The French Revolution. Four Stages Moderate Stage (1789-92) Moderate Stage (1789-92) Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94) Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Four StagesFour Stages

Moderate Stage (1789-92)Moderate Stage (1789-92)

Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)

Reactionary Stage (1794-99)Reactionary Stage (1794-99)

Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)

Three EstatesThree Estates

Voting Procedures- Each Estate gets one Voting Procedures- Each Estate gets one Vote-Vote-• Nobles and Church “nobles” typically ally with Nobles and Church “nobles” typically ally with

one anotherone another Kings were not fond of the Estates General Kings were not fond of the Estates General

it was last called in 1614 (during Louis XIII it was last called in 1614 (during Louis XIII reign) since they last were called to meet reign) since they last were called to meet (remember how the English Kings stopped (remember how the English Kings stopped Parliament from meeting!!!)Parliament from meeting!!!)

Three EstatesThree Estates

First Estate– “Noble” First Estate– “Noble” ClergyClergy– 0.1% of population0.1% of population– 10% of land10% of land– No taxes – Gave 2% of No taxes – Gave 2% of

their income to the their income to the governmentgovernment

– Collected TitheCollected Tithe

Second EstateSecond Estate

Second Estate– NobilitySecond Estate– Nobility– 1.9% of population1.9% of population– Owned 20% of landOwned 20% of land– No taxesNo taxes– Highest offices in army,Highest offices in army,

government, and courts government, and courts

of lawof law– ““Born” into wealthBorn” into wealth

Third EstateThird Estate

Made up of 3 groups – Made up of 3 groups – First ClassFirst Class– BourgeoisieBourgeoisie

Strongly influenced by Strongly influenced by EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Wealthy, self-made men Wealthy, self-made men with no say in gov’t.with no say in gov’t.


Third Estate– Second ClassThird Estate– Second Class– Sans CulottesSans Culottes

Middle Class with no say in gov’t.Middle Class with no say in gov’t.

– Corvee- applied to both second and Corvee- applied to both second and third groups (work as tax)third groups (work as tax)


Third Estate – Third ClassThird Estate – Third Class– Peasant FarmersPeasant Farmers

Made up 80% of populationMade up 80% of population Extremely poorExtremely poor Paid 50% of taxesPaid 50% of taxes

Corvee-Corvee-

Every year, the law required Every year, the law required peasants to work without pay peasants to work without pay

on a government roadon a government road

Louis XVI was a weak rulerLouis XVI was a weak ruler

Marie Antoinette, his Marie Antoinette, his wife, was unpopular b/c wife, was unpopular b/c she was from an Austrian she was from an Austrian familyfamily

Louis was in debt Louis was in debt because of the American because of the American RevolutionRevolution

The nobles refused to The nobles refused to pay taxespay taxes

Louis called a meeting of Louis called a meeting of the estates in Versaillesthe estates in Versailles

Louis XVI is in DebtLouis XVI is in Debt

Reign started in 1774 Known as a weak and indecisive King Spent money lavishly France owed huge debts---Louie had

to figure a way out of the debt, he wanted to tax the nobles----they had money and weren’t already severely taxed…but that didn’t work- Nobles demanded a meeting of the Estates General

Estates General to Estates General to National AssemblyNational Assembly

Estates General meets in 1789 for Estates General meets in 1789 for first time since 1614first time since 1614

Third Estate demands equality in Third Estate demands equality in voting processvoting process

The National Assembly took The National Assembly took PowerPower

The first and second estates expected to The first and second estates expected to dominate the 3dominate the 3rdrd estate in 1789 as usual estate in 1789 as usual

Estates usually met separately and each Estates usually met separately and each had one votehad one vote

The 3The 3rdrd estate demanded all estates estate demanded all estates meet together and have one votemeet together and have one vote

The king refusedThe king refused The 3The 3rdrd estate created the National estate created the National

AssemblyAssembly

33rdrd Estate- Rebels- leave the Estate- Rebels- leave the Estates General to create their Estates General to create their

own Governmentown Government Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath

– Upset with their poor treatment in the Upset with their poor treatment in the Estates General the 3rd Estate led by Estates General the 3rd Estate led by Abbe Sieyes created a new government- Abbe Sieyes created a new government- the National Assemblythe National Assembly

•No more absolute King and no more Estates General----(maybe the Nobles should’ve just agreed to pay the tax!!!)

•First act of Revolution

How does the creation How does the creation of the National of the National

Assembly relate to the Assembly relate to the Enlightenment ideals we Enlightenment ideals we

just studied?just studied?

Louis drops the ball– Louis drops the ball– “Storming of the Bastille”“Storming of the Bastille”

Bread prices now cost more than a Bread prices now cost more than a day’s wagesday’s wages

The king tried to meet the demands of The king tried to meet the demands of the 3the 3rdrd Estate Estate

He ordered Swiss guards to move He ordered Swiss guards to move toward Paris (he no longer trusted toward Paris (he no longer trusted French military)French military)

An angry mob turned on the Bastille An angry mob turned on the Bastille Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789.1789.

First violent Act of RevolutionFirst violent Act of Revolution

Bread RiotsBread Riots

Storming the BastilleStorming the Bastille

The Great Fear Swept The Great Fear Swept FranceFrance

Rebellion spread all over FranceRebellion spread all over France

Peasants banded together and Peasants banded together and demanded an end to high taxes and demanded an end to high taxes and bread pricesbread prices

They ransacked VersaillesThey ransacked Versailles

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were forced to leave Versailles for goodforced to leave Versailles for good

The Assembly adopted many The Assembly adopted many reformsreforms

The assembly eliminated the privileges of The assembly eliminated the privileges of the noblesthe nobles

Passed the Rights of Man: “liberty, property, Passed the Rights of Man: “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”security, and resistance to oppression”

A limited monarchy: the king was the A limited monarchy: the king was the executive, the national assembly was the executive, the national assembly was the legislativelegislative

A state run church: church lands given to A state run church: church lands given to govt. and church officials were to be elected govt. and church officials were to be elected by property owners – (peasants hate this)by property owners – (peasants hate this)

DECLARATION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND RIGHTS OF MAN AND

OF THE CITIZENOF THE CITIZEN Assembly passes A FRENCH BILL Assembly passes A FRENCH BILL

OF RIGHTS OF RIGHTS Right to Right to

– EQUAL JUSTICEEQUAL JUSTICE– FREEDOM OF SPEECHFREEDOM OF SPEECH– FREEDOM OF RELIGIONFREEDOM OF RELIGION

Today the universalToday the universalDeclaration of HumanDeclaration of HumanRights traces its’ existence Rights traces its’ existence to the French Revolutionto the French Revolution

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

Louis XVI tries to EscapeLouis XVI tries to Escape

The king approved the constitutionThe king approved the constitution He tries to escape to the Austrian He tries to escape to the Austrian

NetherlandsNetherlands He was recognized before reaching the He was recognized before reaching the

borderborder He and his family are returned to Paris He and his family are returned to Paris

under guardunder guard This influenced the radicals in the This influenced the radicals in the

assembly and sealed Louis’ doomassembly and sealed Louis’ doom

Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly

Replaced National Assembly in 1791Replaced National Assembly in 1791

Political Spectrum emergesPolitical Spectrum emerges– Right (Loyal to the King)Right (Loyal to the King)– Left (Radicals) wanted change, a Left (Radicals) wanted change, a

Republic!Republic!– Center (conservatives, agree with both Center (conservatives, agree with both

sides)sides)

LEFT v. RIGHTLEFT v. RIGHT Members of the Legislative Assembly had Members of the Legislative Assembly had

different viewsdifferent views– Radicals- Complete change- out with the old in Radicals- Complete change- out with the old in

with the newwith the new– Moderate- Some changes- but don’t change Moderate- Some changes- but don’t change

everythingeverything In the Legislative AssemblyIn the Legislative Assembly

– Radicals sat to the LeftRadicals sat to the Left– Loyalists sat to the RightLoyalists sat to the Right

Today- Radicals are known as Leftists Today- Radicals are known as Leftists and Conservatives are known as on the and Conservatives are known as on the RightRight


Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)

Execution of Louis XVIExecution of Louis XVI

RobespierreRobespierre

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

READ ALL ABOUT - LATEST NEWS - 20 April 1792READ ALL ABOUT - LATEST NEWS - 20 April 1792

PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA AT PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA AT WAR WITH FRANCE!!!WAR WITH FRANCE!!!

Not happy about his sister’s situation, Not happy about his sister’s situation, Marie Antoinette’s brother, Francis I of Marie Antoinette’s brother, Francis I of Austria threatens War with FranceAustria threatens War with France

French Leftists see War as an opportunity French Leftists see War as an opportunity to unite the country and spread the to unite the country and spread the REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

France declares War on Austria, France declares War on Austria, Prussia thereafter allies with AustriaPrussia thereafter allies with Austria French Conscription (the draft) begins- French Conscription (the draft) begins-

France will amass an Army of 800,000France will amass an Army of 800,000


““LOUIE AND MARIE LOUIE AND MARIE MEET THEIR DEMISE”MEET THEIR DEMISE”

Earlier (1791) Louis XVI and Marie Earlier (1791) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were discovered trying to flee Antoinette were discovered trying to flee France, under guard he was brought backFrance, under guard he was brought back

After Prussia and Austria go to war with After Prussia and Austria go to war with France, a Mob attacked the Kings’ Paris France, a Mob attacked the Kings’ Paris PalacePalace

Legislative Assembly (Government) Legislative Assembly (Government) officially got rid of Louis, later the National officially got rid of Louis, later the National Convention ended the office of KingConvention ended the office of King


Louis XVI is beheadedLouis XVI is beheaded

1792, the mobs in the streets are ruling 1792, the mobs in the streets are ruling the countrythe country

Radical Group called the Jacobins emerges Radical Group called the Jacobins emerges and leads the call for a Republicand leads the call for a Republic

The Monarchy is abolishedThe Monarchy is abolished Louis XVI is tried for treasonLouis XVI is tried for treason

and found guiltyand found guilty Louis XVI is beheaded Louis XVI is beheaded

by guillotineby guillotine

The GuillotineThe Guillotine

Thousands Thousands die by the die by the guillotineguillotine– King and King and

QueenQueen– Priests Priests

resisting resisting govt. controlgovt. control

– Rivals of the Rivals of the JacobinsJacobins

France created a citizen armyFrance created a citizen army

The radicals eliminated the The radicals eliminated the constitutional monarchyconstitutional monarchy

Britain, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and Britain, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and Prussia formed a coalitionPrussia formed a coalition

France drafted army of 800,000 men France drafted army of 800,000 men to meet this challenge in 1794to meet this challenge in 1794

The French army was made up of The French army was made up of citizens not mercenariescitizens not mercenaries

The rise of Maximilien RobespierreThe rise of Maximilien Robespierre

RobespierreRobespierre

Known as “the incorruptible”Known as “the incorruptible” Wanted to wipe all traces of the Wanted to wipe all traces of the

monarchymonarchy Replaced the kings, queens, and Replaced the kings, queens, and

jacks in decks of cards with liberty, jacks in decks of cards with liberty, equality, and fraternity.equality, and fraternity.

