The French Say “No”

Part Two: 1713-1758

The Treaty of UtrechtThe city of Utrecht, Netherlands (in Europe) was where the Treaty was signed by all three nations. Right: the Treaty of Peace between Spain and England, 1713.

The Effects of the Treaty: The victims of this peace were the First Nations

Peoples and the Black people of Africa. Their rights, as free and independent

peoples were being abrogated and First Nations and African lands were also

being taken.

The Treaty gave Europeans license to forcibly remove Black people from

Africa and bring them to the Americas as slaves. Above: a slave auction in Virginia.

Treaty of Portsmouth, 1713The British wanted to end the alliance between the Wabanaki Confederacy and the French and take control of the land.

Treaty of Portsmouth, 1713In July 1713, the British and the Wabanaki Confederacy came together in Portsmouth on the eastern coast of North America to reach an agreement. (Right: Page 3 of the agreement.)

The Mi'kmaq practice of playing hockey appeared in history from as

early as the 18th century. The Mi'kmaq were credited with inventing

the ice hockey stick The oldest known hockey stick was made between

1852 and 1856. Recently, it was sold for $2.2 million US. The stick was

carved by Mi’kmaq from Nova Scotia, who made it from hornbeam, also known as ironwood.

Left: Mi’Kmaq carving hockey sticks, Right: Montreal Canadians are the most winning team in NHL history. Any Connection??

The Oath of Allegiance In 1713, when the British took control of Port Royal, and Nova Scotia, they needed to decide what to do with the 2,500 French farmers and fishers living there. The British did not trust the French Roman Catholics. They told them to leave or stay and swear an oath of allegiance to Great Britain.

The French Say “No”

The French did not swear the oathbecause they didn’t want to fight against France or their Aboriginal allies, the Mi’Kmaq.Instead they decided to remain neutral. The British accepted it for the time being.

Fort Louisburg

The French Acadians had lost their Capital, so King Louis XIV had Fort Louisburg built on Cape Breton Island.It guarded the entrance to the St. Lawrence and was the trading post for France. It also severed as a military fortress and a had a huge fishing fleet for processing cod.

Halifax : By 1750, there were 10,000 Acadians living in Acadia, much more than the British settlers. The British didn’t like this population around the capital, Annapolis Royal. The British decided to move the capital to Halifax.

Halifax : The British cleared land for their new capital. They cut down forests and plowed fields. The land belonged to the Mi’Kmaqfor their hunting and fishing . This created more tensions among Aboriginals and the British.

Halifax , 1750

Halifax : In 1744 the France and Britain were at war again. The Fench Acadians had grown in numbers and had good relations with the Mi’Kmaq and even had many Aboriginals in mixed marriages living in their communities.

In July 1755 Governor Charles Lawrence asked the Acadians again to sign an oath of allegiance that included taking up arms against enemies of the British. When the Acadians refused, the Council ordered that all French-speaking residents of the English colony be expelled.

The Expulsion of the Acadians : 10,000 Acadians were rounded up and crowded into British ships to be scattered among the Thirteen Colonies to the south.

The British didn't want them escaping to Canada or Louisbourg to swell the ranks of the enemy. Many died at sea. The rest were dropped off, with nothing to sustain them, at arbitrary points along the coast.

The British didn't want Acadians coming back, so they burned down their homes.

The Expulsion of the Acadians : Families were divided. Some were absorbed into the future American melting pot. Others made it to the Catholic, Spanish colony of Louisiana where they created the Cajun culture. Those that escaped to Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island suffered a second expulsion in 1758 when the British captured those French holdings.

The French Say “No”

Part Two: 1713-1758

Mr. DIVITO , 2018