the chapters.

The high standard maintained by Clarendon Press in producing this monograph enhances the mental pleasure of the reader. The price (in England), taking into account the fine reproductions is moderate and should bring the text within the reach of those actively engaged in the field.

G.S.4.

Molecular Physics of Boundary Friction (in Russian)

by A. S. ACHMATOW, Government Printing Office for Physical-Mathematical Literature, Moscow, 1963; 472 pp.;347 figs.; numerous tables; 481 refs.; 18 x 26 cm; price: 3 Roubles.

This monograph aims to provide a broad public of research workers, engineers and senior students with a manual on the physical-chemical aspects of boundary layers and their significance in fric- tion.

The first eight chapters deal with intermolecular forces, the surface of metals, structure and deformation of long chain molecules, thermodynamics of surface layers, the nature of monomolec- ular layers, methods for studying their structure, molecular aspects of adhesion, viscosity, and mechano-chemistry. Two further chapters deal with the phenomenon of boundary friction and the various theories which have been proposed to explain observations.

Finally, a detailed account is given of laboratory equipment and techniques used in contempora- ry research. The last chapter outlines the technical aspects and is a guide for those who wish to undertake research in this field.

This book is unique in many ways. The author has covered widely different fields by selecting experiments, not only from Russian, but also from German, French, English and Americanlitera- ture, wherever he found the most significant illustration or data. Many of the graphs and several of the photographs are already familiar to the reader of the English literature on the subject. The list of references makes interesting reading in itself.

The impact of the book as a new text for the younger generation of Russian workers can only be judged by those familiar not only with the language, but also with the educational system. Seven thousand copies of the first edition have already been distributed. This may be a measure of the value of the book as a research tool.

Readers more familiar with the Anglo-American literature will find here, for the first time, a synthesis of world literature. The book makes it clear that surface physics and surface mechanics are approached in a common language, whether the subjects are taught in Moscow or at one of the Western Centres of Learning.

The author is Professor of Physics at the A. Bauman Polytechnic Institute in Moscow. He has put much of his own experience into this book: it is, in fact, his “opus vitae”. Professor ACHMATOW has shown in this monograph that only one world can exist for scientists, who have so much to share in their fields of interest.

M.H., G.!%.

Wear, 7 (1964) 558

Car Lubrication (in Rumanian)

by V. N. CONSTANTINESCU, Publishing House of the Academy of the Rumanian People’s Republic, 1963; 633 pp., with numerous figures; 18 x 7.5 cm; price: Lei 23.

This volume is the latest book published by Professor TIPEI and his team. Much theoretical work is covered. As with the earlier volume, the contents can be understood with some knowledge of another Latin language. A contents page and some introductory remarks in English are included for the foreign reader.

The contents are divided into 8 chapters. The more advanced treatment covers the following topics: gas lubrication at low speeds, two-dimensional gas lubrication, special problems of journal bearings, three-dimensional problems, and lubrication in unsteady regimes.

The monograph will obviously demand the attention of specialists.

IYear, 7 (1964) 558