He formed the Committee of Public He formed the Committee of Public SafetySafety

Committee of Public Safety-Committee of Public Safety-Robespierre, Marat and DantonRobespierre, Marat and Danton

Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety -Created to watch over (spy) on people to MAKE SURE -Created to watch over (spy) on people to MAKE SURE EVERYONE IS ACTING “PROPERLY”EVERYONE IS ACTING “PROPERLY”

Why so terrifying?Why so terrifying?-MANY OF THOSE KILLED PREVIOUSLY SUPPORTED THE -MANY OF THOSE KILLED PREVIOUSLY SUPPORTED THE REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

MONARCHS, NOBLES, CHURCH GOERS AND EVEN MONARCHS, NOBLES, CHURCH GOERS AND EVEN THE BOURGEOISIE ARE APPALLED AT THE REIGN THE BOURGEOISIE ARE APPALLED AT THE REIGN OF TERROROF TERROR

MARAT STABBED TO DEATH, DANTON ACCUSED BY THE MARAT STABBED TO DEATH, DANTON ACCUSED BY THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY IS EXECUTEDCOMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY IS EXECUTED……


Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

A REPUBLIC OF VIRTUEA REPUBLIC OF VIRTUERADICALS DEMAND COMPLETE RADICALS DEMAND COMPLETE

CHANGE-CHANGE-

-NOBLES FRIGHTENED FOR THEIR -NOBLES FRIGHTENED FOR THEIR LIVES ESCAPE FRANCELIVES ESCAPE FRANCE

-PRIESTS AND CLERGY ARE KILLED- -PRIESTS AND CLERGY ARE KILLED-

-MARIE ANTOINETTE KILLED-MARIE ANTOINETTE KILLED

-CHURCHES CHANGED TO MUSEUMS-CHURCHES CHANGED TO MUSEUMS

-A NEW CALENDAR!!!-A NEW CALENDAR!!!


The TerrorThe Terror

The Committee of Public Safety The Committee of Public Safety judged not just monarchists, but judged not just monarchists, but anyone not as radical as Robespierreanyone not as radical as Robespierre

Anywhere from 3,000 to 40,000 Anywhere from 3,000 to 40,000 people were killedpeople were killed

80% were from the Third Estate, 80% were from the Third Estate, whom the revolution had been whom the revolution had been started forstarted for

Reactionary Stage (1794-99)Reactionary Stage (1794-99)

Robespierre is beheadedRobespierre is beheaded

The Directory is formed with right-wing The Directory is formed with right-wing beliefs, two legislative houses, and an beliefs, two legislative houses, and an

executive branch of five membersexecutive branch of five members

A period of calmA period of calm

A great General rules the French ArmyA great General rules the French Army

Moderates Ruled in the DirectoryModerates Ruled in the Directory17951795

People were sick of the terrorPeople were sick of the terror

The National Convention drafted another The National Convention drafted another Constitution, the third since 1789Constitution, the third since 1789

The Directory was 5 moderate men who The Directory was 5 moderate men who ran France, they were corrupt, but people ran France, they were corrupt, but people did not mind as much b/c the terror was did not mind as much b/c the terror was over.over.

Question to Ponder:Question to Ponder:

What is the relationship between the What is the relationship between the political philosophes of the political philosophes of the

Enlightenment to the French Enlightenment to the French Revolution?Revolution?

NAPOLEONNAPOLEON

1796: Bonaparte appointed to lead 1796: Bonaparte appointed to lead the French army against Austria and the French army against Austria and Sardinia in ItalySardinia in Italy swift victories; control of Italy and swift victories; control of Italy and

SwitzerlandSwitzerland November 10, 1799November 10, 1799

• Coup d’etatCoup d’etat• Constitution of the YearConstitution of the Year• Napoleon named 1Napoleon named 1stst Consul Consul

1795-17991795-1799OBSCURITY TO MASTERYOBSCURITY TO MASTERY

Napoleon becomes EmperorNapoleon becomes Emperor

At first Napoleon pretended to be the At first Napoleon pretended to be the leader of a free republicleader of a free republic

He then held a plebiscite.He then held a plebiscite. The people voted to make Napoleon The people voted to make Napoleon

consul for life (1802)consul for life (1802) In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself

emperoremperor

PLEBISCITE MAKES NAPOLEON EMPERORPLEBISCITE MAKES NAPOLEON EMPEROR

PoliciesPolicies

Economic OrderEconomic Order Slowed inflation/ People could afford breadSlowed inflation/ People could afford bread Set up a National BankSet up a National Bank

