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The French RevolutionThe Overthrowing of the King
LIBERTY
EQUALITY
FRATERNITY
Causes of the French Revolution
Age of Enlightenment Three estates Absolute Monarch with weak
king Financial Difficulties Supplies and troops to American
revolutionaries
What’s going on in France?Late 1780s
Food shortages Corrupt government Greedy nobles Political oppression
New thoughts….People embraced ideas of
EQUALITY and a
DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
From where?
Enlightenment ideas and
American Revolution
France, 1789Attempt to compromise with the king
FAILED
Violent revolt in Paris –storming of the Bastille
Spread to countryside and entire country (Great Fear)
Storming of the BastilleBastille Day – June 14,1789
3rd estate demanded equality
King was nervous because talks of revolt
King gathered troops at Versailles
Huge mob surrounded Bastille (armory)
Rioters took over prison Start of French Revolution
1789June– Tennis Court Oath
July 14th: Storming of theBastilleAugust: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenOctober: Women March on Versailles
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1790
1791
Louis XVI attempts to flee France
Constitution is complete and Legislative Assembly is formed.
September Massacres
France declares war on Austria
National Convention formed and abolished monarchy
1792
1793-1794 Reign of Terror
1793 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed.
COPS created, led by Robespierre
National Convention approves new 1793 constitution and sets up a Republic
Moderates regain control and create the Directory.
1795-1799
Reign of Terror The period from June 1793 to July
1794 in France "the Terror". The upheaval following the
overthrow of the monarchy, fear of invasion by foreign
monarchist powers and fear of counterrevolution from pro-monarchy parties within France led to frenzied paranoia.
Most of the democratic reforms of the revolution were suspended and wholesale executions by guillotine began.
Maximilien Robespierre became one of the most powerful men in the government, and the figure most associated with the Terror.
In July 1794, Robespierre himself was guillotined.
The National Razor The Revolutionary Tribunal
sentenced thousands to the guillotine.
Nobility and commoners, intellectuals, politicians and prostitutes, all were liable to be executed on little or no grounds; suspicion of "crimes against liberty" was enough to earn one an appointment with "Madame Guillotine"
Estimates of the death toll range between 15,000 and 40,000.
Why use the Guillotine? From its first use, there has been debate as to whether the
guillotine always provided as swift a death as Dr Guillotine hoped. With previous methods of execution, there was little concern about the suffering inflicted. But where the guillotine was invented specifically to be "humane", the issue was seriously considered. Furthermore, there is the possibility that the very swiftness of the guillotine only prolonged the victim's suffering. The blade cuts quickly enough that there is relatively little impact on the brain case, and perhaps less likelihood of immediate unconsciousness than with a more violent decapitation, or long-drop hanging.
Execution of Louis XVI21 January 1793
Execution of Marie Antoinette16 October 1793
France splits into Factions New govt in place – 1791 Legislative Assembly Factions:1. Radicals – Jacobins2. Moderates – Girondians3. ConservativesEmigres – nobles that fled to Austria, tried to get help
from AustriaSan-culottes – wanted greatest change,
workers/shopkeepers
The Draft Conscription – men 18-45 drafted to serve in
military By 1794 – 800,000 in army, included women
Robespierre 1793 – Robespierre takes control, radical – chaos
after overthrow of monarchy Led Reign of Terror, leader of Committee of Public
Safety 40,000 killed, mostly peasants – purpose to keep
order—got rid of any “enemies of the Revolution” or any that challenged him
National Convention (name of govt) turned on and R was guillotined
Thermidorian Reaction – killing of R and changing govt back to moderate control
National Convention Creates new plan for govt Creates 2 house legislative chamber with 5
person executive body called Directory Next stage of war – reign of Napoleon