The French and The French and Indian WarIndian War

Instructions: Read the power Instructions: Read the power point presentation and create point presentation and create the cause and effect chart for the cause and effect chart for

page 16 of your journal page 16 of your journal

Competing European Competing European Claims Claims

In the middle of the 18th In the middle of the 18th century, France and England century, France and England had competing land had competing land ownership for land in North ownership for land in North America. America.

The French held trapping and The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio trade routes in the Ohio Valley. (see map)Valley. (see map)

The English colonies were The English colonies were taking over some French taking over some French territory without permission territory without permission as the population grew.as the population grew.

The English also competed The English also competed over trade issues with the over trade issues with the Native Americans living in Native Americans living in the Ohio River Valley. the Ohio River Valley.

Who owns what at the time of theWho owns what at the time of the French and Indian War? French and Indian War?

The Battle of Fort The Battle of Fort NecessityNecessity

The French set up forts along The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading to protect their fur trading interests. interests.

Some of these forts conflicted Some of these forts conflicted with English territory (the with English territory (the land the English owned).land the English owned).

Virginia Governor Dinwiddie Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George dispatched a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. This a protest to the French. This protest was ignored. protest was ignored.

The British sent a group of The British sent a group of soldiers to construct a fort (a soldiers to construct a fort (a building that could be used to building that could be used to protect British land) on the protect British land) on the site of modern Pittsburg. site of modern Pittsburg.

Young George Washington

The Battle of Fort The Battle of Fort NecessityNecessity

The British were then attacked by the French who, in turn, The British were then attacked by the French who, in turn, constructed a new fort, Fort Duquesne on the location.constructed a new fort, Fort Duquesne on the location.

The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to remove the French The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to remove the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed (defeated) by from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed (defeated) by superior French and Native American numbers. superior French and Native American numbers.

Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude (foreshadowing) to the French and Indian War. prelude (foreshadowing) to the French and Indian War.

A recreation of Ft. Necessity.

The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress In 1754, war was inevitable.In 1754, war was inevitable. The colonies sent delegates to The colonies sent delegates to

Albany (New York) to discuss Albany (New York) to discuss strategy for common defense. strategy for common defense.

They approved a document They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin written by Benjamin Franklin promoting the creation of a promoting the creation of a government below British government below British authority to unite the colonies. authority to unite the colonies.

Benjamin Franklin called it the Benjamin Franklin called it the “Albany Plan of Union”. He “Albany Plan of Union”. He suggested the colonies be suggested the colonies be united in order to have good united in order to have good communication and win communication and win against the French. against the French.

The colonies were not ready The colonies were not ready for political union and it is for political union and it is unlikely that the British unlikely that the British government would have government would have supported the plan.supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political

cartoon of the colonies.

Braddock’s DefeatBraddock’s Defeat In July 1755, the British sent a In July 1755, the British sent a

force from Virginia to attack force from Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne. Fort Duquesne.

The heavy force was defeated The heavy force was defeated by the smaller French force and by the smaller French force and their Native American allies. their Native American allies.

Both the British commander, Both the British commander, Braddock, and the French Braddock, and the French commander Beaujeu, were commander Beaujeu, were killed. killed.

23 year old George Washington 23 year old George Washington won accolades for rallying the won accolades for rallying the defeated British and preventing defeated British and preventing the battle from turning into a the battle from turning into a rout. rout.

The first two years of fighting The first two years of fighting were characterized by were characterized by humiliating defeats for the humiliating defeats for the British.British.

Meanwhile in Europe…… “The Meanwhile in Europe…… “The Seven Years War”Seven Years War”

The French and Indian War was essentially the North American The French and Indian War was essentially the North American part of a larger war happening back in Europe, the Seven Years part of a larger war happening back in Europe, the Seven Years War.War.

Britain and France had a history of troublesome past, and much Britain and France had a history of troublesome past, and much land and power was at steak. land and power was at steak.

Fortunes ReverseFortunes Reverse In 1757, Sir William Pitt In 1757, Sir William Pitt

became the British Prime became the British Prime Minister and vowed to Minister and vowed to lead country to victory. lead country to victory.

Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on: expelling the French from expelling the French from

North America and North America and protecting the coloniesprotecting the colonies

Helping colonial economyHelping colonial economy buying the support of the buying the support of the

Native Americans with Native Americans with promises of fixed promises of fixed territorial boundaries. territorial boundaries.

Fortunes Reverse Fortunes Reverse

Finally, the British were able to capture important French forts and using Finally, the British were able to capture important French forts and using the Navy to cut off their supply lines. the Navy to cut off their supply lines.

The British conquered Quebec in 1759. The British conquered Quebec in 1759. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took

French colonies in the Caribbean. French colonies in the Caribbean. The French area in North America was surrendered to England, and Spain The French area in North America was surrendered to England, and Spain

also shared in taking some French land as well (The Spanish had helped also shared in taking some French land as well (The Spanish had helped the English with money and materials).= The French threat was removedthe English with money and materials).= The French threat was removed

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The French transferred its land west of the Mississippi to Spain The French transferred its land west of the Mississippi to Spain

and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.

Pontiac's Rebellion Pontiac's Rebellion Native Americans quickly Native Americans quickly

grew upset with the British. grew upset with the British. The British didn’t care about The British didn’t care about

the Native Americans. They the Native Americans. They traded unfairly, and traded unfairly, and continued to take away continued to take away Indian land.Indian land.

This unrest culminated in a This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united American leader who united various tribes with the goal of various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. expelling the British.

The uprising lasted from The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.1763 to 1766.

Massacres and awful fighting Massacres and awful fighting occurred on both sides— occurred on both sides— most notably, British General most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox. infested with smallpox.

Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians Pottawatomie Indians

(May 5, 1763)(May 5, 1763)

““It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. ……

When I go to see the English commander and say to him When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. …reply that he has no use for us. …

Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

The Proclamation of The Proclamation of 17631763

Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English king to Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English king to stop colonists from taking land promised to the Indians.stop colonists from taking land promised to the Indians.

Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of

the Revolutionary War. the Revolutionary War.

In your journal, on page 16, complete the following “Cause/Effect” chart: Copy the left side and on the right, do not copy the question, write the answer to the question only!