Social OrderSocial Order People promoted on merit not on blood-linePeople promoted on merit not on blood-line

Religious OrderReligious Order Napoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with PopeNapoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with Pope Catholics favored in France, but not total Catholics favored in France, but not total

dominancedominance Legal Order– Napoleonic CodeLegal Order– Napoleonic Code

NAPOLEONIC CODENAPOLEONIC CODE

Gave France a single set of lawsGave France a single set of laws Abolished the 3 estates of the old Abolished the 3 estates of the old

regimeregime Equality under the lawEquality under the law Limited libertyLimited liberty

censorshipcensorship women lost right to own propertywomen lost right to own property slavery restored in French coloniesslavery restored in French colonies None of the laws applied to Napoleon!None of the laws applied to Napoleon!

Napoleon Battles to Napoleon Battles to Dominate EuropeDominate Europe

33rdrd Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria, Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and PrussiaSweden, and Prussia

Led numerous battles from 1805-1807 that Led numerous battles from 1805-1807 that almost led to French domination of Europealmost led to French domination of Europe

Napoleon’s Empire included all of Western Napoleon’s Empire included all of Western Europe and beyondEurope and beyond

Despite great success on land, the loss of Despite great success on land, the loss of the naval battle of Trafalgar to British the naval battle of Trafalgar to British proves fatefulproves fateful

NAPOLEON’S SIBLINGSNAPOLEON’S SIBLINGS Joseph…King of Naples and SpainJoseph…King of Naples and Spain

Louis , King of HollandLouis , King of Holland

Lucien, Prince of CaninoLucien, Prince of Canino

Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s Empire CollapsesCollapses

Continental SystemContinental SystemPeninsular WarPeninsular War

Russian InvasionRussian Invasion

Continental SystemContinental System

Blockade of British shipping and goodsBlockade of British shipping and goods Attempt to strengthen the continental Attempt to strengthen the continental

countries of Europecountries of Europe Britain responded with their own blockadeBritain responded with their own blockade Continental System weakened the Continental System weakened the

economies of continental Europeeconomies of continental Europe Policy hurt Napoleon more than his Policy hurt Napoleon more than his

enemiesenemies

Peninsular War– Spanish Peninsular War– Spanish GuerillasGuerillas

Napoleon attempted to make his Napoleon attempted to make his brother King of Spainbrother King of Spain

Nationalism was on the rise Nationalism was on the rise throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s conquest of the continentconquest of the continent

Spanish guerillas killed almost Spanish guerillas killed almost 300,000 French soldiers300,000 French soldiers

Guerillas fight Napoleon in Guerillas fight Napoleon in SpainSpain

Russian InvasionRussian Invasion

Russia refused to participate in the Russia refused to participate in the blockade of Britainblockade of Britain

1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 400,000400,000

Majority of Army was not French, and had Majority of Army was not French, and had little loyalty to Napoleonlittle loyalty to Napoleon

Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s army and left him with only 10,000 army and left him with only 10,000 survivorssurvivors

Napoleon retreatsNapoleon retreats

Scorched EarthScorched Earth

December 1812December 1812

Grand AllianceGrand Alliance

Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden joined forcesand Sweden joined forces

Napoleon was weakNapoleon was weak Napoleon lost the Battle of Napoleon lost the Battle of

LeipzigLeipzig He is exiled to the small island of He is exiled to the small island of

Elba, but escapes to rally within Elba, but escapes to rally within 9 months9 months

WaterlooWaterloo

Final DefeatFinal Defeat

Last attempt to retake France fails and he Last attempt to retake France fails and he is exiled to St. Helenais exiled to St. Helena

Documents

The French Revolution. Four Stages Moderate Stage (1789-92) Moderate Stage (1789-92) Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94) Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)