The French Revolution

1789 - 1815

Detail From Triumph of Marat, Boilly, 1794 (Musee des Beaux-Arts)

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

HOW TO TAKE NOTES ON THIS PPT REVIEW/HISTORICAL CONTEXT

No need to copy in notes word for word unless unfamiliar

IMPORTANT! PLEASE TAKE NOTE!

The Seigneurial System Feudal method of

land ownership and organization

Peasant labor worked the land of the nobles

Nobles taxed the peasants for profit

Receiving a seigneurial grant

Ruled from 1643–1715 Absolute monarch

(didn’t share power with a counsel or parliament)

Claimed “Divine Right” Reduced the power of

the nobility Fought four wars ($) Greatly increased

France’s national debt

Louis XIV

Louis XV War fought in Europe, India, North America France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions Increases French national debt

The Seven Years’ WarLouis XV French

and English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca

The Old “Ancien” Regime This cartoon from

the era of the French Revolution depicts the third estate as a person in chains, who supports the clergy and nobility on his back.

The Third Estate

The Old “Ancien” Regime What is going on in

this image? What cause of the

French Revolution does this image illustrate?

The Third Estate

The Three Estates Before the revolution, the French people

were divided into three groups: The first estate: the clergy The second estate: the nobility The third estate: the common people

(bourgeoisie, urban workers, and peasants). Legally the first two estates enjoyed many

privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation.

The First Estate The first estate, the clergy, consisted of

rich and poor.  There were very wealthy abbots, members of

the aristocracy who lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands.

There were poor parish priests, who lived much like the peasants.

The Second Estate The second estate, the nobility, inherited

their titles and got their wealth from the land. Some members of the nobility had little

money, but had all the privileges of noble rank. However, most enjoyed both privileges and

wealth.

The Third Estate The third estate, the common people, was

by far the largest group in France. Everyone who was not a member of the

first or second estates was a member of the third. It included: Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivaled that

of the nobility Doctors and lawyers Shopkeepers The urban poor The peasants who worked the land.

The Ancien (Old) Regime 3rd Estate: THREE GROUPS1. Bourgeoisie:

a) Wealthy merchants, manufacturers, bankers, landowners (20% land), but frustrated by lack of social & political power

2. Urban workers – Sans-culottes:

a) Factory workers, artisans, journeymen

b) Lived in poverty – wages increased by 22%, cost of living increased by 62% by 1789

3. Peasantrya) Largest group in society

(80% France’s population)

b) Paid 50% income in taxes (dues to nobles, tithes to church, taxes to king)

The French Royalty

The royal family lived in luxury at the Palace of Versailles.

Hall of Mirrors

Louis XVI Louis XVI was an awkward,

clumsy man who had a good heart but was unable to relate to people on a personal level.

– He often appeared unfeeling and gruff. – He was insecure and seems to have disliked

being King of France.

When one of his ministers resigned, he was When one of his ministers resigned, he was heard to remark, heard to remark, "Why can't I resign too?""Why can't I resign too?"

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette, in her

early years as Queen, was flighty and irresponsible. She spent huge amounts

on clothes, buying a new dress nearly every other day.

Being Austrian, she was terribly unpopular in France and had few friends.

King Louis XVI & Queen Marie-Antoinette

The Financial Crisis The government of France, however, was

bankrupt and was facing a serious financial crisis.

The crisis resulted from: An inefficient and unfair tax structure, which

placed the burden of taxation on the third estate

Outdated medieval bureaucratic institutions A drained treasury which was the result of:

Aiding the Americans during the American Revolution Long wars with England Overspending

The Financial Crisis Bad crops in 1787-88 led to rise in food

prices; high unemployment Only 3rd Estate paying taxes

Four Stages of the Revolution1. Moderate Stage (1789-1792)

• 1st Constitution & Declaration of Rights(National Assembly – Legislative Assembly)

2. Reign of Terror (1792-1794)• Radical & bloody phase under Maximilien Robespierre

(National Convention)3. Backlash against the Terror (1794-1799)

• Attempts at stability & moderation(The Directory)

4. Shifts back toward dictatorship (1799-1815)• Napoleon becomes consul (dictator), and later,

emperor(French Empire)

Make Predictions about the 4 Stages! (timed writing in your notes)1. Moderate Stage (1789-1792)

• 1st Constitution & Declaration of Rights(National Assembly – Legislative Assembly)

2. Reign of Terror (1792-1794)• Radical & bloody phase under Maximilien Robespierre

(National Convention)3. Backlash against the Terror (1794-1799)

• Attempts at stability & moderation(The Directory)

4. Shifts back toward dictatorship (1799-1815)• Napoleon becomes consul (dictator), and later,

emperor(French Empire)

HOMEWORK REVIEW1. What group owned 10 percent of the land

in France? The First Estate

2. From studying the circle graphs, what inferences can you draw about the causes of the revolution?

2% of the pop owned 35% of the land Peasants = about 75% of the pop and were

unfairly taxed Commoners = 98% of the pop and owned 65% of

the land AND paid 100% of the taxes Each estate had one vote. The First and Second

Estates always outvoted the Third Estate because each estate had one vote, not each deputy.

HOMEWORK REVIEW4. Explain why the Catholic Church was targeted

for reform It was part of the old order that was being torn down.

5. What were the main affirmations of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

Right to liberty, property, security Freedom from oppression Equal rights for all men Equal access to public office Equal and fair taxation

Examine the painting of the Tennis Court Oath. How does David’s painting reflect the ideals of the French Revolution?

It appears that everyone is participating equally in the process of making policy

The Enlightenment“ 18th century philosophy taught the

Frenchman to find his condition wretched, unjust and illogical and made him disinclined to the patient resignation to his troubles that had long characterized his ancestors . . . . The propaganda of the philosophes perhaps more than any other factor accounted for the fulfillment of the preliminary condition of the French Revolution, namely discontent with the existing state of things.“

American Revolution …in 1783 the Venetian ambassador to Paris wrote that "it is

reasonable to expect that, with the favourable effects of time, and of European arts and sciences, [America] will become the most formidable power in the world." American independence fired the imagination of aristocrats who were unsure of their status while at the same time giving the promise of ever greater equality to the common man. The Enlightenment preached the steady and inevitable progress of man's moral and intellectual nature. The American example served as a great lesson - tyranny could be challenged. Man did have inalienable rights. New governments could be constructed. The American example then, shed a brilliant light. As one French observer remarked in 1789, "This vast continent which the seas surround will soon change Europe and the universe."

II. Economic Crisis in France Louis XVI needs to raise new taxes, but cannot do so w/o

approval of the Estates-General, a body of representatives from each of the 3 estates

Estates-General had not met since 1614 “Beloved and loyal supporters, we require the assistance

of our faithful subjects to overcome the difficulties in which we find ourselves concerning the current state of our finances, and to establish, as we so wish, a constant and invariable order in all branches of government that concern the happiness of our subjects and the prosperity of the realm. These great motives have induced us to summon the Assembly of the Estates of all Provinces obedient to us, as much to counsel and assist us in all things placed before it, as to inform us of the wishes and grievances of our people; so that, by means of the mutual confidence and reciprocal love between the sovereign and his subjects, an effective remedy may be brought as quickly as possible to the ills of the State, and abuses of all sorts may be averted and corrected by good and solid means which insure public happiness and restore to us in particular the calm and tranquility of which we have so long been deprived.”

Louis XVI's letter regarding the convocation of the Estates General at Versailles (January 24, 1789)

III. From Estates-General to National Assembly

A. Voting in the Estates-General was by body, not by head:

1. Each estate got 1 vote; traditionally the 1st & 2nd estates voted together, thus outvoting the 3rd estate 2:1

2. The 3rd estate demanded that voting be changed to vote by head: 610 (3rd E.) vs. 591 (1st & 2nd)

3. Nobles refuse to change voting; King supports them

B. Tennis Court Oath1. 1st deliberate act of

revolution:2. 3rd estate meets alone

declaring themselves the National Assembly, June 17, 1789

3. Louis XVI locks them out of the meeting room, they then move to an indoor tennis court & vow to stay until they have a written constitution

4. Proclaim an end to absolute monarchy & beginning of representative gov.

C. Storming of the Bastille1. King orders 1st & 2nd estates to

meet w/ N.A.2. Sends Swiss royal army to

defend Paris & Versailles3. Bourgeoisie fear troops are

coming to disband N.A.4. Citizens in Paris react by

storming the Bastille for gunpowder

5. July 14, 1789: Bastille Day becomes National Independence Day

6. Significance: Politically: saves N.A. &

lessens King’s power Socially: symbol of

revolution Militarily: forced Louis to

give up plan to control Paris

D. The Great Fear, Summer 1789

1. Rebellion in Paris spread to countryside

2. Rumors spread that nobles hired outlaws to terrorize peasants

3. Band of peasants instead broke into nobles’ homes to destroy records of obligations

IV. Destruction of the Ancien Regime

A. August 4: N.A. abolished all legal privileges of nobles & clergy

B. Aug. 26: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Inspired by English Bill of Rts. &

American Constitution Charter of basic liberties & natural

rights of man, including: all men free and equal before

law Public office by talent, not

heredity No group exempt from taxes Freedom of speech & press Applied to men only; protested

by Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of Rights of Woman and Female Citizen; she was killed during the Reign of Terror, 1793

C. Women’s March on Versailles, October 5, 1789 Louis refused to accept

N.A.’s decrees 60,000 Parisian women

march 12 miles to Palace at Versailles to protest high prices of bread & to require the king to support the N.A.

Demanded the King & Queen return to Paris, where they are housed in the Tuileries & kept under watch

D. Church Reforms1. Revolutionaries wanted to reform Church,

also needed money2. Seized & sold Church lands to pay off

debt3. Took away Church’s political

independence***Effect: loss of support of many French

peasants, who were devout Catholics & will become permanent enemies of the revolution & the radicals

E. New Constitution & New Fears1. Const. of 1791 created

the Legislative Assembly: a constitutional monarchy

2. Louis & family attempt to escape France into Austrian Netherlands, but was caught & brought back to Paris a prisoner & enemy of the revolution

3. Led to increased power of the radicals & questions of whether a constitutional monarchy was plausible or necessary

F. Factions arise in L.A. over old problemsRadicals “Sans-culottes”Sat on left side of

assembly “leftists”Proposed a republic, in

which people have power

Political Parties include: the Jacobins & the Mountain

ModeratesSat in center of

assembly “centrists”Wanted limited changesPolitical Parties: the

Girondin

ConservativesEmigres / royalistsSat on right side of assembly “right-wing”Wanted to restore king as limited monarch & few changes in gov.

G. War with Austria & Prussia, 1792

1. European monarchs feared spread of rev. into their lands, thus threatened to invade France & restore the monarchy

2. L.A. acted first & declared war on Austria, 1792

H. The First Coalition Invades France, 1792.1. With the invasion of Austria &

Prussia to restore Louis to the throne, French mobs stormed Louis’ Palace in Paris, the Tuileries.

2. He and his family were thrown in prison while his guards were massacred (800+).

3. Rumors spread that while the volunteer soldiers were leaving to fight on the Front, that imprisoned royalists would attempt to take control of Paris. Parisian radicals raided the prisons & murdered over 1,200 prisoners of the 1st & 2nd estates: the September Massacres.

4. Under threat of the radicals, the Legislative assembly dissolved & declared the king deposed. They formed France’s 1st Republic: the National Convention.

“I ran from place to place, and finding the apartments & staircases already strewed with dead bodies, I…ran away to the Dauphin’s garden gate where some Marseillais, who had just butchered several of the Swiss, were stripping them. One of them came up to me with a bloody sword in his hand, saying, ‘Hello, citizen! Without arms! Here, take this & help us to kill.’ But luckily…I managed to make my escape. Some of the Swiss who were pursued took refuge in an adjoining stable. I concealed myself in the same place. They were soon cut to pieces close to me…” –Unnamed Royal Servant

Ch. 3.2: Radical Revolution &

ReactionStage 2: Reign of Terror

1792-1794

I. The Move to RadicalismA. Sept. 1792 the National

Convention abolished the monarchy and established The French Republic Made Louis XVI a

common citizen, Louis Capet

He was tried and found guilty of treason (for corresponding w/ Austria) and executed by the guillotine Jan. 21, 1793

1. The king’s execution caused foreign monarchs to unite to end the radical revolution: 1st Coalition included Britain, Spain, Holland, Austria, Prussia, and Portugal

2. French radicals respond by creating The Committee of Public Safety, who imposed a draft and created the largest citizen army of 800,000 men (and some women)

II. The Committee of Public Safety

A. Factional disputes between Political Parties: the Girondins (Moderates), the Jacobins (Radicals) & the Mountain (extreme radicals) created problems for the N.C. War abroad, discontent at

home over war & economy, and counter-revolutionary activity in countryside

June, 1793: N.C. set up CPS to deal w/ problems – had all power in gov

CPS made up of Jacobins/Mountain & supported by armed mob of sans-culottes; Girondins out of power

Jean-Paul Marat

B. The Death of Marat, 1793-Charlotte Corday assassinated one of key CPS leaders-made Revolutionaries feel threatened

III. The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794A. Robespierre wanted to create

a “Republic of Virtue”1. Goal was to wipe out any

trace of monarchy and nobility2. Followed Rousseau’s social

contract and that anyone who opposed being governed by the general will should be executed

3. Up to 40,000 people executed in France, including Marie-Antoinette & Danton

4. Clergy & nobles were about 15% of those executed, the rest were from bourgeoisie and peasant classes – those who the revolution was fought for

B. The Republic of Virtue1. Desire to create a

temporary dictatorship in order to save the republic (Roman idea) & re-structure society A democratic-republic of

good citizens formed by good education

De-Christianization policy b/c Catholic Church encouraged superstition rather than reason; cult of Supreme Being - Deism

New calendar dating from Sept. 22, 1792 (1st day of the republic) w/ new months & no Sundays

Playing cards changed Fashions emphasized

Roman style or sans-culotte

The proof necessary to convict the enemies of the people is every kind of evidence, either material or moral or verbal or written. . . . Every citizen has the right to seize conspirators and counter-revolutionaries and to arraign them before magistrates. He is required to denounce them when he knows of them.```````Law of 22 Prairial Year II (June 10, 1794)

C. Thermidorian Reaction1. By mid-1794, as First

Coalition was defeated, there was less need for the Terror & Robespierre’s leadership

2. Moderates became fearful he would turn on them, so he was arrested & executed July 28, 1794 (Ninth of Thermidor)

3. Jacobins lose power to moderates as public opinion shifted from the left to the right

IV. The Directory, 1795-1799Stage 3: Backlash Against the Terror (1794-1799)A. Moderates draft a new constitution, the

3rd since 1789, creating a gov. with a 2-house legislature and an executive of 5 men to bring order & stability

1. Corruption rampant: officials made illegal fortunes

2. Political enemies from both right and left3. Economic problems due to ongoing war4. Directory names Napoleon Bonaparte as

General of French Army

Ch. 3.3: The Age of Napoleon

Stage 4: Shifts Back To Dictatorship1799-1815

I. The Rise of Napoleon 1769: born in French-

controlled Corsica to a middle-class family

Sent to military school at age 9 on scholarship, became a lieutenant upon graduation at 16

Joined the army of the new gov. when the Revolution broke out.

When he was in school in Brienne in continental France, where he was very much laughed at and bullied for being a barbarous Corsican, he dreamt all the time of…liberating Corsica. But he did something quite exceptional. He conquered his conquerors. He got the better of the French.

A. Military Successes1. Came to national

prominence in 1795, when he helped defeat the royalist forces that threatened the National Convention

2. Rewarded by the Directory; given a French Army command to fight in Italy (1796-97 campaign)

3. He won battles in Austria & Sardinia, but was unsuccessful against the British Admiral Nelson in Egypt (1798-1801) campaign), though his defeats were kept secret.

Gros, General Bonaparte on the Bridge at Arcole, 1796, Versailles.

Gros, Bonaparte Visiting the Plage Victims at Jaffa, 1799, 1804, The Louvre.

**Art as Political Propaganda

B. Coup d’etat1. Napoleon returns to Paris

in 1799 a hero2. French citizens have lost

confidence in the Directory & the time is right to seize power 2 of its members (Paul

Barras & Abbe Sieyes plot w/ Napoleon to launch a coup)

Napoleon’s troops occupy the legislature and drive out 1st House

2nd House is scared and “votes” to end the Directory, giving power to The Consulate w/ 3 consuls

3. Napoleon was named First Consul of the French Republic, a move that gave him dictatorial powers. Bouchot, The Brumaire Coup d’Etat, 1799, 1837, Versailles.

David, The 1st Consul Crossing the Alps at Grand St-Bernard Pass, Malmaison.

C. Emperor Napoleon I1. In 1804, a plebiscite

(vote by the people) allowed Napoleon to crown himself Emperor of France.**used democratic

process to destroy the democracy created by the Republic

**French Revolution is dead; absolute monarchy is restored

David, Napoleon in his Study at the Tulieries, Washington, D.C.Propaganda: He has been up all night working on Civil Code; clock shows 4a.m., but he is in military uniform – a general who is ready to meet his troops.

“The Revolution is over. I am the Revolution.”

The Crowning of Empress Josephine

Jacques-Louis David, The Coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I, 1804, Musee du Louvre, Paris.

Napoleon & Josephine

Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher1763 - 1814 "When she came into the room, you'd

probably be really drawn to her. She had great charisma, long eyelashes and big eyes. She wasn't a beauty, but she was really striking …She had a wonderful walk, very elegant, an indolent walk that really was enchanting. And she had a beautiful voice, what we would call a really sexy voice, very low and musical. So there was something about her aura that just enchanted people."

“Josephine is a woman who is very good and who knows how to draw attention on to her. She’s simple. She’s not complicated. She’s not someone who makes up schemes, and she’s very gracious. Has a lot of charm and may not be very beautiful but has a very flexible gait... someone that draws attention. She’s a real woman and that’s what Napoleon said always about her, and that she’s someone who doesn’t leave people indifferent.” (PBS)

Of Napoleon: “Oh, he's a scruffy guy,

you know, that everyone was embarrassed about. He was so serious and he had no sense of humor and he was skinny. He was poorly clothed. His boots smelled. His hair was kind of hanging and he was unkempt. He was a sorry sight.” (PBS)

Napoleon & Josephine "I awake full of you. Your image

and the memory of last night's intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses. Sweet, incomparable Josephine, what a strange effect you have on my heart. Are you angry? Do I see you sad? Are you worried? My soul breaks with grief, and there is no rest for your lover; but how much the more when I yield to this passion that rules me and drink a burning flame from your lips and your heart? Oh! This night has shown me that your portrait is not you! You leave at midday; in three hours I shall see you. Meanwhile, my sweet love, a thousand kisses; but do not give me any, for they set my blood on fire.B." December, 1795

Of her affairs:November 1796:I don’t love you anymore; on the contrary, I

detest you. You are a vile, mean, beastly slut. You don’t write to me at all; you don’t love your husband; you know how happy your letters make him, and you don’t write him six lines of nonsense…

Soon, I hope, I will be holding you in my arms; then I will cover you with a million hot kisses, burning like the equator.

II. Domestic PoliciesA. Peace with the Catholic Church

1. Guaranteed religious toleration & recognition of Catholicism as religion of people

2. Signed a Concordat w/ Pope Pius VII in which he agreed not to ask for return of church lands seized during the revolution

B. Legal Code – Napoleonic Code1. b/w 1801-1804, he compiled a comprehensive set of laws – the

first national legal system applied equally to everyone, except the Emperor

2. Included rev. ideas: equality before the law, religious tolerance, abolished serfdom

3. Women’s rights gained in the rev. were undone: could not testify in court, harder to divorce, loss of property rights

C. Administration1. Public officials and military officers promoted on ability rather

than birthright 2. Created a national bank, equalized taxation, balanced the budget3. Created a public school system, the Lycees, admission was merit

based4. Censorship of the press & private mail

III. Napoleon’s Empire2 Goals: 1) extend power in Europe &

2) in the New WorldA. Europe:

1. 1799: 2nd Coalition (Russia, Britain, Austria) formed to fight against France

2. 1802: a treaty was signed briefly ending the war

3. 1803: 3rd Coalition (Britain joined by Austria, Russia, Sweden, Prussia) formed against Napoleon Napoleon was successful against all, except Britain

B. Napoleonic Europe1. Battles of Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena,

and Friedland (1805 – 1807) Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated armies of Austria, Russia & Prussia

2. He created the Grand Empire, lasting from 1807-1812 French Empire Dependent States: (ruled by

relatives of Napoleon) Spain, Holland, Italy, Switz., Rhine, Warsaw

Allied States: (conquered states) Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden

3. Throughout the Grand Empire, Napoleon abolished privileges of clergy & nobility and applied his Code & principles of the Revolution

C. The New World1. In the New World, Napoleon

sought to regain control of Saint Domingue (Haiti), which had revolted in 1791.

2. In 1801, his forces were defeated by the former slaves, in part due to yellow fever.

3. US President Thomas Jefferson offered to buy the Port of New Orleans from the French; Napoleon decides to make money by selling the Louisiana Territory in 1803 for $15 million.

4. The Louisiana Purchase allowed him to finance his European expeditions & ensure the power of the U.S. against the British.

IV. European ResponseA. British Resistance1. Napoleon was never able

to defeat the British b/c of their naval supremacy

2. Battle of Trafalgar, 1805 Napoleon’s Fleet vs.

Admiral Horatio Nelson Forced Napoleon to give

up idea of invading Britain & ensured British naval supremacy

Napoleon dominated the continent, but the Empire was unstable & difficult to rule over

The Battle of Trafalgar, 1805

(Read Only) The Continental System The Continental System was a foreign-policy cornerstone

of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. By 1804, France was the dominant military force in continental Europe, however the British Isles stood outside French control and the United Kingdom was an important force in encouraging and financing resistance to France. Napoleon lacked the resources to attempt an invasion of the United Kingdom or to defeat the Royal Navy at sea. His one attempt to do so ended with defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Napoleon resorted instead to economic warfare. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain was emerging as Europe's manufacturing center, and Napoleon believed it would be vulnerable to embargo on trade with the European nations under his control.

V. Napoleon’s 3 Mistakes that Lead to the Collapse of His Empire:1. The Continental System, 1806-1812

Designed to cripple the British economy

Cut off all trade b/w the Grand Alliance & Britain – a “blockade” of British colonial goods into the European continent

Backfired when GB began their own blockade of all ships bound for the continent b/c GB controlled seas

Actually weakened French economy & angered Napoleon’s allies, who were angered over loss of access to British goods

(Read Only) The Continental SystemHowever bad the Continental System was for

Britain, it was disastrous for Napoleon because it backfired on him. French customs revenue fell and European nations were starved of British colonial goods: coffee, sugar, tobacco, cocoa, and cotton textiles. Apart from cotton, the imported goods were addictive luxuries and people resented the French depriving them of these commodities. Replacement items such as sugar beet and linen were not tolerated. The British blockade of European ports and the scarcity of goods created a rise in European nationalism.

(Read Only) The Peninsular War, 1808-1813 By the Convention of Fontainbleu in November 1807, the

Spanish government agreed to allow a French army to pass through Spain to attack Portugal; in return, most of the conquered Portugal would become Spanish territory. 

Napoleon decided that it was unlikely that Spain would be able to complete its agreement and sent in French armies to conquer the country.  Napoleon summoned the Royal Family to meet him in Bayonne where he persuaded them to hand over their claim to the Spanish crown.  Napoleon then installed his brother Joseph as King of Spain. The result of this action was riots in Madrid and uprisings in each of the Spanish provinces that were led by the landed magnates and local clergy.  Companies of Spanish volunteers were formed and any Frenchmen and/or supporters of the French régime were massacred.

2. Rise of NationalismA. The Peninsular War,

1808-1813 Portugal was ignoring the

Continental System; Napoleon wanted to send his troops through Spain to invade Portugal

Napoleon installed his brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne

Spanish peasant fighters, guerillas, attacked Napoleon’s troops in the spirit of nationalism Catholics feared

undermining of Church in Spain

French Army lost 300,000 soldiers, weakening the Empire

Francisco de Goya, the Third of May, 1808Completed 1814, Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain

3. Invasion of Russia, 1812 Russia refused to

implement the Continental System leading directly to the Moscow Campaign of 1812.

Russian Army implements the “scorched earth policy”: retreat eastward burning & killing crops/livestock along the way, leaving no food for invading army

By the time the GA retreats, winter has set in Russian raiders attack Soldiers starve & freeze

to death Began w/ 600,000; only

40,000 troops survive

VI. The Empire CollapsesA. Sensing weakness, GB forms a 4th Coalition

w/ Russia, Prussia, Sweden to invade France & regain lost territory

1. 1813, Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon’s army is defeated

The largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars – also called the Battle of Nations

“One should not believe but they are really attacking me.” -Napoleon at Leipzig

2. 1814, 4th Coalition captures Paris

3. Napoleon is exiled to Elba & Louis XVIII is restored as King

The Empire CollapsesB. The Hundred Days

1. March 1, 1815: Napoleon escapes & returns to Paris2. French enthusiastically join his army & restore him as

Emperor Napoleon I3. Grand Alliance gets armies together

C. The Battle of Waterloo, June 15, 18151. Under the command of the Duke of Wellington, British

& Prussian armies finally defeat NapoleonD. Exile to St. Helena

1. Dies in 1821

Ch. 4.2: Reaction & Revolution

The Congress of Vienna & the Concert of Europe, 1815-1848

I. Metternich Restores Stability

A. Congress of Vienna, 1814-151. The 5 “Great Powers” met to set

up policies to achieve a lasting peace in post-Napoleonic Europe

2. Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria was the most influential & was very distrustful of democratic ideals of the French Rev. King Frederick

William III of Prussia

Czar Alexander I of Russia

Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria

Emperor Francis I of Austria Talleyrand of FranceWellesley, Duke of Wellington, Britain

B. Metternich’s 3 Goals:1. Containment of France:

prevent future aggression by surrounding France w/ strong countries

2. Restore a Balance of Power: no country would be a threat to others C. of V. was easy on

France: Forced to give up

territories Napoleon took, but kept 1790 boundaries & overseas possessions, army & gov

3. Legitimacy: Restore Europe’s families to thrones that had been driven out by Napoleon France: Louis XVIII ruled

as a Constitutional Monarch

Spain, Italy, Germany: rulers restored

C. (READ ONLY) Success of C. of V.

1. Did not leave countries dissatisfied, thus able to prevent future wars

2. From June 1815 – 1853 none of the Great Powers engaged in war w/ each other (and some until 1914 – WWI)

II. Political ChangesA. Conservative Europe As monarchs were restored to

power, concern for ideals of Rev.

1. Holy Alliance, 1815 League b/w Austria, Russia, &

Prussia to help each other in case of revolution based on Christian values

2. Concert of Europe / Principle of Intervention

A series of alliances created by Metternich to assure aid if revolution broke out

3. Gov. still divided over ideas of revolution

Liberals wanted more power Middle classes wanted right to

vote Conservatives tried to suppress

revolutionary goals

Areas of Rev. 1820-1831

B. Long Term Legacy1. Growth of nationalism

in Italy, Germany, and Greece

2. Independence of Spanish colonies in Latin America

3. Growth of democratic ideas