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The French Revolution People and Terms to know
• Georges-‐Jacques Danton • Maximilien Robespierre • Jean-‐Paul Marat • Reign of Terror • Napoleon Bonaparte • National Convention • Universal Manhood Suffrage • Girondins • Jacobins • Committee of Public Safety • Revolutionary Tribunal • The Directory
National Convention – senptember 1792 – 1st meeting Universal manhood suffrage – every man can vote Legislative Assembly – 3 main groups
• Girodins o Dantonists – followed the lead of Georges Danton; believed Reign of Terror
should end earlier and begin re-‐building of France • Conservatives • Jacobins
o Radicals in Assembly; led by Maximilien Robespierre o Jacobins -‐ divided-‐ moderates/radicals
§ Robespierre § Jean-‐Paul Marat
National Convention’s Actions
• Declared end to monarchy • Beginning of new republic • Wrote new constitution • Brought Louis XVI to trial
o Guilty – sentenced to death French Army – prior to Reign of Terror (Sept 1793)
• Defeated Austrian and Prussian forces – stopped foreign invasion Opposition to the Constitution Arises
• French people rose up against revolutionary government – “counterrevolutionary” o Ultimately wanted peace in France
• Jacobins – Robespierre and Danton – Controlled National Convention • Arrested many Girodin delegates who opposed their policies • Charlotte Corday – Killed Jean-‐Paul Marat – arrested and executed
Reign of Terror: suppress all opposition (Sept 1793-‐ July 1794)
• “annihilate internal and external enemies of the republic” • Executed Girondin opponents • Fought back European powers – gained advantage • Robespierre – becomes more fanatical • Danton – time to stop Reign of Terror • Robespierre has Danton and his followers (Dantonists) Executed
Work of National Convention – under Robespierre
• Democratic Reforms o Committee of Public Safety
§ 12 men who ruled France under Robespierre § To direct army in crushing foreign invaders § Revolutionary Tribunal – “try enemies of Revolution”
o Establish “Republic of Virtue” – good citizenship § New Schools § Elementary education
o Wage and price controls to aid economy o Abolished slavery in French colonies
• Replace monarchy’s system of weights and measures with metric system • September 22, 1792 – First Year of Liberty – new calendar
July 1794 – Robespierre arrested and executed The Directory
• 2 House legislature o 500 member lower house – proposes laws o 250 member upper house – accepts or rejects laws
§ Appoints executive branch – 5 directors • Eliminate universal manhood suffrage – only land owners may vote • Only existed for 4 years
o Lead to division among classes o Offered way for military dictatorship
Napoleon Bonaparte “I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword”